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- Vilen, ST, et al.
(author)
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Intracellular co-localization of trypsin-2 and matrix metalloprotease-9: Possible proteolytic cascade of trypsin-2, MMP-9 and enterokinase in carcinoma
- 2008
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In: Experimental Cell Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1090-2422 .- 0014-4827. ; 314:4, s. 914-926
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tumor-associated trypsin-2 and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) are associated with cancer, particularly with invasive squamous cell carcinomas. They require activation for catalytical competence via proteolytic cascades. One cascade is formed by enterokinase, trypsin-2 and MMP-9; enterokinase activates trypsinogen-2 to trypsin-2, which is an efficient proMMP-9 activator. We describe here that oral squamous cell carcinomas express all members of this cascade: MMP-9, trypsin-2 and enterokinase. The expression of enterokinase in a carcinoma cell line not derived from the duodenum was shown here for the first time. Enterokinase directly cleaved proMMP-9 at the Lys(65)-Ser(66) site, but failed to activate it in vitro. We demonstrated by confocal microscopy that MMP-9 and trypsin-2 co-localized in intracellular vesicles of the carcinoma cells. This co-localization of trypsin-2 and MMP-9 resulted in intracellular proMMP-9 processing that represented fully or partially activated MMP-9. However, although both proteases were present also in various bone tumor tissues, MMP-9 and trypsin-2 never co-localized at the cellular level in these tissues. This suggests that the intracellular vesicular co-localization, storage and possible activation of these proteases may be a unique feature for aggressive epithelial tumors, such as squamous cell carcinomas, but not for tumors of mesenchymal origin.
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- Sevastianova, K, et al.
(author)
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Comparison of Dorsocervical With Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Patients With and Without Antiretroviral Therapy-Associated Lipodystrophy
- 2011
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In: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 60:7, s. 1894-1900
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is associated with lipodystrophy, i.e., loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdomen, limbs, and face and its accumulation intra-abdominally. No fat is lost dorsocervically and it can even accumulate in this region (buffalo hump). It is unknown how preserved dorsocervical fat differs from abdominal subcutaneous fat in HIV-1-infected cART-treated patients with (cART+LD+) and without (cART+LD-) lipodystrophy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used histology, microarray, PCR, and magnetic resonance imaging to compare dorsocervical and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in cART+LD+ (n=21) and cART+LD- (n=11). RESULTS: Albeit dorsocervical adipose tissue in cART+LD+ seems spared from lipoatrophy, its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; copies/cell) content was significantly lower (by 62%) than that of the corresponding tissue in cART+LD-. Expression of CD68 mRNA, a marker of macrophages, and numerous inflammatory genes in microarray were significantly lower in dorsocervical versus abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Genes with the greatest difference in expression between the two depots were those involved in regulation of transcription and regionalization (homeobox genes), irrespective of lipodystrophy status. There was negligible mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1, a gene characteristic of brown adipose tissue, in either depot. CONCLUSIONS: Because mtDNA is depleted even in the nonatrophic dorsocervical adipose tissue, it is unlikely that the cause of lipoatrophy is loss of mtDNA. Dorsocervical adipose tissue is less inflamed than lipoatrophic adipose tissue. It does not resemble brown adipose tissue. The greatest difference in gene expression between dorsocervical and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue is in expression of homeobox genes.
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- Jönsson, Anna Maria, et al.
(author)
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Frost hardiness in bark and needles of Norway spruce in southern Sweden
- 2001
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In: Trees. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-2285 .- 0931-1890. ; 15:3, s. 171-176
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bark necrosis and resin flows in Norway spruce have increased in southern Sweden over the last few decades. Frost damage late in spring has been suggested as a possible cause, but other factors besides the climate may have contributed to the damage. The nutrient status influences the hardening processes and plants with poor nutritional conditions have an increased sensitivity to frost. In this study the sensitivity to frost of bark and the hardiness status of needles of Norway spruce were compared with the nutrient status at two sites with different soil fertility. The trees were 30-40 years old. The hardiness status of the bark and needles was negatively affected by low concentrations of P and Mg.
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- Kuittinen, M, et al.
(author)
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Learning by Experience: Networks in Learning Organizations
- 2001
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In: Informatica. - 0350-5596 .- 1854-3871. ; 25:2, s. 159-164
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- offers undergraduate courses in Cognitive Science. The studies are mainly organized as web-based courses or collaborative student projects. In the basic studies component, a student completes four one credit methodology courses and chooses a related assignment worth three credits for one of them. One of the methodology courses is entitled Networks in Learning Organization. It will be delivered entirely on the web, and it also will serve as a pilot course to help design other methodology courses. This paper will first briefly discuss the theoretical foundations of learning organizations and organizational learning. Then, we will review the role of networks as the technological foundation of a learning organization and continue by discussing the use of educational technology to support organizational learning and learn about it. Finally, we will describe the structure and the methods of the course and present topics that form the starting point for the discourse within the course.
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