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- Heublein, Manfred, et al.
(author)
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Alternative Translation Initiation at a UUG Codon Gives Rise to Two Functional Variants of the Mitochondria! Protein Kgd4
- 2019
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In: Journal of Molecular Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 431:7, s. 1460-1467
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Kgd4 is a novel subunit of the mitochondria! a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDH). In yeast, the protein is present in two forms of unknown origin, as there is only one open reading frame and no alternative splicing. Here, we show that the two forms of Kgd4 derive from one mRNA that is translated by employing two alternative start sites. The standard, annotated AUG codon gives rise to the short form of the protein, while an upstream UUG codon is utilized to generate the larger form. However, both forms can be efficiently imported into mitochondria and stably incorporate into KGDH to support its activity. Translation of the long variant depends on sequences directly upstream of the alternative initiation site, demonstrating that translation initiation and its efficiency are dictated by the sequence context surrounding a specific codon. In summary, the two forms of Kgd4 follow a very unusual biogenesis pathway, supporting the notion that translation initiation in yeast is more flexible than it is widely recognized.
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- Heublein, Manfred, et al.
(author)
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The novel component Kgd4 recruits the E3 subunit to the mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- 2014
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In: Molecular Biology of the Cell. - 1059-1524 .- 1939-4586. ; 25:21, s. 3342-3349
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mitochondrial citric acid cycle is a central hub of cellular metabolism, providing intermediates for biosynthetic pathways and channeling electrons to the respiratory chain complexes. In this study, we elucidated the composition and organization of the multienzyme complex alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH). In addition to the three classical E1-E3 subunits, we identified a novel component, Kgd4 (Ymr31/MRPS36), which was previously assigned to be a subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome. Biochemical analyses demonstrate that this protein plays an evolutionarily conserved role in the organization of mitochondrial alpha-KGDH complexes of fungi and animals. By binding to both the E1-E2 core and the E3 subunit, Kgd4 acts as a molecular adaptor that is necessary to a form a stable alpha-KGDH enzyme complex. Our work thus reveals a novel subunit of a key citric acid-cycle enzyme and shows how this large complex is organized.
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- Kohler, Andreas, Dr. rer. nat. 1988-, et al.
(author)
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The enzymatic core of the Parkinson’s disease-associated protein LRRK2 impairs mitochondrial biogenesis in aging yeast
- 2018
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In: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1662-5099. ; 11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent trait of cellular decline during aging and intimately linked to neuronal degeneration during Parkinson’s disease (PD). Various proteins associated with PD have been shown to differentially impact mitochondrial dynamics, quality control and function, including the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). Here, we demonstrate that high levels of the enzymatic core of human LRRK2, harboring GTPase as well as kinase activity, decreases mitochondrial mass via an impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis in aging yeast. We link mitochondrial depletion to a global downregulation of mitochondria-related gene transcripts and show that this catalytic core of LRRK2 localizes to mitochondria and selectively compromises respiratory chain complex IV formation. With progressing cellular age, this culminates in dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, decreased respiratory capacity, ATP depletion and generation of reactive oxygen species. Ultimately, the collapse of the mitochondrial network results in cell death. A point mutation in LRRK2 that increases the intrinsic GTPase activity diminishes mitochondrial impairment and consequently provides cytoprotection. In sum, we report that a downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis rather than excessive degradation of mitochondria underlies the reduction of mitochondrial abundance induced by the enzymatic core of LRRK2 in aging yeast cells. Thus, our data provide a novel perspective for deciphering the causative mechanisms of LRRK2-associated PD pathology.
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- Peselj, Carlotta, 1990-, et al.
