| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Andersen, Hans Estrup, et al.
(author)
-
Identifying Hot Spots of Agricultural Nitrogen Loss Within the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin
- 2016
-
In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 227:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Agricultural management practices are among the major drivers of agricultural nitrogen (N) loss. Legislation and management incentives for measures to mitigate N loss should eventually be carried out at the individual farm level. Consequently, an appropriate scale to simulate N loss from a scientific perspective should be at the farm scale. A data set of more than 4000 agricultural fields with combinations of climate, soils and agricultural management which overall describes the variations found in the Baltic Sea drainage basin was constructed. The soil-vegetation-atmosphere model Daisy (Hansen et al. 2012) was used to simulate N loss from the root zone of all agricultural fields in the data set. From the data set of Daisy simulations, we identified the most important drivers for N loss by multiple regression statistics and developed a statistical N loss model. By applying this model to a basin-wide data set on climate, soils and agricultural management at a 10 x 10 km scale, we were able to calculate root-zone N losses from the entire Baltic Sea drainage basin and identify N loss hot spots in a consistent way and at a level of detail not hitherto seen for this area. Further, the root-zone N loss model was coupled to estimates of nitrogen retention in catchments separated into retention in groundwater and retention in surface waters allowing calculation of the coastal N loading.
|
|
| 3. |
-
Bokbärare : Biblioteket, bokhandeln och antikvariatet
- 2015. - 1
-
Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Det här är en bok om de platser där böcker möter sina läsare och de människor som är verksamma där, deras arbete, deras drivkrafter, deras tillfredsställelser och otillfredsställelser.Läsandets betydelse på individuell och samhällelig nivå uppmärksammas överallt samtidigt som många verksamheter lever under svåra ekonomiska förhållanden. Vad innebär nya villkor, ny teknik och nya kommunikationskanaler för biblioteken, bokhandeln och antikvariaten? Många engagerade aktörer tänker nytt, utvecklar, traditionen och arbetar fram nya förhållnings- och distributionssätt för att föra ut boken till läsaren.Författarna har rest kors och tvärs i landet, besökt stora och små, idealister och realister, rutinerade och mindre erfarna personer och verksamheter i storstäder, mindre orter och på landsbygd, som alla står mitt uppe i den utmaning som ligger i att bära boken rätt.
|
|
| 4. |
- Conley, Daniel, et al.
(author)
-
Past, present and future state of the biogeochemical Si cycle in the Baltic Sea
- 2008
-
In: Journal of Marine Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-7963 .- 1879-1573. ; 73:3-4, s. 338-346
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Baltic Sea is one of many aquatic ecosystems that show long-term declines in dissolved silicate (DSi) concentrations due to anthropogenic alteration of the biogeochemical Si cycle. Reductions in DSi in aquatic ecosystems have been coupled to hydrological regulation reducing inputs, but also with eutrophication, although the relative significance of both processes remains unknown for the observed reductions in DSi concentrations. Here we combine present and historical data on water column DSi concentrations, together with estimates of present river DSi loads to the Baltic, the load prior to damming together with estimates of the long-term accumulation of BSi in sediments. In addition, a model has been used to evaluate the past, present and future state of the biogeochemical Si cycle in the Baltic Sea. The present day DSi load to the Baltic Sea is 855 ktons y(-1). Hydrological regulation and eutrophication of inland waters can account for a reduction of 420 ktons y(-1) less riverine DSi entering the Baltic Sea today. Using published data on basin-wide accumulation rates we estimate that 1074 ktons y(-1) of biogenic silica (BSi) is accumulating in the sediments, which is 36% higher than earlier estimates from the literature (791 ktons y(-1)). The difference is largely due to the high reported sedimentation rates in the Bothnian Sea and the Bothnian Bay. Using river DSi loads and estimated BSi accumulation, our model was not able to estimate water column DSi concentrations as burial estimates exceeded DSi inputs. The model was then used to estimate the BSi burial from measured DSi concentrations and DSj load. The model estimate for the total burial of BSi in all three basins was 620 ktons y(-1), 74% less than estimated from sedimentation rates and sediment BSi concentrations. The model predicted 20% less BSi accumulation in the Baltic Proper and 10% less in the Bothnian Bay than estimated, but with significantly less BSi accumulation in the Bothnian Sea by a factor of 3. The model suggests there is an overestimation of basin-wide sedimentation rates in the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea. In the Baltic Proper, modelling shows that historical DSi concentrations were 2.6 times higher at the turn of the last century (ca. 1900) than at present. Although the DSi decrease has leveled out and at present there are only restricted areas of the Baltic Sea with limiting DSi concentrations, further declines in DSi concentrations will lead to widespread DSi limitation of diatoms with severe implications for the food web.
|
|
| 5. |
- Czajkowski, Mikołaj, et al.
