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- Mangold, Marcel, 1982-
(author)
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Securing the working democracy : Inventive arrangements to guarantee circulation and the emergence of democracy policy
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In the 1990s, Swedish democracy's ability to remain strong and renew itself became increasingly questioned in government commission reports and social-scientific writings. The perceptions of the financial crisis in 1992–1994, new identities, immigration and changes in participation in civic associations and organizations were listed as challenges to democracy. Together, they helped constitute an understanding of an emerging gap between the population and existing representative democratic forms. In response, the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s saw the emergence of several discourses, political initiatives and scientific contributions that articulated and responded to the need to secure a “working democracy”. By analyzing theoretically the arrangements of elements in policy and in attempts to shape the population's habits, dispositions and behavior, this thesis illuminates the role of aesthetics in the knowledge and power effects of these efforts. Methodologically, the thesis draws on Michel Foucault's genealogical approach in four empirical chapters. In doing so, the thesis displays why, when and how the efforts to secure a working democracy emerged, and analyzes the politics inherent to them. The chapters consist, first, of a study of the birth and changes in “democracy policy” as a distinct political domain; second, a mapping of the emergence of the discourse and dispositif of “valuefoundation”; third, a mapping of the discourse on exclusion and the discourse on and apparatus to combat “violence-promoting extremism”, and, finally, a mapping of inventive approaches in survey research that articulated how to secure a working democracy. This mapping exposes a vision of democratic dis-involvement and how to contain it infused by risk-management, benchmarking and a monitoring of changes in the population. Taken together, the chapters demonstrate the emergence of a complex network of power relations and knowledge used to achieve congruence between the population and governmental aims. This, the thesis underscores, marginalizes the role of dissent and interruptions in democratic life, to instead equate democracy with a system of congruence, smooth interactions and overall alignment to demands on circulation.
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- Mickwitz, Larissa
(author)
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Rätt betyg för vem? : Betygsättning som institutionaliserad praktik
- 2011
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Betyg har haft ett stort utrymme i den skolpolitiska debatten. Framförallt har betygens bristande likvärdighet debatterats. Problemet har huvudsakligen konstruerats som lärares bristande professionalism. Föreliggande studie tar sitt avstamp i denna debatt och den vid tidpunkten aktuella betygsforskning som visat att läraren inte till fullo följer betygsystemet. Studien baseras på intervjuer med nio högstadielärare i svenska och svenska som andraspråk. Relationen mellan betygsystemets formella reglering och lärarnas betygsättande praktik har analyserats i ett nyinstitutionellt perspektiv. Perspektivet ifrågasätter att formell reglering är det som i första hand styr och stabiliserar en verksamhet. Syftet med licentiatavhandlingen är att problematisera relationen mellan reglering och praktik i ljuset av lärarnas berättelser. Lärarna berättar om de motstridiga krav som präglar deras betygsättning. På en idealnivå sympatiserar de med betygsystemet och den betygsdiskurs som präglar skolpolitiska policydokument om betyg. Men när de berättar om sin praktik framkommer en annan bild. Lärarnas berättelser åskådliggör ett glapp mellan ideal och praktik. Lärarna vill sätta ett rätt betyg, baserat på betygsystemets formella reglering. Men i den dagliga verksamheten i skolan har de inte det stöd som behövs. Framförallt artikulerar de en avsaknad av en mottagare för det rätta betyget. Istället efterfrågas ett högt betyg av elever, föräldrar och skolledning. Det är främst genom sin professionalism de kan hantera de motstridiga kraven som betygsättningen omgärdas av. Betygshetsen i skolan kräver en professionell integritet för att läraren inte ska riskera att hamna i rollen som oprofessionell. Vidare har de ett motstridigt förhållande till betygsystemet. Å ena sidan ifrågasätter de inte betygsystemet i sig. Å andra sidan formulerar de sig i dikotomiska termer där betyg sätts mot kunskap. Den ökade pressen på läraren att kunna motivera sin betygsättning (som formulerades som nödvändigt när ett högre betyg efterfrågades) medför att kunskapsuppdraget får ge vika. Betyg tar fokus och energi från övrigt arbete i skolan. Inte minst visar det sig att lärare i sin underviskning tenderar fokusera det som lätt går att mäta och det som de vet testas i de nationella proven. Lärarna reduceras från pedagoger till betygsättare.
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- Pettersson, Johanna
(author)
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What’s in a Line? : Making Sovereignty through Border Policy
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The role of borders as dividers between states and markers of territorial sovereignty is central to modern statehood. Whereas the voluntary opening of a state border could therefore appear puzzling, this thesis argues that state sovereignty can be manifested either when states allow borders to become more open or more closed. To understand the relation between borders and sovereignty, the empirical focus of this study is the opening of the border between Norway and Russia through the introduction of a local border traffic permit. The sovereignty ideas attached to this border policy are analysed at two different levels: the policy making discourse at the national level and the policy-receiving context at the local level in the municipality next to the border. The empirical study draws on written material – including parliamentary debate transcripts, policy documents, and printed press – to analyse how the border policy was represented in the Norwegian public discourse in the years leading up to its implementation in 2012. The study demonstrates that the opening of the border through local visa freedom was not associated with a loss of sovereignty. At the central level, the introduction of local visa freedom was seen as a means to strengthen the economy in the border region, and to increase exchanges across the border. The expectation is that by improving local cross-border relations, the policy will strengthen Norway’s relations with Russia by securing incentives for friendly bilateral relations. In the local discourse, the main theme concerned expectations on what this border policy would mean for the growth of the local economy. Because the policy is expected to strengthen Norway’s internal cohesion and improve bilateral relations with Russia, the border policy change is seen to reproduce (rather than weaken) Norway’s territorial sovereignty. This conclusion is based on the fact that different dimensions of sovereignty are seen as mutually reinforcing and that centre and periphery are in agreement about the benefits of a more open border. The thesis concludes that we should see policies towards borders as a way to manifest and reproduce state sovereignty.
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