| 1. |
- Adriansen, Arie, et al.
(author)
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A socio-technical analysis of functional properties in a joint cognitive system: a case study in an aircraft cockpit
- 2019
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In: Ergonomics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0014-0139 .- 1366-5847.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In a socio-technical work domain, humans, device interfaces and artefacts all affect transformations of information flow. Such transformations, which may involve a change of auditory to visual information & vice versa or alter semantic approximations into spatial proximities from instruments readings, are generally not restricted to solely human cognition. This paper applies a joint cognitive system approach to explore a socio-technical system. A systems ergonomics perspective is achieved by applying a multi-layered division to transformations of information between, and within, human and technical agents. The approach uses the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), but abandons the traditional boundary between medium and agent in favour of accepting aircraft systems and artefacts as agents, with their own functional properties and relationships. The joint cognitive system perspective in developing the FRAM model allows an understanding of the effects of task and information propagation, and eventual distributed criticalities, taking advantage of the functional properties of the system, as described in a case study related to the cockpit environment of a DC-9 aircraft.Practitioner Summary: This research presents the application of one systemic method to understand work systems and performance variability in relation to the transformation of information within a flight deck for a specific phase of flight. By using a joint cognitive systems approach both retrospective and prospective investigation of cockpit challenges will be better understood.
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| 2. |
- Alce, Günter, et al.
(author)
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Design and Evaluation of Three User Interfaces for Detecting Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Virtual Reality
- 2022
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In: Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality - 19th EuroXR International Conference, EuroXR 2022, Proceedings. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 0302-9743 .- 1611-3349. - 9783031162336 ; 13484 LNCS, s. 36-49
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Regulations restrict UAVs to fly only within direct view of the pilot, limiting their ability to support critical societal functions. One potential way to move beyond this limitation is by placing a 360-degree camera on the vehicle and using its feed to provide operators with a view that is the equivalent to being on the vehicle. This necessitates a cockpit user interface (UI) that amongst other things highlights flying objects, so that collision with these can be avoided. In this paper, virtual reality (VR) was used to build a prototype of such a system and evaluate three UIs that were designed to facilitate detecting aerial. Conclusions are drawn regarding which UI features support detection performance and a positive user experience.
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| 3. |
- Baumgartner, Marc, et al.
(author)
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Just Culture (Aviation)
- 2023
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In: Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Aviation Law. - 9781803923659 - 9781803923642 ; , s. 328-334
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 4. |
- Buselli, Irene, et al.
(author)
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Natural language processing for aviation safety : Extracting knowledge from publicly-available loss of separation reports
- 2022
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In: Open Research Europe. - : F1000 Research Ltd. - 2732-5121. ; , s. 1-39
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The air traffic management (ATM) system has historicallycoped with a global increase in traffic demand ultimately leading toincreased operational complexity.When dealing with the impact of this increasing complexity on systemsafety it is crucial to automatically analyse the losses of separation(LoSs) using tools able to extract meaningful and actionableinformation from safety reports.Current research in this field mainly exploits natural languageprocessing (NLP) to categorise the reports,with the limitations that theconsidered categories need to be manually annotated by experts andthat general taxonomies are seldom exploited.Methods: To address the current gaps,authors propose to performexploratory data analysis on safety reports combining state-of-the-arttechniques like topic modelling and clustering and then to develop analgorithm able to extract the Toolkit for ATM Occurrence Investigation(TOKAI) taxonomy factors from the free-text safety reports based onsyntactic analysis.TOKAI is a tool for investigation developed by EUROCONTROL and itstaxonomy is intended to become a standard and harmonisedapproach to future investigations.Results: Leveraging on the LoS events reported in the publicdatabases of the Comisi n de Estudio y An lisis de Notificaciones deIncidentes de Tr nsito A reo and the United Kingdom AirproxBoard,authors show how their proposal is able to automaticallyextract meaningful and actionable information from safetyreports,other than to classify their content according to the TOKAItaxonomy.The quality of the approach is also indirectly validated by checking theconnection between the identified factors and the main contributor ofthe incidents.Conclusions: Authors' results are a promising first step toward the fullautomation of a general analysis of LoS reports supported by resultson real-world data coming from two different sources.In the future,authors' proposal could be extended to othertaxonomies or tailored to identify factors to be included in the safetytaxonomies.KeywordsATM, Safety, Resilience, Natural Language Processing, Losses ofSeparation, Safety Reports, TOKAI
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| 5. |
- Malakis, Stathis, et al.