(author)
-
Increasing the cost-effectiveness of nutrient reduction targets using different spatial scales
- 2021
-
In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 790
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we investigate the potential gains in cost-effectiveness from changing the spatial scale at which nutrient reduction targets are set for the Baltic Sea, with particular focus on nutrient loadings from agriculture. The costs of achieving loading reductions are compared across five levels of spatial scale, namely the entire Baltic Sea; the marine basin level; the country level; the watershed level; and the grid square level. A novel highly-disaggregated model, which represents decreases in agricultural profits, changes in root zone N concentrations and transport to the Baltic Sea is used. The model includes 14 Baltic Sea marine basins, 14 countries, 117 watersheds and 19,023 10-by-10 km grid squares. The main result which emerges is that there is a large variation in the total cost of the program depending on the spatial scale of targeting: for example, for a 40% reduction in loads, the costs of a Baltic Sea-wide target is nearly three times lower than targets set at the smallest level of spatial scale (grid square). These results have important implications for both domestic and international policy design for achieving water quality improvements where non-point pollution is a key stressor of water quality.
|
|
| 6. |
- Dahlgren Strååt, Kim, et al.
(author)
-
Modeling total particulate organic carbon (POC) flows in the Baltic Sea catchment
- 2016
-
In: Biogeochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 128:1-2, s. 51-65
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The largest input source of carbon to the Baltic Sea catchment is river discharge. A tool for modeling riverine particulate organic carbon (POC) loads on a catchment scale is currently lacking. The present study describes a novel dynamic model for simulating flows of POC in all major rivers draining the Baltic Sea catchment. The processes governing POC input and transport in rivers described in the model are soil erosion, in-stream primary production and litter input. The Baltic Sea drainage basin is divided into 82 sub-basins, each comprising several land classes (e.g. forest, cultivated land, urban areas) and parameterized using GIS data on soil characteristics and topography. Driving forces are temperature, precipitation, and total phosphorous concentrations. The model evaluation shows that the model can predict annual average POC concentrations within a factor of about 2, but generally fails to capture the timing of monthly peak loads. The total annual POC load to the Baltic Sea is estimated to be 0.34 Tg POC, which constitutes circa 7-10 % of the annual total organic carbon (TOC) load. The current lack of field measurements of POC in rivers hampers more accurate predictions of seasonality in POC loads to the Baltic Sea. This study, however, identifies important knowledge gaps and provides a starting point for further explorations of large scale POC mass flows.
|
|
| 7. |
- Ekblom, Karin, et al.
(author)
-
Clinical evaluation of fixed partial dentures made in Sweden and China
- 2011
-
In: Swedish Dental Journal. - 0347-9994. ; 35:3, s. 111-121
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to compare the quality of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) made in a Chinese dental laboratory with corresponding FPDs made in Swedish dental laboratories. Twenty-one patients were fitted with FPDs between March 2007 and December 2008. Single crowns and prostheses of up to seven units were made. All dentures, gold and CoCr alloys covered with ceramic, were produced in duplicate: one by a dental technician in China and the other by a dental technician in Sweden. The dentures were blind-tested with regard to marginal integrity, anatomic form and color, approximal and occlusal contacts, and time taken for adjustments. The composition of dentures was analyzed, and the material used, framework weight, compliance of the laboratories, and costs (material and labour) were recorded. There was no difference in the quality of marginal integrity, anatomic form, color, approximal and occlusal contacts, or in the time taken for adjustments. The bridge frameworks made in China were thinner and lighter (p<0.01) than those made in Sweden. Three FPDs from China showed elastic deformation when tested clinically and were considered too thin for clinical use. In 11 out of 14 orders from the Chinese laboratory, the gold alloy specified was not delivered and the cobalt-chromium alloy contained small amounts (0.19%) of nickel.The prostheses with gold-alloy frameworks from China cost 47% of those from Sweden (p<0.01) and those with cobalt/chromium frameworks 44% (p<0.01). In conclusion, the quality of the FPDs made in Sweden and China was comparable, with the exception of the dimension of the Chinese bridges, which in some cases was considered too weak. The gold alloy ordered from the Chinese laboratory was often not the alloy delivered and the CoCr alloy contained small amounts of nickel. FPDs from China cost less than half the price of those from Sweden.
