| 1. |
- Hedström, Brita, et al.
(author)
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Visby Innerstad : En användningsplan
- 1973
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Sedan lång tid föreligger i stort sett enighet om att bevara innerstadens bebyggelse och att anpassa eventuella nytillskott till det redan bestående. Med den inställningen har förändringsprocessen både dämpats och mildrats men ändå inte bragts att avstanna. Förändringar sker ständigt om det också huvudsakligen i smått: de många synbart så anspråkslösa byggnadsåtgärderna adderar efterhand ihop sig till något större och mer genomgripande. Långsamt, nästan omärkligt, ändrar innerstaden sitt ansikte.Ändå är det inte själva husen som förändrats mest utan användningen av dem. Ur funktionell synpunkt har 1950 - och 60-talen har varit något av en omstörtning i innerstadens historia: den har förlorat nästan hälften av de boende, en stor del av detaljhandeln och praktiskt taget helt sin gamla roll som skolcentrum. I gengäld har ytterstaden vuxit ut till ett sammanhängande kilometerbrett bälte. Till stor del av denna funktionella förändring en följd av beslutet att bevara innerstadens bebyggelse. Vad som inte fått plats inom den gamla ramen har etablerats utandör den.Föreliggande arbete vill ge en översiktlig bild av förändringsförloppen, sedda i ett långt tidsperspektiv men med tonvikt på dagsläget. Bebyggelsen tas upp till utförlig granskning men också användningen av den. Det är just samspelet mellan husen och de funtkioner, de fyller, som kan sägas utgöra bokens huvudtema. I de flesta fall är detta sammanhang hus-användning alldeles konfliktfritt och föranleder därför inte heller någon diskussion. Vad som behandlas är de relativt få problematiska fallen, hus som borde rustas upp för att fylla sin uppgift, hus som är olämpligt nyttjade eller inte använda alls. En serie sådana fall tas upp till systematisk genomgång; samtidigt berörs också de trafik - och miljömässiga konsekvenserna. Bokens syfte är alltså klart: den ger ett underlag av fakta för arbetet med att jämka samman byggnader och användningsformer. I den meningen kan skriften kallas en anvädningsplan för Visby innanför murarna.Arkitekturskolanas arbete har bedrivitis parallellt med den kommunala Innerstadskommitténs verksamhet. Något organiserat samarbete har inte förekommit med de informella kontakterna har varit både täta och goda. Att likheterna mellan Innerstadskommittén och Arkitekturskolans slutsatser blivit så pass stora, kan tillskrivas en gemensam helhetssyn.En av Arkitekturskolans elever, arkitekt Lars-Ingvar Larsson, har tidigare självständigt genomfört en undersökning av förändringar i innerstaden 1945-70- Denna studie publicerats separat och bör uppfattas som ett komplement till den hör föreliggande.Förutom de i innehållsförteckningen nämnda har ytterligare några aktivt medverkat i arbetet. Studiet av trafikfrågorna i innerstaden, i hamnen och öster om ringmuren leddes av Åke Claesson, I fältstudier och diskussioner medverkande Göran Månsson.Arkitekturskolan har fått god hjälp av ett antal initierade personer i Visby. Särskild tacksamhet är vi skyldiga byggnadsnämnden ordförande Henning Jacobson, kommunalrådet C B Stenström, stadsarkitekten Måns Hagbergm f. länsbostadsdorektören Åke Malmberg och landsantikvarien Gunnar Svahnström. I boken publiceringskostnaderna har ekonomiskt bidrag lämnats av Gotlands kommun och Riksantikvarieämbetet.Boken har redigerats av Sture Balgård och Ann Mari Westerlind med hjälp av Henrik O Andersson, Bo Ek, Göran Lindahl, Fredrik von Platen, John Sjöström Gunnar Westerlind och Hans Wetterfors.Skeppsholmen, Stockholm, sommaren 1973.Arkitekturskolans lärare och elever.
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| 2. |
- Milberg, Per, et al.
(author)
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A burning desire for smoke? Sampling insects favoured by forestfire in the absence of fire
- 2015
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In: Journal of Insect Conservation. - : Springer. - 1366-638X .- 1572-9753. ; 19:1, s. 55-65
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fire-favoured insects are difficult to sampleexcept opportunistically after forest fires. Here, we tested ifsmoke from a small fire could be an efficient way to samplesuch insects. Insects were sampled over ca. 10 h hours, byhand-picking and netting on screens put up around the fire.Two specimens of the rare and redlisted Hormopeza spp.(Diptera, Empididae) were caught. Large numbers([20,000) of Microsania spp. (Diptera, Platypezidae) werecaught, but none in the absence of smoke. The numbers ofMicrosania spp. clearly peaked in late afternoon, and ashort sampling period would be sufficient if targeting onlythis taxon. Of the almost 200 species of Coleoptera, 17 %were considered as fire-favoured, contributing 9 % of thespecimens, suggesting low efficiency of the method for thisgroup. Using 23 sites differing in fire history, catches ofMicrosania spp. were unaffected by numbers and area offorest fire (preceding 5 years and within 10 km radius overthe sampling sites). In contrast, there was a weak trend forthe proportion of fire-favoured Coleoptera to increase withincreasing number of fires. To conclude, smoke as producedin our study can clearly attract fire-favoured Diptera,but smoke had only a weak effect on fire-favoured Coleopterain the study area. It is still likely that selectivelypicking specimens of species attracted to smoke is a morecost-efficient method than using, e.g., Malaise traps thatcatch indiscriminately.
