| 1. |
- Zeigler, Cecilia C, et al.
(author)
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Microbiota in the oral subgingival biofilm is associated with obesity in adolescence.
- 2012
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In: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). - 1930-739X. ; 20:1, s. 157-164
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To test the hypothesis whether microbiota in oral biofilm is linked with obesity in adolescents we designed this cross-sectional study. Obese adolescents (n = 29) with a mean age of 14.7 years and normal weight subjects (n = 58) matched by age and gender were examined with respect to visible plaque index (VPI%) and gingival inflammation (bleeding on probing (BOP%)). Stimulated saliva was collected. They answered a questionnaire concerning medical history, medication, oral hygiene habits, smoking habits, and sociodemographic background. Microbiological samples taken from the gingival crevice was analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. The sum of bacterial cells in subgingival biofilm was significantly associated with obesity (P < 0.001). The link between sum of bacterial cells and obesity was not confounded by any of the studied variables (chronic disease, medication, VPI%, BOP%, flow rate of whole saliva, or meal frequency). Totally 23 bacterial species were present in approximately threefold higher amounts, on average, in obese subjects compared with normal weight controls. Of the Proteobacteria phylum, Campylobacter rectus and Neisseria mucosa were present in sixfold higher amounts among obese subjects. The association between obesity and sum of bacterial cells in oral subgingival biofilm indicates a possible link between oral microbiota and obesity in adolescents.
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| 2. |
- Jansson, Emmelie A, et al.
(author)
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Protection from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric ulcers by dietary nitrate
- 2007
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In: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-5849 .- 1873-4596. ; 42:4, s. 510-518
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nitrate is abundant in our diet with particularly high levels in many vegetables. Ingested nitrate is concentrated in saliva and reduced to nitrite by bacteria in the oral cavity. We recently reported that application of nitrite-containing saliva to the gastric mucosa increases superficial blood flow and mucus generation via acid-catalyzed formation of bioactive nitrogen oxides including nitric oxide. Here we studied if dietary supplementation with nitrate would protect against gastric damage caused by a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Rats received sodium nitrate in the drinking water for 1 week in daily doses of 0.1 or 1 mmol kg− 1. Control rats received 1 mmol kg− 1 sodium chloride. Diclofenac (30 mg kg− 1) was then given orally and the animals were examined 4 h later. In separate experiments we studied the effects of dietary nitrate on intragastric NO levels and mucus formation. Luminal levels of NO gas were greatly increased in nitrate-fed animals. The thickness of the mucus layer increased after nitrate supplementation and gene expression of MUC6 was upregulated in the gastric mucosa. Nitrate pretreatment dose dependently and potently reduced diclofenac-induced gastric lesions. Inflammatory activity was reduced in the rats receiving nitrate as indicated by lower mucosal myeloperoxidase activity and expression of inducible NO synthase. We conclude that dietary nitrate protects against diclofenac-induced gastric ulcers likely via enhanced nitrite-dependent intragastric NO formation and concomitant stimulation of mucus formation. Future studies will reveal if a diet rich in nitrate can offer an additional nutritional approach to preventing and treating peptic ulcer disease.
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| 3. |
- Lakshman, Rajalakshmi, et al.
(author)
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Higher maternal education is associated with favourable growth of young children in different countries
- 2013
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In: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 67:7, s. 595-602
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Childhood growth affects long-term health and could contribute to health inequalities that persist throughout life. Methods We compared growth data of 4-year-old to 6-year-old children born 1997-2002 in UK (n = 15 168), Sweden (n = 6749) and rural China (n = 10 327). SD scores (SDS) were calculated against the WHO Growth Standard. Obesity and overweight were defined by the International Obesity Taskforce cut-offs, and stunting, underweight and thinness by height, weight or body mass index (BMI)less than-2 SDS. Associations with maternal education were standardised by calculating the Slope Index of Inequality (SII). Results Mean SDS height, weight and BMI in the UK (-0.01, 0.42, 0.62, respectively) and Sweden (0.45, 0.59, 0.45) were higher than in China (-0.98, -0.82, -0.29). Higher maternal education was consistently associated with taller offspring height SDS (SII: UK 0.25; Sweden 0.17; China 1.06). Underweight and stunting were less common in the UK (prevalence: 0.6% and 2.2%, respectively) and Sweden (0.3% and 0.6%) than in China (9.5% and 16.4%), where these outcomes were inversely associated with maternal education (SII: -25.8% and -12.7%). Obesity prevalence in the UK, Sweden and China was 4.8%, 3.7% and 0.4%, respectively. Maternal education was inversely associated with offspring obesity in the UK (SII: -3.3%) and Sweden (-2.8%), but not in China (+0.3%). Conclusions Higher maternal education was associated with more favourable growth in young children: lower obesity and overweight in the UK and Sweden, and lower stunting and underweight in rural China. Public health strategies to optimise growth in early childhood need to acknowledge socioeconomic factors, but possibly with a different emphasis in different settings.
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| 4. |
- Sobko, Tanja, et al.