(author)
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A pragmatic approach to the limitations of safety management systems in aviation
- 2023
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In: Safety Science. - 0925-7535. ; 166
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Commercial aviation systems are increasingly stretched to their capacity while existing Safety Management Systems (SMS) do not live up to our expectations as higher efficiency standards are taxing human resources, higher competition levels are reducing the potential for collaboration and the sharing of risk data, and technological advances are making systems difficult to operate and re-design. Aviation systems become intractable, defying SMSs that could support prediction and control, and hence, are not amenable to compliance models of regulation. Instead, it is argued here that this ability can be developed by applying a pragmatic safety approach based on the identification of sixteen limitations of SMSs across aviation systems, regardless of the theoretical perspectives and safety techniques adopted. A variety of data collection methods have been employed such as, analysis of incidents, interviews with safety practitioners, participation in group discussions and consideration of safety training. The proposed sixteen limitations of SMS can be useful in addressing these new challenges in the aviation environment by stressing the need for a new perspective in aviation risk governance.
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| 6. |
- Niehorster, Diederick C., et al.
(author)
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Towards eye tracking as a support tool for pilot training and assessment
- 2020
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In: Eye-Tracking in Aviation : Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop (ETAVI 2020) - Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop (ETAVI 2020). ; , s. 17-28
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A key challenge in pilot training and performance assessment is the lack of insight into pilot visual behavior. Without this, it is difficult for an instructor to assess, e.g., whether pilots fail because they did not monitor the instruments or because they did not act on them, and whether pilots comply with monitoring aspects of the Standard Operating Procedures. Eye tracking provides the opportunity to measure where and how pilots look, thus offering an important window into pilot behavior that can address this challenge. An open question however is how to effectively present information about pilot gaze behavior to the instructor, such that it can be used to better guide trainees and improve performance and safety. In this paper, we review existing eye-tracking displays, set out a series of design principles for effective eye-tracking data visualization and propose example application areas for eye-tracking data visualization.
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| 7. |
- Vijayan, Viji, et al.
(author)
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Exploring Goal Conflicts and How They Are Managed in a Biomedical Laboratory Using Rasmussen's Model of Boundaries
- 2021
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In: Applied Biosafety. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1535-6760 .- 2470-1246. ; 26:S1, s. 43-55
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Occupational health and safety management systems are widely used as a systematic approach to managing occupational health and safety. However, sometimes they are restrictive and underspecified to deal with dynamic workplace demands. Rasmussen used a model of boundaries to conceptualize this dynamic model of safety, where the space of possibilities lay within 3 boundaries and workers used various means to stay within the boundaries to remain both productive and safe at work. Methods: This study applied the Rasmussen model of boundaries to understand the factors that formed the boundaries, the gradients, and countergradients in a biomedical laboratory. Results: The most central goal was to be the first to publish, and this formed the boundary to scientific output failure; the boundary to unacceptable workload and boundary to functionally acceptable performance were the other 2 boundaries in line with the Rasmussen model. The workers had developed methods (mental risk assessment, teamwork, and experience and familiarity) of working, which ensured they remained productive and safe. This can be described as resilient performance, where resilience is not something that a system has but something it does to adjust their performance when faced with expected or unexpected changes. Discussion and Conclusion: A customized portfolio of rule-based non negotiable instructions and a risk assessment-based approach would be best suited for a biomedical laboratory. The workers have learned resilient performance on their own and unknowingly are already practicing this. It is now time to formally incorporate such practices into the safety systems of biomedical laboratories.
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