|
|
| 8. |
- Hong, Bongghi, et al.
(author)
-
Evaluating regional variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs (NANI/NAPI), major drivers, nutrient retention pattern and management implications in the multinational areas of Baltic Sea basin
- 2012
-
In: Ecological Modelling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3800 .- 1872-7026. ; 227, s. 117-135
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The NANI/NAPI (net anthropogenic nitrogen/phosphorus input) Calculator Toolbox described in this paper is designed to address the consequences to Baltic Sea nutrient loads of the significant variation in agronomic practices and dietary preferences among European countries whose watersheds comprise the Baltic Sea basin. A primary objective of this work is to develop regional parameters and datasets for this budgeting tool. A previous version of the toolbox was applied to the entire contiguous United States to calculate NANI and its components (atmospheric N deposition, fertilizer N application, agricultural N fixation and N in net food and feed imports). Here, it is modified for application to the Baltic Sea catchments, where coastal watersheds from several countries are draining to international waters. A similar accounting approach is taken for calculating NAPI, which includes fertilizer P application, P in net food and feed imports and non-food use of P by human. Regional variation of NANI/NAPI parameters (agricultural fixation rates, human intake rates and livestock intake and excretion rates) are estimated, and their impact on the regional nutrient budget and the riverine nutrient flux is evaluated. There is a distinct north-to-south gradient in NANI and NAPI across the Baltic Sea catchments, and regional nutrient inputs are strongly related to riverine nutrient fluxes. Analysis of regional nutrient retention pattern indicates that, for some countries, compliance to the Baltic Sea Action Plan would imply enormous changes in the agricultural sector.
|
|
| 9. |
- Hong, Bongghi, et al.
(author)
-
NANI/NAPI Calculator Toolbox Version 2.0 Documentation : Net Anthropogenic Nutrient Inputs in Baltic Sea Catchments
- 2011
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The main objective of this work was to develop regional settings of the NANI budgeting tool that will address the significant variation in agricultural practices and resulting nutrient accountings among European countries. NANI (Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Inputs), first introduced by Howarth et al. (1996), estimate the human‐induced nitrogen inputs to a watershed and have been shown to be a good predictor of riverine nitrogen export at a large scale, multi‐year average basis. NANI have been calculated as the sum of four major components: atmospheric N deposition, fertilizer N application, agricultural N fixation, and net food and feed imports, which in turn are composed of crop and animal N production (negative fluxes removing N from watersheds) and animal and human N consumption (positive fluxes adding N to watersheds). Assuming approximate steady-state behavior, riverine N export is a fixed proportion of net nitrogen inputs.Similar calculations can be made for phosphorus (P) inputs, though because atmospheric deposition of P is usually considered negligible and there is no analog in P for atmospheric fixation, the calculation of Net Anthropogenic Phosphorus Inputs (NAPI) reduces to accounting for P fertilizer and P in net food/feed terms. While this document is primarily concerned with calculating NANI, we also describe the data sources and assumptions used to make the parallel calculations of NAPI.Version 2.0 of the Toolbox described in this document is an improvement of version 1.0 developed for US watersheds (http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/biogeo/nanc/nani/nani.htm; Hong et al. 2011). Version 1.0 allows the user to calculate NANI in any area within the contiguous United States (e.g., watershed, county, etc.) from nationally available databases downloadable from the Internet. The toolbox consists of a set of tools that:(1) calculate the proportions of various regions (political or gridded) in which data are collected that fall into areas of interest such as watersheds (“NANI‐GIS tools”),(2) extract and organize relevant data downloaded from web‐based datasets to be used by the accounting tools (“NANI‐extraction tools”), and(3) calculate NANI, their components, and other relevant items such as animal excretion (“NANI-.