1. |
- Sugai, H., et al.
(author)
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Updated Design of the CMB Polarization Experiment Satellite LiteBIRD
- 2020
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In: Journal of Low Temperature Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0022-2291 .- 1573-7357. ; 199:3-4, s. 1107-1117
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent developments of transition-edge sensors (TESs), based on extensive experience in ground-based experiments, have been making the sensor techniques mature enough for their application on future satellite cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiments. LiteBIRD is in the most advanced phase among such future satellites, targeting its launch in Japanese Fiscal Year 2027 (2027FY) with JAXA's H3 rocket. It will accommodate more than 4000 TESs in focal planes of reflective low-frequency and refractive medium-and-high-frequency telescopes in order to detect a signature imprinted on the CMB by the primordial gravitational waves predicted in cosmic inflation. The total wide frequency coverage between 34 and 448 GHz enables us to extract such weak spiral polarization patterns through the precise subtraction of our Galaxy's foreground emission by using spectral differences among CMB and foreground signals. Telescopes are cooled down to 5 K for suppressing thermal noise and contain polarization modulators with transmissive half-wave plates at individual apertures for separating sky polarization signals from artificial polarization and for mitigating from instrumental 1/f noise. Passive cooling by using V-grooves supports active cooling with mechanical coolers as well as adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators. Sky observations from the second Sun-Earth Lagrangian point, L2, are planned for 3 years. An international collaboration between Japan, the USA, Canada, and Europe is sharing various roles. In May 2019, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, selected LiteBIRD as the strategic large mission No. 2.
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2. |
- Bergman, A. S., et al.
(author)
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280 GHz Focal Plane Unit Design and Characterization for the SPIDER-2 Suborbital Polarimeter
- 2018
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In: Journal of Low Temperature Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0022-2291 .- 1573-7357. ; 193:5-6, s. 1075-1084
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We describe the construction and characterization of the 280 GHz bolometric focal plane units (FPUs) to be deployed on the second flight of the balloon-borne SPIDER instrument. These FPUs are vital to SPIDER's primary science goal of detecting or placing an upper limit on the amplitude of the primordial gravitational wave signature in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by constraining the B-mode contamination in the CMB from Galactic dust emission. Each 280 GHz focal plane contains a 16 x 16 grid of corrugated silicon feedhorns coupled to an array of aluminum-manganese transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers fabricated on 150 mm diameter substrates. In total, the three 280 GHz FPUs contain 1530 polarization-sensitive bolometers (765 spatial pixels) optimized for the low loading environment in flight and read out by time-division SQUID multiplexing. In this paper, we describe the mechanical, thermal, and magnetic shielding architecture of the focal planes and present cryogenic measurements which characterize yield and the uniformity of several bolometer parameters. The assembled FPUs have high yields, with one array as high as 95% including defects from wiring and readout. We demonstrate high uniformity in device parameters, finding the median saturation power for each TES array to be similar to 3 pW at 300 mK with a less than 6% variation across each array at 1 sigma. These focal planes will be deployed alongside the 95 and 150 GHz telescopes in the SPIDER-2 instrument, slated to fly from McMurdo Station in Antarctica in December 2018.
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3. |
- Okada, S., et al.
(author)
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First application of superconducting transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters to hadronic atom X-ray spectroscopy
- 2016
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In: Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2050-3911. ; 2016:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High-resolution pionic atom X-ray spectroscopy was performed with an X-ray spectrometer based on a 240 pixel array of superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters at the φM1 beam line of the Paul Scherrer Institute. X-rays emitted by pionic carbon via the 4f → 3d transition and the parallel 4d → 3p transition were observed with a full width at half maximum energy resolution of 6.8 eV at 6.4 keV. The measured X-ray energies are consistent with calculated electromagnetic values which considered the strong interaction effect assessed via the Seki-Masutani potential for the 3p energy level, and favor the electronic population of two filled 1s electrons in the K-shell. Absolute energy calibration with an uncertainty of 0.1 eV was demonstrated under a high-rate hadron beam condition of 1.45 MHz. This is the first application of a TES spectrometer to hadronic atom X-ray spectroscopy and is an important milestone towards next-generation high-resolution kaonic atom X-ray spectroscopy.
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5. |
- Doriese, W B, et al.
(author)
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A practical superconducting-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer for beamline and laboratory science
- 2017
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In: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 88:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We describe a series of microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometers designed for a broad suite of measurement applications. The chief advantage of this type of spectrometer is that it can be orders of magnitude more efficient at collecting X-rays than more traditional high-resolution spectrometers that rely on wavelength-dispersive techniques. This advantage is most useful in applications that are traditionally photon-starved and/or involve radiation-sensitive samples. Each energy-dispersive spectrometer is built around an array of several hundred transition-edge sensors (TESs). TESs are superconducting thin films that are biased into their superconducting-to-normal-metal transitions. The spectrometers share a common readout architecture and many design elements, such as a compact, 65 mK detector package, 8-column time-division-multiplexed superconducting quantum-interference device readout, and a liquid-cryogen-free cryogenic system that is a two-stage adiabatic-demagnetization refrigerator backed by a pulse-tube cryocooler. We have adapted this flexible architecture to mate to a variety of sample chambers and measurement systems that encompass a range of observing geometries. There are two different types of TES pixels employed. The first, designed for X-ray energies below 10 keV, has a best demonstrated energy resolution of 2.1 eV (full-width-at-half-maximum or FWHM) at 5.9 keV. The second, designed for X-ray energies below 2 keV, has a best demonstrated resolution of 1.0 eV (FWHM) at 500 eV. Our team has now deployed seven of these X-ray spectrometers to a variety of light sources, accelerator facilities, and laboratory-scale experiments; these seven spectrometers have already performed measurements related to their applications. Another five of these spectrometers will come online in the near future. We have applied our TES spectrometers to the following measurement applications: synchrotron-based absorption and emission spectroscopy and energy-resolved scattering; accelerator-based spectroscopy of hadronic atoms and particle-induced-emission spectroscopy; laboratory-based time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy with a tabletop, broadband source; and laboratory-based metrology of X-ray-emission lines. Here, we discuss the design, construction, and operation of our TES spectrometers and show first-light measurements from the various systems. Finally, because X-ray-TES technology continues to mature, we discuss improvements to array size, energy resolution, and counting speed that we anticipate in our next generation of TES-X-ray spectrometers and beyond.
