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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Proletov, Ian, et al.
(author)
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Primary and secondary glomerulonephritides 1.
- 2014
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In: Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2385. ; 29 Suppl 3:May, s. 186-200
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 4. |
- Scandale, Walter, et al.
(author)
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Apparatus to study crystal channeling and volume reflection phenomena at the SPS H8 beamline
- 2008
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In: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 79:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A high performance apparatus has been designed and built by the H8-RD22 collaboration for the study of channeling and volume reflection phenomena in the interaction of 400 GeVc protons with bent silicon crystals, during the 2006 data taking in the external beamline H8 of the CERN SPS. High-quality silicon short crystals were bent by either anticlastic or quasimosaic effects. Alignment with the highly parallel (8 μrad divergence) proton beam was guaranteed through a submicroradian goniometric system equipped with both rotational and translational stages. Particle tracking was possible by a series of silicon microstrip detectors with high-resolution and a parallel plate gas chamber, triggered by various scintillating detectors located along the beamline. Experimental observation of volume reflection with 400 GeVc protons proved true with a deflection angle of (10.4±0.5) μrad with respect to the unperturbed beam, with a silicon crystal whose (111) planes were parallel to the beam. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.
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| 5. |
- Scandale, Walter, et al.
(author)
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Deflection of 400GeV/c proton beam with bent silicon crystals at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron
- 2008
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In: Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams. - 1098-4402. ; 11:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents a detailed study of the deflection phenomena of a 400GeV/c proton beam impinging on a new generation of bent silicon crystals; the tests have been performed at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron H8 beam line. Channeling and volume reflection angles are measured with an extremely precise goniometer and with high resolution silicon microstrip detectors. Volume reflection has been observed and measured for the first time at this energy, with a single-pass efficiency as large as 98%, in good agreement with the simulation results. This efficiency makes volume reflection a possible candidate for collimation with bent crystals at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. © 2008 The American Physical Society.
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| 6. |
- Scandale, Walter, et al.
(author)
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Double volume reflection of a proton beam by a sequence of two bent crystals
- 2008
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In: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 658:4, s. 109-111
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The doubling of the angle of beam deflection due to volume reflection of protons by a sequence of two bent silicon crystals was experimentally observed at the 400 GeV proton beam of the CERN SPS. A similar sequence of short bent crystals can be used as an efficient primary collimator for the Large Hadron Collider.
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- Archibugi, Livia, et al.
(author)
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Gynecological and reproductive factors and the risk of pancreatic cancer : A case-control study
- 2020
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In: Pancreatology (Print). - : Elsevier. - 1424-3903 .- 1424-3911. ; 20:6, s. 1149-1154
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: /Objectives: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a higher incidence in men compared to women, although the difference in known risk factors cannot explain this disparity completely. Reproductive and hormonal factors have been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies to influence pancreatic carcinogenesis, but the few published data on the topic are inconsistent. The aim was to investigate the role of reproductive and hormonal factors on PDAC occurrence in women.METHODS: We conducted a unicenter case-control study; PDAC cases were matched to controls by age with a 1:2 ratio. Risk factors were screened through questionnaires about gynecologic and medical history. Comparisons were made using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests where appropriate for categorical variables and Student's t-test for continuous variables. Logistic regression was used to calculate Odds Ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Multivariable logistic regression models were adjusted for potential confounders.RESULTS: 253 PDAC and 506 matched controls were enrolled. At logistic regression multivariable analysis adjusted for confounding factors, older age at menopause (OR:0.95 per year; 95% CI:0.91-0.98; p = 0.007), use of Oral Contraceptives (OR:0.52; 95% CI:0.30-0.89; p = 0.018), use of Hormonal Replacement Therapy (OR:0.31; 95% CI:0.15-0.64; p = 0.001), and having had two children (OR:0.57; 95% CI:0.38-0.84; p = 0.005) were significant, independent protective factors for the onset of PDAC.CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm some previous findings on menopause age and number of births while, to our knowledge, this is the first study to show a protective effect of HRT and OC use. The results collectively support the hypothesis that exposure to estrogens plays a protective role towards PDAC.
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| 10. |
- Baloch, Ramen Munir, et al.
(author)
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Indoor air pollution, physical and comfort parameters related to schoolchildren's health : Data from the European SINPHONIE study
- 2020
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : ELSEVIER. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 739
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Substantial knowledge is available on the association of the indoor school environment and its effect among schoolchildren. In the same context, the SINPHONIE (School indoor pollution and health: Observatory network in Europe) conducted a study to collect data and determine the distribution of several indoor air pollutants (IAPs), physical and thermal parameters and their association with eye, skin, upper-, lower respiratory and systemic disorder symptoms during the previous three months. Finally, data from 115 schools in 54 European cities from 23 countries were collected and included 5175 schoolchildren using a harmonized and standardized protocol. The association between exposures and the health outcomes were examined using logistic regression models on the environmental stressors assessed in classroom while adjusting for several confounding factors; a VOC (volatile organic compound) score defined as the sum of the number of pollutants to which the children were highly exposed (concentration > median of the distribution) in classroom was also introduced to evaluate the mul tiexposu re - outcome association. Schoolchildren while adjusting for several confounding factors. Schoolchildren exposed to above or equal median concentration of PM2.5, benzene, limonene, ozone and radon were at significantly higher odds of suffering from upper, lower airways, eye and systemic disorders. Increased odds were also observed for any symptom (sick school syndrome) among schoolchildren exposed to concentrations of limonene and ozone above median values. Furthermore, the risks for upper and lower airways and systemic disorders significantly increased with the VOCs score. Results also showed that increased ventilation rate was significantly associated with decreased odds of suffering from eye and skin disorders whereas similar association was observed between temperature and upper airways symptoms. The present study provides evidence that exposure to IAPs in schools is associated with various health problems in children. Further investigations are needed to confirm our findings. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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