‐accounting tools”).While attempting to apply version 1.0 of the toolbox to Baltic Sea catchments, we found that the calculation of NANI in Baltic Sea catchments is more challenging than in US watersheds, mainly for two reasons:• Watersheds span international boundaries. Significant variation in agricultural practices and resulting nutrient accountings among European countries exist. For example, a substantial gradient in agricultural practices is expected among the former EU countries, new EU member states with transitional economies, and Belarus and Russia.• Gaps and uncertainties in the available data are much greater than those in the US. In general, the problem of missing information is more severe for the transitional countries, Belarus, and Russia, requiring numerous assumptions and guesswork to be made to deal with the insufficient data issue.Version 2.0 of the Toolbox describe in this document has several modules and improvements added to version 1.0 (which assumes spatially uniform agricultural practices, i.e., fixed values for all the NANI parameters, supported by the availability of well‐established and standardized datasets) to address the above difficulties. These improvements include:• Allowing spatial variation of NANI parameters (in this example, country‐specific NANI parameters) (Sections 4, 5.1, and 5.2)• Distribution of regional data (e.g., country-level crop production) into smaller spatial units (e.g., grid cells containing crop area information) (Section 5.3)• Making post‐calculation adjustments and refinements by accepting auxiliary datasets and manual calculations from the user (Section 3) In the following sections we describe the calculation of NANI and their components in the Baltic Sea catchments, with details of data availability, input preparation, and step-by‐step procedure of the use of various tools, and provide some preliminary results. In addition, Appendix 1 described parameter values used to create NAPI estimates following an accounting methodology in parallel to that for NANI.
|
|
| 10. |
- Humborg, Christoph, et al.
(author)
-
Changes in dissolved silicate loads to the Baltic Sea : The effects of lakes and reservoirs
- 2008
-
In: Journal of Marine Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-7963 .- 1879-1573. ; 73:3-4, s. 223-235
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We tested the hypothesis that dissolved silicate (DSi) yields [kg km− 2 yr− 1] of 82 major watersheds of the Baltic Sea can be expressed as a function of the hydraulic load (HL) as a measure of water residence time and the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration, both variables potentially increasing the DSi yield. Most boreal rivers fitted a linear regression model using HL as an independent variable to explain the DSi yield. Rivers with high HL, i.e., shortest residence times, showed highest DSi yields up to 2300 kg km− 2 yr− 1. This is most likely caused by an excess supply of DSi, i.e., the geochemical sources prevail over biological sinks in these boreal watersheds. The DSi yield for regulated and unregulated larger rivers of the boreal watersheds constituting about 40% of the total water discharge and of the total DSi load to the Baltic Sea, respectively, can be expressed as: DSi yield = 190 + 49.5 HL[m yr− 1] + 0.346 TOC [µM] (R2 = 0.80). Since both HL and TOC concentrations have decreased after damming, the DSi yields have decreased significantly in the regulated boreal watersheds, for the River Luleälven we estimated more than 30%. The larger eutrophic watersheds draining cultivated landscape of the southern catchment of the Baltic Sea and representing about 50% of the annual water discharge to the Baltic Sea, deviated from this pattern and showed lower DSi yields between 60–580 kg km− 2 yr− 1. DSi yields showed saturation curve like relationship to HL and it appears that DSi is retained in the watersheds efficiently through biogenic silica (BSi) production and subsequent sedimentation along the entire river network. The relationship between HL and DSi yields for all larger cultivated watersheds was best fitted by a Freundlich isotherm (DSi = 115.7HL109; R2 = 0.73), because once lake and reservoir area exceeds 10% of the watershed area, minimum DSi yields were reached. To estimate an uperturbed DSi yield for the larger eutrophic southeastern watersheds is still difficult, since no unperturbed watersheds for comparison were available. However, a rough estimate indicate that the DSi flux from the cultivated watersheds to the Baltic Sea is nowadays only half the uperturbed flux. Overall, the riverine DSi loads to the Baltic Sea might have dropped with 30–40% during the last century.
|
|