(author)
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Sterol Metabolism Differentially Contributes to Maintenance and Exit of Quiescence
- 2022
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In: Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-634X. ; 10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nutrient starvation initiates cell cycle exit and entry into quiescence, a reversible, non-proliferative state characterized by stress tolerance, longevity and large-scale remodeling of subcellular structures. Depending on the nature of the depleted nutrient, yeast cells are assumed to enter heterogeneous quiescent states with unique but mostly unexplored characteristics. Here, we show that storage and consumption of neutral lipids in lipid droplets (LDs) differentially impacts the regulation of quiescence driven by glucose or phosphate starvation. Upon prolonged glucose exhaustion, LDs were degraded in the vacuole via Atg1-dependent lipophagy. In contrast, yeast cells entering quiescence due to phosphate exhaustion massively over-accumulated LDs that clustered at the vacuolar surface but were not engulfed via lipophagy. Excessive LD biogenesis required contact formation between the endoplasmic reticulum and the vacuole at nucleus-vacuole junctions and was accompanied by a shift of the cellular lipid profile from membrane towards storage lipids, driven by a transcriptional upregulation of enzymes generating neutral lipids, in particular sterol esters. Importantly, sterol ester biogenesis was critical for long-term survival of phosphate-exhausted cells and supported rapid quiescence exit upon nutrient replenishment, but was dispensable for survival and regrowth of glucose-exhausted cells. Instead, these cells relied on de novo synthesis of sterols and fatty acids for quiescence exit and regrowth. Phosphate-exhausted cells efficiently mobilized storage lipids to support several rounds of cell division even in presence of inhibitors of fatty acid and sterol biosynthesis. In sum, our results show that neutral lipid biosynthesis and mobilization to support quiescence maintenance and exit is tailored to the respective nutrient scarcity.
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- Poveda-Huertes, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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An Early mtUPR : Redistribution of the Nuclear Transcription Factor Rox1 to Mitochondria Protects against Intramitochondrial Proteotoxic Aggregates
- 2020
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In: Molecular Cell. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-2765 .- 1097-4164. ; 77:1, s. 180-188
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mitochondrial proteome is built mainly by import of nuclear-encoded precursors, which are targeted mostly by cleavable presequences. Presequence processing upon import is essential for proteostasis and survival, but the consequences of dysfunctional protein maturation are unknown. We find that impaired presequence processing causes accumulation of precursors inside mitochondria that form aggregates, which escape degradation and unexpectedly do not cause cell death. Instead, cells survive via activation of a mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR)-like pathway that is triggered very early after precursor accumulation. In contrast to classical stress pathways, this immediate response maintains mitochondrial protein import, membrane potential, and translation through translocation of the nuclear HMG-box transcription factor Roxl to mitochondria. Roxl binds mtDNA and performs a TFAM-like function pivotal for transcription and translation. Induction of early mtUPR provides a reversible stress model to mechanistically dissect the initial steps in mtUPR pathways with the stressTFAM Roxl as the first line of defense.
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- Poveda-Huertes, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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Increased mitochondrial protein import and cardiolipin remodelling upon early mtUPR
- 2021
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In: PLOS Genetics. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7390 .- 1553-7404. ; 17:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mitochondrial defects can cause a variety of human diseases and protective mechanisms exist to maintain mitochondrial functionality. Imbalances in mitochondrial proteostasis trigger a transcriptional program, termed mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR). However, the temporal sequence of events in mtUPR is unclear and the consequences on mitochondrial protein import are controversial. Here, we have quantitatively analyzed all main import pathways into mitochondria after different time spans of mtUPR induction. Kinetic analyses reveal that protein import into all mitochondrial subcompartments strongly increases early upon mtUPR and that this is accompanied by rapid remodelling of the mitochondrial signature lipid cardiolipin. Genetic inactivation of cardiolipin synthesis precluded stimulation of protein import and compromised cellular fitness. At late stages of mtUPR upon sustained stress, mitochondrial protein import efficiency declined. Our work clarifies the enigma of protein import upon mtUPR and identifies sequential mtUPR stages, in which an early increase in protein biogenesis to restore mitochondrial proteostasis is followed by late stages characterized by a decrease in import capacity upon prolonged stress induction.
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