| 1. |
- Flanagan, J Randall, et al.
(author)
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Prediction precedes control in motor learning
- 2003
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In: Current Biology. - : Cell Press. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 13:2, s. 146-150, Article Number: PII S0960-9822(03)00007-1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Skilled motor behavior relies on the brain learning both to control the body and predict the consequences of this control. Prediction turns motor commands into expected sensory consequences, whereas control turns desired consequences into motor commands. To capture this symmetry, the neural processes underlying prediction and control are termed the forward and inverse internal models, respectively. Here, we investigate how these two fundamental processes are related during motor learning. We used an object manipulation task in which subjects learned to move a hand-held object with novel dynamic properties along a prescribed path. We independently and simultaneously measured subjects' ability to control their actions and to predict their consequences. We found different time courses for predictor and controller learning, with prediction being learned far more rapidly than control. In early stages of manipulating the object, subjects could predict the consequences of their actions, as measured by the grip force they used to grasp the object, but could not generate appropriate actions for control, as measured by their hand trajectory. As predicted by several recent theoretical models of sensorimotor control, our results indicate that people can learn to predict the consequences of their actions before they can learn to control their actions.
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| 2. |
- Vetter, Max, et al.
(author)
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Development and validation of a scale for Social Exhibitionism on the Internet (SEXI)
- 2014
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In: Diagnostica (Göttingen). - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 0012-1924 .- 2190-622X. ; 60:3, s. 153-165
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Socially exhibitionistic behavior in virtual environments has been a scarcely researched issue, despite its increasing relevance in modem societies. Although many theoretical approaches have been suggested, there is a lack of empirical work on this construct. One possible reason for this deficit is the absence of an appropriate instrument for the measurement. In order to measure socially exhibitionistic behavior, a 15-item-scale and a corresponding shortened 8-item version was developed. An explorative factor analysis yielded the expected one-factor solution. Discriminant validity was investigated by analyzing the correlation structure between the new scale and several other measures of personality (Study 1). This was followed by an extensive validation study to investigate both discriminant and convergent validity (Study 2) and a quasi-experimental study comprising extreme prototypes of socially exhibitionistic behavior (Study 3). The findings strongly suggest that the new scale is an appropriate instrument for the measurement of socially exhibitionistic behavior in virtual environments.
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| 3. |
- Vetter, Max, et al.
(author)
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Entwicklung und Validierung einer Skala zum sozialen Exhibitionismus im Internet (SEXI)
- 2014
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In: Diagnostica. - : Hogrefe Verlag Göttingen. - 0012-1924 .- 2190-622X.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Socially exhibitionistic behavior in virtual environments has been a scarcely researched issue, despite its increasing relevancein modern societies. Although many theoretical approaches have been suggested, there is a lack of empirical work on this construct. Onepossible reason for this deficit is the absence of an appropriate instrument for the measurement. In order to measure socially exhibitionisticbehavior, a 15-item-scale and a corresponding shortened 8-item version was developed. An explorative factor analysis yielded theexpected one-factor solution. Discriminant validity was investigated by analyzing the correlation structure between the new scale andseveral other measures of personality (Study 1). This was followed by an extensive validation study to investigate both discriminantand convergent validity (Study 2) and a quasi-experimental study comprising extreme prototypes of socially exhibitionistic behavior(Study 3). The findings strongly suggest that the new scale is an appropriate instrument for the measurement of socially exhibitionisticbehavior in virtual environments
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