| 1. |
- Taghiyarrenani, Zahra, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Adversarial Contrastive Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation
- 2022
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In: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE. - 1041-4347 .- 1558-2191.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Domain Adaptation (DA) aims to transfer knowledge from a source to a target domain by aligning their respective data distributions. In the unsupervised setting, however, this may cause the source and target samples of different classes to align to each other, consequently leading to negative transfer. Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation (SSDA) tries to solve such class misalignment problem by exploiting a few sample labels in the target domain. This paper proposes a new SSDA method called Adversarial Contrastive Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation (ACSSDA) which combines two objectives, optimized for the case where very few target sample labels are available, to learn a shared feature representation for both source and target domains. ACSSDA uses a domain classifier to ensure that the resulting feature space is domain agnostic. Simultaneously, Contrastive loss aims to pull together samples of the same class and push apart samples of different classes. This is shown to reduce class misalignment and negative transfer even with as little as a single labeled sample per class. We demonstrate the effectiveness of ACSSDA with experiments on several benchmark data sets. The results show the superiority of our method over state-of-the-art approaches.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Taghiyarrenani, Zahra, 1987-
(author)
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From Domain Adaptation to Federated Learning
- 2024
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Data-driven methods have been gaining increasing attention; however, along with the benefits they offer, they also present several challenges, particularly concerning data availability, accessibility, and heterogeneity, the three factors that have shaped the development of this thesis. Data availability is the primary consideration when employing data-driven methodologies. Suppose we consider a system for which we aim to develop a Machine Learning (ML) model. Gathering labeled samples, particularly in the context of real-world problem-solving, consistently poses challenges. While collecting raw data may be feasible in certain situations, the process of labeling them is often difficult, leading to a shortage of labeled data. However, historical (outdated) data or labeled data may occasionally be available from different yet related systems. A feasible approach would be to leverage data from different but related sources to assist in situations in which data is scarce. The challenge with this approach is that data collected from various sources may exhibit statistical differences even if they have the same features, i.e., data heterogeneity. Data heterogeneity impacts the performance of ML models. This issue arises because conventional machine learning algorithms assume what’s known as the IID (Independently and Identically Distributed) assumption; training and test data come from the same underlying distribution and are independent and identically sampled. The IID assumption may not hold when data comes from different sources and can result in a trained model performing less effectively when used in another system or context. In such situations, Domain Adaptation (DA) is a solution. DA enhances the performance of ML models by minimizing the distribution distance between samples originating from diverse resources. Several factors come into play within the DA context, each necessitating distinct DA methods. In this thesis, we conduct an investigation and propose DA methods while considering various factors, including the number of domains involved, the quantity of data available (both labeled and unlabeled) within these domains, the task at hand (classification or regression), and the nature of statistical heterogeneity among samples from different domains, such as covariate shift or concept shift. It is crucial to emphasize that DA techniques work by assuming that we access the data from different resources. Data may be owned by different data owners, and data owners are willing to share their data. This data accessibility enables us to adapt data and optimize models accordingly. However, privacy concerns become a significant issue when addressing real-world problems, for example, where the data owners are from industry sectors. These privacy considerations necessitate the development of privacy-preserving techniques, such as Federated Learning (FL). FL is a privacy-preserving machine learning technique that enables different data owners to collaborate without sharing raw data samples. Instead, they share their ML models or model updates. Through this collaborative process, a global machine learning model is constructed, which can generalize and perform well across all participating domains. This approach addresses privacy concerns by keeping individual data localized while benefiting from collective knowledge to improve the global model. Among the most widely accepted FL methods is Federated Averaging (FedAvg). In this method, all clients connect with a central server. The server then computes the global model by aggregating the local models from each client, typically by calculating their average. Similar to DA, FL encounters issues when data from different domains exhibit statistical differences, i.e., heterogeneity, that can negatively affect the performance of the global model. A specialized branch known as Heterogeneous FL has emerged to tackle this situation. This thesis, alongside DA, considers the heterogeneous FL problem. This thesis examines FL scenarios where all clients possess labeled data. We begin by conducting experimental investigations to illustrate the impact of various types of heterogeneity on the outcomes of FL. Afterward, we perform a theoretical analysis and establish an upper bound for the risk of the global model for each client. Accordingly, we see that minimizing heterogeneity between the clients minimizes this upper bound. Building upon this insight, we develop a method aimed at minimizing this heterogeneity to personalize the global model for the clients, thereby enhancing the performance of the federated system. This thesis focuses on two practical applications that highlight the relevant challenges: Predictive Maintenance and Network Security. In predictive maintenance, the focus is on fault identification using both DA and FL. Additionally, the thesis investigates predicting the state of health of electric bus batteries using DA. Regarding network security applications, the thesis addresses network traffic classification and intrusion detection, employing DA. ©Zahra Taghiyarrenani.