(author)
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A randomised controlled trial for overweight and obese parents to prevent childhood obesity--Early STOPP (STockholm Obesity Prevention Program).
- 2011
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In: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 11, s. 336-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Overweight and obesity have a dramatic negative impact on children's health not only during the childhood but also throughout the adult life. Preventing the development of obesity in children is therefore a world-wide health priority. There is an obvious urge for sustainable and evidenced-based interventions that are suitable for families with young children, especially for families with overweight or obese parents. We have developed a prevention program, Early STOPP, combating multiple obesity-promoting behaviors such unbalanced diet, physical inactivity and disturbed sleeping patterns. We also aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the early childhood obesity prevention in a well-characterized population of overweight or obese parents. This protocol outlines methods for the recruitment phase of the study.Design and methods: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) targets overweight and/or obese parents with infants, recruited from the Child Health Care Centers (CHCC) within the Stockholm area. The intervention starts when infants are one year of age and continues until they are six and is regularly delivered by a trained coach (dietitian, physiotherapist or a nurse). The key aspects of Early STOPP family intervention are based on Swedish recommendations for CHCC, which include advices on healthy food choices and eating patterns, increasing physical activity/reducing sedentary behavior and regulating sleeping patterns.Discussion: The Early STOPP trial design addresses weaknesses of previous research by recruiting from a well-characterized population, defining a feasible, theory-based intervention and assessing multiple measurements to validate and interpret the program effectiveness. The early years hold promise as a time in which obesity prevention may be most effective. To our knowledge, this longitudinal RCT is the first attempt to demonstrate whether an early, long-term, targeted health promotion program focusing on healthy eating, physical activity/reduced sedentary behaviors and normalizing sleeping patterns could be effective. If proven so, Early STOPP may protect children from the development of overweight and obesity.Trial registration: The protocol for this study is registered with the clinical trials registry clinicaltrials.gov, ID: ES-2010)
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| 5. |
- Sobko, Tanja
(author)
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Influence of the microflora on gastrointestinal nitric oxide generation : studies in newborn infants and germ-free animals
- 2006
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Interactions between intestinal bacteria and the host play an important role in physiological regulation of gut function and in development of various diseases. Nitric oxide (NO) exhibits a variety of biological actions in the gut including regulation of regional blood flow, gut motility, water and electrolyte transport and immunity. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) the mucosal production of NO from NO synthases is greatly increased but its role in the pathophysiology of IBD is still unclear. Denitrifying bacteria in soil generate NO from nitrate (NO 3-) and nitrite (NO 2-) as a part of the nitrogen cycle. In this project we wanted to investigate whether the micro-organisms residing in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract could contribute to NO generation and under which conditions this would occur in vivo. We developed several new methods to directly measure gaseous NO in vivo in the colon of newborn infants and in the entire GI tract of conventional and germ-free animals. In addition, in in vitro experiments we investigated NO generation and consumption of NO by different gut bacteria. We started this project by monitoringthe initial bacterial colonization in newborn infants with repeated measurements of intracolonic hydrogen gas (H 2), fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and NO. These markers were virtually undetectable at birth but increased in a particular pattern - bacterial products (H 2 and SCFA) appeared first followed by NO some days later. Interestingly, in some apparently healthy infants colonic NO levels increased to levels similar to those seen in adults with inflammatory bowel disease, indicating a vivid activation of the immune system in response to the emerging bacterial flora. Next we investigated if bacteria could be an alternative source of gastrointestinal NO in addition to the mucosa. We found that in conventional rats, NO levels were distinctly compartmentalized with very high levels in the stomach, intermediate levels in the cecum and lower levels in the small intestine and colon. In contrast, in germ-free rats, NO was low throughout the gastrointestinal tract. When we fed rats nitrate, gastric NO increased greatly in conventional but not in germ-free animals, thereby confirming nitrate to be a substrate for bacterial NO generation. We went on to demonstrate that lactic acid producing bacteria (Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria) can generate considerable amounts of NO from nitrite in vitro. A combined mixed faecal flora was capable of NO generation not only from nitrite but also from nitrate. In the final study we demonstrate that intestinal NO generation can be stimulated in vivo by dietary supplementation with substrate (nitrate) and lactobacilli. Furthermore, in vitro studies show that the generation of NO by some probiotic bacteria can be counteracted by rapid NO consumption by other strains (E. coli and S. aureus). We conclude that commensal bacteria can be a significant source of NO in the gut in addition to the NO produced in the mucosa. NO generation by gut bacteria differ profoundly from classical mammalian synthesis via NO synthases as bacteria use nitrate and nitrite as substrates instead of L-arginine. Future studies will clarify the biological role of the bacteria-derived intestinal NO in health and disease and if an imbalance in generation vs consumption has any significance in the patho-physiology of intestinal disorders. Direct minimally-invasive measurements of intestinal gases including NO and H 2 may also be useful to study the dynamics of the microbial colonization process and host-microbial interactions early in life.
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| 6. |
- Sobko, Tanja, et al.
