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| 2. |
- Albertsson, Ann-Christine, et al.
(author)
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Design and synthesis of different types of poly(lactic acid)/polylactide copolymers
- 2022
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In: Poly(lactic acid). - : Wiley. ; , s. 45-71
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- High molar mass poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is obtained by either the polycondensation of lactic acid or ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of the cyclic dimer 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, commonly referred to as dilactide or lactide (LA). This chapter describes preparation of polymers and copolymers of LAs with different structures, using polycondensation and ROP. Typical comonomers and polymers which are used for lactic acid or LA copolymerization include glycolic acid or glycolide, poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide), and so on. PLAs having amino, carboxyl, or other functional groups are well reported in the literature. These functional groups can be utilized for chemical modification or as binding sites for biomolecules to impart selective binding and adhesion. PLA and its copolymers especially when used for biological applications, besides requirement of optimization of mechanical properties by engineering at the molecular level, also demands a fast degradation polymer rate.
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| 3. |
- Albertsson, Ann-Christine, 1945-, et al.
(author)
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Polyesters from Large Lactones
- 2009. - 1
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In: Handbook of Ring-Opening Polymerization. - Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 9783527319534 ; , s. 287-306
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 5. |
- Thamke, Viresh, 1985-, et al.
(author)
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Current toxicological insights of ionic liquids on various environmental living forms
- 2022
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In: Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 2213-3437. ; 10:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ionic liquids (ILs), are organic salts and have been referred to as greener solvents, oftentimes also termed designer solvents. They are separated into classes namely room temperature ILs (RTILs), task-specific ILs (TSILs), polyionic liquids (PLILs), and supported ILs, among others. ILs are used as solvents because of their low vapour pressure at room temperature as well as thermal stability. Because of their widespread applications in diverse fields, they may contribute to contaminating the land and aquatic environment as the majority of them are chemically stable. Although many researchers have labelled the ILs as green in nature there is an enormous possibility for their release into the environment in many ways. Although the variety of ILs and their synthesis are continuously increasing however scant attention has been paid to their remediation strategies; toxicological information generated in the last decade does provide a report on the impact of ILs on lower organisms and plants. Therefore, to enhance the toxicological understanding of ILs, it is a prerequisite to assemble their recent toxicological information on various living forms. This knowledge certainly will offer new clues about their interaction at the physiological and molecular scale of an organism and thus contribute to the fulfilling gap in our toxicological understanding. Hence, this review article highlights the recent toxicological impact of newly synthesized ILs on microbes, vertebrates, invertebrates, animal cells, and plants where the summarised toxicological facts have expounded the effect of ILs in dose dependent manner associated with their structure. Similarly, the impact of various ILs at the cellular level of the organism is discussed. This review also sums up the current development of computational modelling for evaluation of toxicity testing that may minimize the animal experimental dependency thus providing a future guideline in designing the greener ILs.
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| 6. |
- Varma, Indra Kumari, et al.
(author)
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Enzyme catalyzed synthesis of polyesters
- 2005
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In: Progress in polymer science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0079-6700 .- 1873-1619. ; 30:10, s. 949-981
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In vitro enzyme catalyzed synthesis of polyesters is a new technique of polymer synthesis and is an eco-friendly process having several benefits over conventional chemical polymerization. In this article lipase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of lactones, lactides and macrolides, cyclic carbonates, cyclic phosphates, cyclic depsipeptides and copolymerization of oxiranes with dicarboxylic acid anhydrides leading to the formation of polyesters, polycarbonates, polyphosphates and poly(ester-amides) has been reviewed in detail. The effect of reaction parameters, i.e. solvent, temperature, enzyme and monomer concentration, on the rate and molecular weight of the polymers is discussed. Synthesis of polyesters by step-growth polycondensation reactions using simple diacids and diols, hydroxy acids or transesterification reaction of simple or activated diesters with diols has also been surveyed. The general mechanisms of ring-opening and step-growth polymerization have also been considered. Lipase hydrolyzes the ester bonds of polyesters in an aqueous medium and recombines the cleaved moiety in non-aqueous medium. The possibility of utilizing such reactions for the repetitive recycling of biodegradable polyesters has been highlighted.
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