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| 4. |
- Taghiyarrenani, Zahra, 1987-
(author)
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Learning from Multiple Domains
- 2022
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Domain adaptation (DA) transfers knowledge between domains by adapting them. The most well-known DA scenario in the literature is adapting two domains of source and target using the available labeled source samples to construct a model generalizable to the target domain. Although the primary purpose of DA is to compensate for the target domain’s labeled data shortage, the concept of adaptation can be utilized to solve other problems.One issue that may occur during adaptation is the problem of class misalignment, which would result in a negative transfer. Therefore, preventing negative transfer should be considered while designing DA methods. In addition, the sample availability in domains is another matter that should also be taken into account.Considering the two mentioned matters, this thesis aims to develop DA techniques to solve primary predictive maintenance problems.This thesis considers a spectrum of cases with different amounts of available target data. One endpoint is the case in which we have access to enough labeled target samples for all classes. In this case, we use the concept of DA for 1) Analyzing two different physical properties, i.e., vibration and current, to measure their robustness for fault identification and 2) Developing a denoising method to construct a robust model for a noisy test environment.Next, we consider the case where we have access to unlabeled and a few labeled target samples. Using the few labeled samples available, we aim to prevent negative transfer while adapting source and target domains. To achieve this, we construct a unified features representation using a few-shot and an adaptation learning technique.In the subsequent considered setting, we assume we only have access to very few labeled target samples, which are insufficient to train a domain-specific model. Furthermore, for the first time in the literature, we solve the DA for regression in a setting in which it adapts multiple domains with any arbitrary shift.Sometimes, due to the dynamic nature of the environment, we need to update a model to reflect the changes continuously. An example is in the field of computer network security. There is always the possibility of intrusion into a computer network, which makes each Intrusion Detection System (IDS) subject to concept shifts. In addition, different types of intrusions may occur in different networks. This thesis presents a framework for handling concept shift in one single network through incremental learning and simultaneously adapting samples from different networks to transfer knowledge about various intrusions. In addition, we employ active learning to use expert knowledge to label the samples for the adaptation purpose.During adaptation, all cases mentioned so far have the same label space for the source and target domains. Occasionally, this is not the case, and we do not have access to samples for specific classes, either in the source or target; This is the final scenario addressed in this thesis.One case is when we do not have access to some classes in the source domain. This setting is called Partial Domain Adaptation (PDA). This setting is beneficial to network traffic classification systems because, in general, every network has different types of applications and, therefore, different types of traffic. We develop a method for transferring knowledge from a source network to a target network even if the source network does not contain all types of traffic.Another case is when we have access to unlabeled target samples but not for all classes. We call this Limited Domain Adaptation (LDA) setting and propose a DA method for fault identification. The motivation behind this setting is that for developing a fault identification model for a system, we don’t want to wait until the occurrence of all faults for collecting even unlabeled samples; instead, we aim to use the knowledge about those faults from other domains.We provide results on synthetic and real-world datasets for the scenarios mentioned above. Results indicate that the proposed methods outperform the state-of-art and are effective and practical in solving real-world problems.For future works, we plan to extend the proposed methods to adapt domains with different input features, especially for solving predictive maintenance problems. Furthermore, we intend to extend our work to out-of-distribution learning methods, such as domain generalization.
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| 5. |
- Taghiyarrenani, Zahra, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Multi-Domain Adaptation for Regression under Conditional Distribution Shift
- 2023
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In: Expert systems with applications. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 0957-4174 .- 1873-6793. ; 224
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Domain adaptation (DA) methods facilitate cross-domain learning by minimizing the marginal or conditional distribution shift between domains. However, the conditional distribution shift is not well addressed by existing DA techniques for the cross-domain regression learning task. In this paper, we propose Multi-Domain Adaptation for Regression under Conditional shift (DARC) method. DARC constructs a shared feature space such that linear regression on top of that space generalizes to all domains. In other words, DARC aligns different domains and makes explicit the task-related information encoded in the values of the dependent variable. It is achieved using a novel Pairwise Similarity Preserver (PSP) loss function. PSP incentivizes the differences between the outcomes of any two samples, regardless of their domain(s), to match the distance between these samples in the constructed space.We perform experiments in both two-domain and multi-domain settings. The two-domain setting is helpful, especially when one domain contains few available labeled samples and can benefit from adaptation to a domain with many labeled samples. The multi-domain setting allows several domains, each with limited data, to be adapted collectively; thus, multiple domains compensate for each other’s lack of data. The results from all the experiments conducted both on synthetic and real-world datasets confirm the effectiveness of DARC. © 2023 The Authors
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| 6. |
- Taghiyarrenani, Zahra, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Towards Geometry-Preserving Domain Adaptation for Fault Identification
- 2022
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In: Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases. - Cham : Springer Nature. - 9783031236327 - 9783031236334
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In most industries, the working conditions of equipment vary significantly from one site to another, from one time of a year to another, and so on. This variation poses a severe challenge for data-driven fault identification methods: it introduces a change in the data distribution. This contradicts the underlying assumption of most machine learning methods, namely that training and test samples follow the same distribution. Domain Adaptation (DA) methods aim to address this problem by minimizing the distribution distance between training (source) and test (target) samples.However, in the area of predictive maintenance, this idea is complicated by the fact that different classes – fault categories – also vary across domains. Most of the state-of-the-art DA methods assume that the data in the target domain is complete, i.e., that we have access to examples from all the possible classes or faulty categories during adaptation. In reality, this is often very difficult to guarantee.Therefore, there is a need for a domain adaptation method that is able to align the source and target domains even in cases of having access to an incomplete set of test data. This paper presents our work in progress as we propose an approach for such a setting based on maintaining the geometry information of source samples during the adaptation. This way, the model can capture the relationships between different fault categories and preserve them in the constructed domain-invariant feature space, even in situations where some classes are entirely missing. This paper examines this idea using artificial data sets to demonstrate the effectiveness of geometry-preserving transformation. We have also started investigations on real-world predictive maintenance datasets, such as CWRU.
