| 1. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Does school segregation lead to poor educational outcomes? : evidence from fifteen cohorts of swedish ninth graders
- 2016
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We examine the impact of ethnic school segregation on the educational outcomes of students, using Swedish population register data. Through a school fixed effects, family fixed effects, and a two-way school- and family fixed effects design, we adjust for selection effects related to variation in the student composition across schools. The analyses show that students’ grades are relatively unaffected by the proportion of immigrant schoolmates. However, it has a small negative effect on levels of eligibility for upper secondary school. Furthermore, immigrants’ educational outcomes are weakly positively affected by the proportion of peers with the same national background as themselves.
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| 2. |
- Brandén, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Ethnic Composition of Schools and Students’ Educational Outcomes : Evidence from Sweden
- 2019
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In: The international migration review. - : Sage Publications. - 0197-9183 .- 1747-7379. ; 53:2, s. 486-517
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examine the impact of ethnic school composition on students’ educational outcomes using Swedish population register data. We add to the literature on the consequences of ethnic school segregation for native and immigrant students by distinguishing social interaction effects from selection and environmental effects through one- and two-way fixed effects models. Our findings demonstrate that native and immigrant students’ grades are relatively unaffected by social interaction effects stemming from the proportion of immigrant schoolmates. However, we find nontrivial effects on their eligibility for upper secondary school. Immigrants’ educational outcomes are weakly positively affected by the proportion of co-ethnics in school.
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| 3. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Ethnic Environment During Childhood and the Educational Attainment of Immigrant Children in Sweden
- 2010
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In: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 88:3, s. 1305-1329
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We ask whether ethnic residential segregation influences the future educational careers of children of immigrants in Sweden. We use a dataset comprising a cohort of children who finished compulsory school in 1995 (n = 6,560). We follow these children retrospectively to 1990 to measure neighborhood characteristics during late childhood, and prospectively through 2003 to measure the number of years of education attained thus far. The largest immigrant groups came from Finland, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Iran and Chile. Our empirical analysis reveals that immigrant children who grow up in neighborhoods with many young coethnics who have limited educational resources, obtain relatively low average grades from compulsory school, and on average, do not attain the same levels of education as do immigrant children who grow up elsewhere. For a minority of immigrant children who lived in neighborhoods with educationally successful young coethnics, we find a positive effect of growing up in an ethnic enclave. Also in this case, the effect of the ethnic environment on future educational attainment is mediated by school results in compulsory school.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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The more things change, the more they stay the same : a follow up of participants in Social Fund financed projects
- 2014
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Reports (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Every year in Sweden, over one hundred thousand job-seekers are assigned to local labour market policy measures, of which a large proportion are financed with money from the European Social Fund. But what do we actually know about the contents of these projects and their effects on the participants’ chances of getting a job? What could be done to improve this knowledge? This report constitutes a follow-up of Labour Market Policies against the Odds (2014), which studied the labour market outcomes of job-seekers who had been assigned to Social Fund projects by the Swedish Public Employment Service. Here we go a step further and include all individuals who participated in a Social Fund project over a period of three years. The objective is to examine whether the participants’ participation in the projects improved their chances of getting a job or affected their subsequent incomes.We find relatively small – but transient – positive effects of participation in ESF-projects on employment chances and income from work. However, our sensitivity analyses indicate that even these small effects can be questioned. One of the important conclusions drawn in the report is that the opportunities for evaluating the effects of these projects are very limited. The available information on the contents of the projects is poor, and the projects have not been designed in a way that makes scientific evaluation possible. The report therefore concludes with recommendations that could improve the evaluability of Social Fund financed activities.
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| 6. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Using register data to estimate causal effects of interventions : An ex post synthetic control-group approach
- 2017
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 45:17, s. 50-55
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims: It is common in the context of evaluations that participants have not been selected on the basis of transparent participation criteria, and researchers and evaluators many times have to make do with observational data to estimate effects of job training programs and similar interventions. The techniques developed by researchers in such endeavours are useful not only to researchers narrowly focused on evaluations, but also to social and population science more generally, as observational data overwhelmingly are the norm, and the endogeneity challenges encountered in the estimation of causal effects with such data are not trivial. The aim of this article is to illustrate how register data can be used strategically to evaluate programs and interventions and to estimate causal effects of participation in these. Methods: We use propensity score matching on pretreatment-period variables to derive a synthetic control group, and we use this group as a comparison to estimate the employment-treatment effect of participation in a large job-training program. Results: We find the effect of treatment to be small and positive but transient. Conclusions: Our method reveals a strong regression to the mean effect, extremely easy to interpret as a treatment effect had a less advanced design been used (e.g. a within-subjects panel data analysis), and illustrates one of the unique advantages of using population register data for research purposes.
