| 1. |
- Frandsen, Sanne, et al.
(author)
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Organizational Image
- 2017
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In: The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication. - : Wiley. - 9781118955567
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Organizational image is a contested concept in interdisciplinary research, drawing upon organizational communication, corporate communication, organization, marketing, and public relations studies. As such, organizational image is seen as the impression of an organization that exists among both external stakeholders as well as organizational members themselves as “construed external images” and “desired images.” This entry discusses the relationship between organizational image and organizational identity at both the collective and individual level, and outlines current debates around the linkages between image and “reality.” It concludes by highlighting current practices and problems of image management.
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| 2. |
- Rennstam, Jens, et al.
(author)
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Control
- 2017
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In: The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication. - : Wiley. - 9781118955567
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Organizational control is broadly understood as the methods and processes used to determine what to do and how to do it in organizations. The entry presents five main types of control. Direct control is based on personal surveillance and thus concerns face-to-face orders from one person to another about what to do and how to do it. Technical control is when technology such as the assembly line guides the work. Under bureaucratic control, behavior is guided through rules and regulations. All these forms of control target behavior. Under output control, however, the employees' output is the target. Instead of controlling behavior, output control allows for a variety of behaviors as long as the desired output is produced. Normative control, in turn, targets the norms of the employees, attempting to affect what is considered to be good and bad, valuable and desirable. Communication scholars have theorized control as a communicative act, and in particular have contributed to the understanding of normative forms of control.
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