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- Sagova-Mareckova, M., et al.
(author)
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Expanding ecological assessment by integrating microorganisms into routine freshwater biomonitoring
- 2021
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In: Water Research. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 191
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bioindication has become an indispensable part of water quality monitoring in most countries of the world, with the presence and abundance of bioindicator taxa, mostly multicellular eukaryotes, used for biotic indices. In contrast, microbes (bacteria, archaea and protists) are seldom used as bioindicators in routine assessments, although they have been recognized for their importance in environmental processes. Recently, the use of molecular methods has revealed unexpected diversity within known functional groups and novel metabolic pathways that are particularly important in energy and nutrient cycling. In various habitats, microbial communities respond to eutrophication, metals, and natural or anthropogenic organic pollutants through changes in diversity and function. In this review, we evaluated the common trends in these changes, documenting that they have value as bioindicators and can be used not only for monitoring but also for improving our understanding of the major processes in lotic and lentic environments. Current knowledge provides a solid foundation for exploiting microbial taxa, community structures and diversity, as well as functional genes, in novel monitoring programs. These microbial community measures can also be combined into biotic indices, improving the resolution of individual bioindicators. Here, we assess particular molecular approaches complemented by advanced bioinformatic analysis, as these are the most promising with respect to detailed bioindication value. We conclude that microbial community dynamics are a missing link important for our understanding of rapid changes in the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems, and should be addressed in the future environmental monitoring of freshwater ecosystems. (c) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )
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| 2. |
- Testa, D., et al.
(author)
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LTCC magnetic sensors at EPFL and TCV: Lessons learnt for ITER
- 2019
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In: Fusion Engineering and Design. - : Elsevier BV. - 0920-3796. ; 146, s. 1553-1558
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Innovative 3D high-frequency magnetic sensors have been designed and manufactured in-house for installation on the Tokamak a Configuration Variable (TCV), and are currently routinely operational. These sensors combine the Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) and the thick-film technologies, and are in various aspects similar to the majority of the inductive magnetic sensors currently being procured for ITER (290 out of 505 are LTCC-1D). The TCV LTCC-3D magnetic sensors provide measurements in the frequency range up to 1MHz of the perturbations to the toroidal (quasi-parallel: delta B-TOR(similar to)delta B-PAR), vertical (quasi-poloidal: delta B-V(ER)similar to delta B-PO(L)), and radial (delta B-RAD) magnetic field components, the latter being generally different from the component normal to the Last Closed Flux-Surface (delta B-NOR). The LTCC-3D delta B-RAD measurements improve significantly on the corresponding data with the saddle loops, which are mounted onto the wall and have a bandwidth of (similar to)3 kHz (due to the wall penetration time). The LTCC-3D delta B-TOR measurements (not previously available in TCV) provide evidence that certain MHD modes have a finite delta B-P(AR) at the LCFS, as recently calculated for pressure-driven instabilities. The LTCC-3D delta B-PO(L) measurements allow to cross-check the data obtained with the Mirnov coils, and led to the identification of large EM noise pick-up for the Mirnov DAQ. The LTCC-3D data for delta B-POL agree with those obtained with the Mirnov sensors in the frequency range where the respective data acquisition overlap, routinely up to 125kHz, and up to 250kHz in some discharges, when the EM noise pick-up on the Mirnov DAQ is removed. Finally, we look at what lessons can be learnt from our work for the forthcoming procurement, installation and operation of the LTCC-1D sensors in ITER.
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