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| 7. |
- Hultén, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Makt, kultur och kontroll över invandrares livsvillkor : Multidimensionella perspektiv på strukturell diskriminering i Sverige
- 2007
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Med sitt breda spektrum av perspektiv på diskrimineringens strukturella dimensioner avser denna antologi att bidra till en ökad förståelse av problemets karaktär och ett mer nyanserat samtal om orsaker och möjliga åtgärder emot etnisk ojämlikhet. En analys av så komplexa fenomen som etnisk diskriminering och social exkludering fordrar en mångfald teorier och metoder. I den här antologin finner vi prov på ett flertal olika samhällsvetenskapliga metoder. Ett strukturellt och maktorienterat perspektiv har väglett valet av artiklar om “invandrarproblematiken” och de samhälleliga maktförhållandena och demokratin i Sverige. Särskilda mekanismer som verkar inom samhällets institutioner och kulturella formationer som diskriminerar, exkluderar och omyndigförklarar invandrare har identifierats. Boken består av tre delar. Del I presenterar diskrimineringens kognitiva och diskursiva former, och syftar till att ge en mer generell bild av hur uppfattningar om människors olikheter skapas, normaliseras och legitimeras. Del II visar hur diskrimineringen verkar på en institutionell nivå, och hur maktutövning, beslut och praktiker i olika institutionella kontexter drabbar utsatta invandrade grupper i det svenska samhället. Del III fokuserar på diskriminerande krafter och motkrafter i civilsamhället och på den politiska arenan. Vidare diskuteras vad för slags antidiskriminerande och ”antirasifierande” krafter som finns i samhället och hur de fungerar. Några av antologins centrala slutsatser är:(1) Det är en ganska dyster bild av det mångkulturella Sverige som framträder i de olika artiklarna. Etnisk diskriminering och exkludering är robusta eftersom de består av många ömsesidigt förstärkande mekanismer.(2) Det svenska samhällets respons till invandrarna framstår som en komplex blandning av välvilja, solidariska åsikter och ideal, samt inskränkta, protektionistiska eller till och med xenofobiska ståndpunkter.(3) Det Sverige som träder fram genom antologins analyser är inte genomgående ett samhälle som präglas av exkludering – det finns många positiva krafter och utvecklingar i motstånd till rasism och diskriminering.(4) Däremot finns det en viss tendens för en rasifierad politik att breda ut sig. Goda intentioner räcker inte. Det behövs en systematisk kamp grundad på mänskliga värderingar och kunskap om strukturella mekanismer för att åstadkomma jämlikhet och allas välstånd i ett demokratiskt mångkulturellt samhälle.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Hällsten, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Crime as a Price of Inequality? : The Delinquency Gap between Children of Immigrants and Children of Native Swedes
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We examine the gap in registered crime between the children of immigrants and the children of native Swedes. Our study is the first in Sweden to address the role of family and environmental background in creating the gap in recorded crimes. Lack of resources within the family and/or in the broader social environment, particularly in neighborhoods and schools, generates higher risks for criminal activity in children, and if the children of immigrants to a larger extent are underprivileged in those resources, a gap in crime may occur. In the empirical analyses we follow all individuals who completed compulsory schooling during the period 1990 to 1993 in the Stockholm Metropolitan area (N=66,330), and we analyze how background factors related to the family of origin and neighborhood segregation during adolescence influence the gap in recorded crimes, which are measured in 2005. For males, we are generally able to explain between half and three-quarters of this gap in crime by parental socioeconomic resources and neighborhood segregation. For females, we can explain even more, sometimes the entire gap. Resources in the family of origin appear to be the strongest mediator. In addition, the residual differences are virtually unrelated to immigrants’ country of origin, indicating that ‘culture’ or other shared context-of-exit factors matter very little in generating the gap.
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| 10. |
- Hällsten, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Crime as a Price of Inequality? : The Gap in Registered Crime between Childhood Immigrants, Children of Immigrants and Children of Native Swedes
- 2013
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In: British Journal of Criminology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0007-0955 .- 1464-3529. ; 53:3, s. 456-481
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examine the gap in registered crime between the children of immigrants and the children of native Swedes. We follow all individuals who completed compulsory schooling during the period 1990-93 in the Stockholm Metropolitan area (N = 63,462) up to their thirties and analyse how family of origin and neighbourhood segregation during adolescence, subsequent to arriving in Sweden, influence the gap in recorded crimes. For males, we are able to explain between half and three-quarters of the gap in crime by reference to parental socio-economic resources and neighbourhood segregation. For females, we can explain even more, sometimes the entire gap. In addition, we tentatively examine the role of co-nationality or culture by comparing the crime rates of randomly chosen pairs of individuals originating from the same country. We find only a small correlation in the crime of individuals who share the same origin, indicating that culture is unlikely to be a strong cause of crime among immigrants.
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