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6. |
- McCarrick, Heather, et al.
(author)
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The Simons Observatory Microwave SQUID Multiplexing Detector Module Design
- 2021
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In: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 922:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Advances in cosmic microwave background (CMB) science depend on increasing the number of sensitive detectors observing the sky. New instruments deploy large arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers tiled densely into ever larger focal planes. High multiplexing factors reduce the thermal loading on the cryogenic receivers and simplify their design. We present the design of focal-plane modules with an order of magnitude higher multiplexing factor than has previously been achieved with TES bolometers. We focus on the novel cold readout component, which employs microwave SQUID multiplexing (μmux). Simons Observatory will use 49 modules containing 70,000 bolometers to make exquisitely sensitive measurements of the CMB. We validate the focal-plane module design, presenting measurements of the readout component with and without a prototype detector array of 1728 polarization-sensitive bolometers coupled to feedhorns. The readout component achieves a 95% yield and a 910 multiplexing factor. The median white noise of each readout channel is 65 pA √Hz . This impacts the projected SO mapping speed by <8%, which is less than is assumed in the sensitivity projections. The results validate the full functionality of the module. We discuss the measured performance in the context of SO science requirements, which are exceeded.
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7. |
- Hashimoto, T., et al.
(author)
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Beamline test of a transition-edge-sensor spectrometer in preparation for kaonic-atom measurements
- 2017
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In: IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. - 1051-8223. ; 27:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We are developing a new technique to apply transition-edge sensors (TESs) to X-ray spectroscopy of exotic atoms, especially of kaonic atoms. To demonstrate the feasibility of this pioneering project, performance of a TES-based X-ray detector was evaluated in pion- and kaon-beam environments at particle accelerators.We successfully observed X-rays from pionic-carbon atoms with a resolution as good as 7 eV FWHM at 6 keV. Also at a kaon beamline, we confirmed that the TES spectrometer will be able to achieve our resolution goal, 6 eV, in our first scientific campaign to measure X-rays from kaonic-helium atoms.
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8. |
- Hashimoto, T., et al.
(author)
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Kaonic-Atom X-ray Spectroscopy with Superconducting Microcalorimeters
- 2017
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In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Hypernuclear and Strange Particle Physics (HYP2015). - 9784890271221 ; 17
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We will measure kaonic helium X-rays using transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeters, TES, in the J-PARC hadron experimental facility. To demonstrate the feasibility of the experiment, we performed a measurement of pionic carbon X-rays at PSI, where an excellent FWHM energy resolution of 7 eV at 6.4 keV was achieved. We also evaluated the expected TES performance in the kaon beam at J-PARC. The simulation results show that the TES spectrometer would work with a good energy resolution, and clear peaks of kaonic helium X-rays would be observed on a reasonably suppressed background.
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9. |
- Uhlig, Jens, et al.
(author)
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Table-Top Ultrafast X-Ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometry for Molecular Structure
- 2013
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 110:13
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This work presents an x-ray absorption measurement by use of ionizing radiation generated by a femtosecond pulsed laser source. The spectrometer was a microcalorimetric array whose pixels are capable of accurately measuring energies of individual radiation quanta. An isotropic continuum x-ray spectrum in the few-keV range was generated from a laser plasma source with a water-jet target. X rays were transmitted through a ferrocene powder sample to the detector, whose pixels have average photon energy resolution Delta E = 3.14 eV full-width-at-half-maximum at 5.9 keV. The bond distance of ferrocene was retrieved from this first hard-x-ray absorption fine-structure spectrum collected with an energy-dispersive detector. This technique will be broadly enabling for time-resolved observations of structural dynamics in photoactive systems. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.138302
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10. |
- Ullom, J. N., et al.
(author)
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X-ray absorption spectroscopy of iron tris (bipyridine) using superconducting microcalorimeters
- 2014
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In: 2014 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) : Laser Science to Photonic Applications - Laser Science to Photonic Applications. - 9781557529992 ; , s. 1-2
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We are developing a tabletop apparatus for time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Short X-ray pulses are generated by focusing a pulsed 800 nm laser onto a water jet target. X-rays that pass through a sample of interest are detected using energy-resolving superconducting microcalorimeter detectors. We have successfully observed EXAFS features from iron tris(bipyridine) in a water solution. We discuss details of the microcalorimeter spectra and describe the steps that remain before the intrinsic sub-picosecond sensitivity of the apparatus can be realized.
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