(author)
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Neonatal sepsis, antibiotic therapy and later risk of asthma and allergy
- 2010
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In: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. - : Wiley. - 0269-5022 .- 1365-3016. ; 24:1, s. 88-92
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- P>Sobko T, Schiott J, Ehlin A, Lundberg J, Montgomery S, Norman M. Neonatal sepsis, antibiotic therapy and later risk of asthma and allergy. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2010; 24: 88-92. Neonatal sepsis and early antibiotic therapy affect bacterial colonisation and immune activation after birth. This could have implications for later risk of allergy and asthma. Using a validated questionnaire (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children, ISAAC), we screened for asthma and allergy in three cohorts (total n = 834; median age 12, range 7-23 years) with different perinatal exposures as regards infection and antibiotics. Asthma, but not hay fever, was more prevalent after neonatal sepsis with adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.63 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 2.56] and early antibiotic therapy (OR 1.48 [0.93, 2.35]) as compared with a control group. There was a trend towards increased atopic eczema after neonatal sepsis (OR = 1.39 [CI = 0.98, 1.98]). We conclude that neonatal sepsis is associated with an increased risk for later development of asthma. Early antibiotic exposure may contribute to this association.
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| 7. |
- Svensson, Viktoria, et al.
(author)
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Obesity related eating behaviour patterns in Swedish preschool children and association with age, gender, relative weight and parental weight - factorial validation of the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire
- 2011
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. - 1479-5868. ; 8, s. 134-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a multi-dimensional, parent-reported questionnaire measuring children’s eating behaviours related to obesity risk, i.e. ‘enjoyment of food’, ‘food responsiveness’, ‘slowness in eating’ and ‘satiety responsiveness’. It has not previously been validated in a Swedish population, neither on children under the age of 2 years. In the present study we examined the factor structure and the reliability of the Swedish version of the CEBQ, for use in an obesity intervention programme targeting preschool children 1-6 years. Further, the associations between eating behaviours and children’s age, gender and relative weight (BMI SDS) and parental weight were investigated.Methods: Parents to 174 children aged 1-6 years (50% girls, mean age 3.8 years), recruited from five kindergartens in Stockholm, completed the Swedish version of the CEBQ. Data on children’s weight and height, parental weight, height and educational level was collected. Children’s relative weight was calculated for a subpopulation (mean BMI SDS -0.4, n = 47). Factorial validation (Principal Component Analysis) on all CEBQ items was performed.Differences in eating behaviours by age, gender and parental weight were examined. Correlations between eating behaviours and the child’s BMI SDS were analysed controlling for age, gender, parental weight and education in linear regression analyses.Results: The factor analysis revealed a seven factor solution with good psychometric properties, similar to the original structure. The behaviour scales ‘overeating’/’food responsiveness’, ‘enjoyment of food’ and ‘emotional undereating’ decreased with age and ‘food fussiness’ increased with age. Eating behaviours did not differ between girls and boys. The children’s relative weight was not related to any of the eating behaviours when controlling for age, gender, parental weight and education, and only associated with parental weight status.Conclusions: Our results support the use of the CEBQ as a psychometric instrument for assessing children’s eating behaviours in Swedish children aged 1-6 years. Measuring obesity related eating behaviours in longitudinal and interventional studies would offer opportunities for studying causal effects of eating behaviours in the development of obesity in children.
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| 8. |
- Svensson, Viktoria, et al.
(author)
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Obesogenic dietary intake in families with 1-year-old infants at high and low obesity risk based on parental weight status : baseline data from a longitudinal intervention (Early STOPP)
- 2016
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In: European Journal of Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-6207 .- 1436-6215. ; 55:2, s. 781-792
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PURPOSE: To compare dietary intake in 1-year-old infants and their parents between families with high and low obesity risk, and to explore associations between infant dietary intake and relative weight.METHODS: Baseline analyses of 1-year-old infants (n = 193) and their parents participating in a longitudinal obesity intervention (Early STOPP) were carried out. Dietary intake and diet quality indicators were compared between high- and low-risk families, where obesity risk was based on parental weight status. The odds for high diet quality in relation to parental diet quality were determined. Associations between measured infant relative weight and dietary intake were examined adjusting for obesity risk, socio-demographics, and infant feeding.RESULTS: Infant dietary intake did not differ between high- and low-risk families. The parents in high-risk families consumed soft drinks, French fries, and low-fat spread more frequently, and fish and fruits less frequently (p < 0.05) compared to parents in low-risk families. Paternal intake of vegetables and fish increased the odds for children being consumers of vegetables (OR 1.7; 95 % CI 1.0-2.9) and fish, respectively (OR 2.5; 95 % CI 1.4-4.4). Infant relative weight was weakly associated with a high intake of milk cereal drink (r = 0.15; p < 0.05), but not with any other aspect of dietary intake, obesity risk, or early feeding patterns.CONCLUSIONS: At the age of one, dietary intake in infants is not associated with family obesity risk, nor with parental obesogenic food intake. Milk cereal drink consumption but no other infant dietary marker reflects relative weight at this young age.
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