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- Hansson, A., et al.
(author)
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aelite: A flit-synchronous network on chip with composable and predictable services
- 2009
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In: Proceedings -Design, Automation and Test in Europe, DATE. - : IEEE. - 9781424437818 ; , s. 250-255
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To accommodate the growing number of applications integrated on a single chip, Networks on Chip (NoC) must offer scalability not only on the architectural, but also on the physical and functional level. In addition, real-time applications require Guaranteed Services (GS), with latency and throughput bounds. Traditionally, NoC architectures only deliver scalability on two of the aforementioned three levels, or do not offer GS. In this paper we present the composable and predictable aelite NoC architecture, that offers only GS, based on flit-synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). In contrast to other TDM-based NoCs, scalability on the physical level is achieved by using mesochronous or asynchronous links. Functional scalability is accomplished by completely isolating applications, and by having a router architecture that does not limit the number of service levels or connections. We demonstrate how aelite delivers the requested service to hundreds of simultaneous connections, and does so with 5 times less area compared to a state-of-the-art NoC.
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- Lindberg, Marie K, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Estrogen receptor specificity in the regulation of the skeleton in female mice.
- 2001
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In: The Journal of endocrinology. - : Bioscientifica. - 0022-0795 .- 1479-6805. ; 171:2, s. 229-36
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There are two known estrogen receptors, estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha) and estrogen receptor-beta (ER beta), which may mediate the actions of estrogen. The aim of the present study was to compare fat content, skeletal growth and adult bone metabolism in female mice lacking ER alpha (ERKO), ER beta (BERKO) or both ERs (DERKO). We demonstrate that endogenous estrogens decrease the fat content in female mice via ER alpha and not ER beta. Interestingly, the longitudinal bone growth was decreased in ERKO, increased in BERKO, but was intermediate in DERKO females, demonstrating that ER alpha and ER beta exert opposing effects in the regulation of longitudinal bone growth. The effects on longitudinal bone growth were correlated with similar effects on serum levels of IGF-I. A complex regulation of the trabecular bone mineral density (BMD), probably caused by a disturbed feedback regulation of estrogen and testosterone, was observed in female ER-inactivated mice. Nevertheless, a partial functional redundancy for ER alpha and ER beta in the maintenance of the trabecular BMD was observed in the female mice at 60 days of age. Thus, ER alpha and ER beta may have separate effects (regulation of fat), opposing effects (longitudinal bone growth) or partial redundant effects (trabecular BMD at 60 days of age), depending on which parameter is studied.
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| 4. |
- Lindberg, Marie K, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Two different pathways for the maintenance of trabecular bone in adult male mice.
- 2002
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In: Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. - : Wiley. - 0884-0431. ; 17:4, s. 555-62
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Androgens may regulate the male skeleton either directly via activation of the androgen receptor (AR) or indirectly via aromatization of androgens into estrogen and, thereafter, via activation of estrogen receptors (ERs). There are two known estrogen receptors, ER-alpha and ER-beta. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative roles of ER-alpha, ER-beta, and AR in the maintenance of trabecular bone in male mice. Seven-month-old male mice, lacking ER-alpha (ERKO), ER-beta (BERKO), or both receptors (DERKO), were orchidectomized (orx) and treated for 3 weeks with 0.7 microg/mouse per day of 17beta-estradiol or vehicle. No reduction in trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) was seen in ERKO, BERKO, or DERKO mice before orx, showing that neither ER-a nor ER-beta is required for the maintenance of a normal trabecular BMD in male mice. After orx, there was a pronounced decrease in trabecular BMD, similar for all groups, resulting in equal levels of trabecular BMD in all genotypes. This reduction was reversed completely in wild-type (WT) and BERKO mice treated with estrogen, and no significant effect of estrogen was found in ERKO or DERKO mice. In summary, the trabecular bone is preserved both by a testicular factor, presumably testosterone acting via AR and by an estrogen-induced activation of ER-alpha. These results indicate that AR and ER-alpha are redundant in the maintenance of the trabecular bone in male mice. In contrast, ER-beta is of no importance for the regulation of trabecular bone in male mice.
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- Sjögren, Klara, 1970, et al.
(author)
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Elevated Aromatase Expression in Osteoblasts Leads to Increased Bone Mass without Systemic Adverse Effects.
- 2009
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In: Journal of bone and mineral research. - : Wiley. - 1523-4681 .- 0884-0431. ; 24:7, s. 1263-70
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract The stimulatory effects of testosterone (T) on bone can either be via a direct activation of the androgen receptor (AR) or mediated via aromatization of T to estradiol (E2), followed by activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) in bone. Aromatase expression in osteoblasts and reproductive tissues is dependent on different promoters, which are differentially regulated. To investigate the effect of elevated local aromatization of T to E2 in bone, we developed a transgenic mouse model (Coll-1alpha1-Arom) that over-expresses the human aromatase gene under the control of the osteoblast specific rat type I alpha I procollagen promoter. The Coll-1alpha1-Arom mice expressed human aromatase mRNA specifically in bone and had unaffected serum E2 and T levels. Male Coll-1alpha1-Arom mice had clearly increased total body bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular BMD, cortical BMD and cortical thickness associated with elevated osteoprotegerin mRNA levels and reduced number of osteoclasts (p<0.01). Treatment of ovariectomized mice with T increased cortical and trabecular thickness in the Coll-1alpha1-Arom mice (p<0.001) but not in the wild type mice. In conclusion, elevated aromatase expression specifically in osteoblasts results in stimulatory estrogenic effects in bone without increasing serum E2 levels. As osteoblast specific aromatase expression results in an increased ER to AR activation ratio in bone, we propose that activation of ERs results in a more pronounced increase in bone mass than what is seen after activation of the AR. Development of osteoblast specific inducers of aromatase expression might identify substances with stimulatory effects on bone without systemic adverse effects.
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