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| 7. |
- Amirhossein, Berenji, et al.
(author)
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curr2vib : Modality Embedding Translation for Broken-Rotor Bar Detection
- 2023
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In: Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases. - Cham : Springer Nature. - 9783031236334 ; , s. 423-437
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recently and due to the advances in sensor technology and Internet-of-Things, the operation of machinery can be monitored, using a higher number of sources and modalities. In this study, we demonstrate that Multi-Modal Translation is capable of transferring knowledge from a modality with higher level of applicability (more usefulness to solve an specific task) but lower level of accessibility (how easy and affordable it is to collect information from this modality) to another one with higher level of accessibility but lower level of applicability. Unlike the fusion of multiple modalities which requires all of the modalities to be available during the deployment stage, our proposed method depends only on the more accessible one; which results in the reduction of the costs regarding instrumentation equipment. The presented case study demonstrates that by the employment of the proposed method we are capable of replacing five acceleration sensors with three current sensors, while the classification accuracy is also increased by more than 1%.
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| 8. |
- Berenji, Amirhossein, et al.
(author)
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An Analysis of Vibrations and Currents for Broken Rotor Bar Detection in Three-phase Induction Motors
- 2022
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In: Proceedings of the European Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society 2022. - State College, PA : PHM Society. - 9781936263363 ; , s. 43-48
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Selecting the physical property capable of representing the health state of a machine is an important step in designing fault detection systems. In addition, variation of the loading condition is a challenge in deploying an industrial predictive maintenance solution. The robustness of the physical properties to variations in loading conditions is, therefore, an important consideration. In this paper, we focus specifically on squirrel cage induction motors and analyze the capabilities of three-phase current and five vibration signals acquired from different locations of the motor for the detection of Broken Rotor Bar generated in different loads. In particular, we examine the mentioned signals in relation to the performance of classifiers trained with them. Regarding the classifiers, we employ deep conventional classifiers and also propose a hybrid classifier that utilizes contrastive loss in order to mitigate the effect of different variations. The analysis shows that vibration signals are more robust under varying load conditions. Furthermore, the proposed hybrid classifier outperforms conventional classifiers and is able to achieve an accuracy of 90.96% when using current signals and 97.69% when using vibration signals.
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| 9. |
- Berenji, Amirhossein, 1995-, et al.
(author)
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Data-Centric Perspective on Explainability Versus Performance Trade-Off
- 2023
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In: Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis XXI. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031300462 - 9783031300479 ; , s. 42-54
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The performance versus interpretability trade-off has been well-established in the literature for many years in the context of machine learning models. This paper demonstrates its twin, namely the data-centric performance versus interpretability trade-off. In a case study of bearing fault diagnosis, we found that substituting the original acceleration signal with a demodulated version offers a higher level of interpretability, but it comes at the cost of significantly lower classification performance. We demonstrate these results on two different datasets and across four different machine learning algorithms. Our results suggest that “there is no free lunch,” i.e., the contradictory relationship between interpretability and performance should be considered earlier in the analysis process than it is typically done in the literature today; in other words, already in the preprocessing and feature extraction step. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 10. |
- Berenji, Amirhossein, et al.
(author)
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Fault identification with limited labeled data
- 2024
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In: Journal of Vibration and Control. - London : Sage Publications. - 1077-5463 .- 1741-2986. ; 30:7-8, s. 1502-1510
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Intelligent fault diagnosis (IFD) based on deep learning methods has shown excellent performance, however, the fact that their implementation requires massive amount of data and lack of sufficient labeled data, limits their real-world application. In this paper, we propose a two-step technique to extract fault discriminative features using unlabeled and a limited number of labeled samples for classification. To this end, we first train an Autoencoder (AE) using unlabeled samples to extract a set of potentially useful features for classification purpose and consecutively, a Contrastive Learning-based post-training is applied to make use of limited available labeled samples to improve the feature set discriminability. Our Experiments—on SEU bearing dataset—show that unsupervised feature learning using AEs improves classification performance. In addition, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the employment of contrastive learning to perform the post-training process; this strategy outperforms Cross-Entropy based post-training in limited labeled information cases. © The Author(s) 2023.
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