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| 3. |
- Brown, Ian, et al.
(author)
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L-Band Polarimetric Target Decomposition of Mangroves of the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania
- 2016
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In: Remote Sensing. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-4292. ; 8:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mangroves of the Rufiji Delta are an important habitat and resource. The mangrove forest reserve is home to an indigenous population and has been under pressure from an influx of migrants from the landward side of the delta. Timely and effective forest management is needed to preserve the delta and mangrove forest. Here, we investigate the potential of polarimetric target decomposition for mangrove forest monitoring and analysis. Using three ALOS PALSAR images, we show that L-band polarimetry is capable of mapping mangrove dynamics and is sensitive to stand structure and the hydro-geomorphology of stands. Entropy-alpha-anisotropy and incoherent target decompositions provided valuable measures of scattering behavior related to forest structure. Little difference was found between Yamaguchi and Arii decompositions, despite the conceptual differences between these models. Using these models, we were able to differentiate the scattering behavior of the four main species found in the delta, though classification was impractical due to the lack of pure stands. Scattering differences related to season were attributed primarily to differences in ground moisture or inundation. This is the first time mangrove species have been identified by their scattering behavior in L-band polarimetric data. These results suggest higher resolution L-band quad-polarized imagery, such as from PALSAR-2, may be a powerful tool for mangrove species mapping.
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| 4. |
- Brown, Ian, et al.
(author)
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Multi-decadal L-band SAR observations of the Mangrove forests of the Rufiji Delta
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Mangroves are important habitats that face a range of threats, natural and anthropogenic. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from 1994 to 2010 have been used to identify systematic changes in mangrove forest vegetation in the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania. The mangrove forest is a Forest Reserve and is protected from large scale exploitation, though there are settlements within the reserve. A dataset of five L-band SAR images spanning a 16-year time period was processed to identify spatio-temporal changes in mangrove forest extent and composition. SAR signatures are related to changes in water budget. The image data show minor expansion in cultivated land along the margins of established communities in the delta. Thinning of mangroves is detected on higher ground whilst along creeks and river channels SAR backscatter indicates an increase in biomass. Sea level height is found to exert a stronger influence on backscatter than minor differences in seasonality. Despite inaccuracies in older SAR images SAR time series are shown to provide valuable data on the spatio-temporal dynamics of East African mangrove forests.
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| 5. |
- Caretta, Martina Angela, et al.
(author)
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Soil management and soil properties in a Kenyan smallholder irrigation system on naturally low-fertile soils
- 2018
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In: Applied Geography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-6228 .- 1873-7730. ; 90, s. 248-256
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study we examine the impact of soil management practices on soil properties in a landscape with naturally relatively poor soils on and below the dry slopes of a Rift Valley escarpment in Kenya that have been dominated by extensive smallholder investments in canal irrigation over the last 300 years. We show that farmers in the area have been able to keep up agricultural production in the face of growing population. The actual practices of soil management at one moment in time appear to be of minor importance to soil improvement, as indicated by the low correlation between Soil Management Index (SMI) and soil chemical data. However, cultivation triggers a process of slow soil improvement manifested by a positive correlation between nutrient levels and duration of irrigated cultivation and soil management, which likely explains farmers' confidence in soil productivity. However, we also identify sodicity as a risk connected to intensified irrigation in the area. Finally, we stress the need for further studies integrating investigations of local irrigation and soil management with soil and water quality analyses. These will be crucial to shape sustainable place-based and farmer-led solutions for African agricultural growth.
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| 6. |
- Higgins, Lindsey, 1985-
(author)
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Linking lake variability, climate, and human activity in Basotu, Tanzania
- 2017
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Paleoenvironmental investigations establish important baseline knowledge of the natural variability of lake systems, to better understand human impacts on the landscape, and the effects of climate change on water resources. By combining long-term environmental history with investigations into modern land use patterns and climatological events, a wider perspective can be reached that has practical applications in water governance. This thesis presents a case study of Lake Basotu (4.37°S, 35.07°E), a crater lake in the Hanang district of north-central Tanzania, which acts as an important source of freshwater for local people. A three-meter long sediment core from an interior crater of Lake Basotu was investigated using proxy records (diatoms, magnetic parameters, and carbon content) and radiometric dating (14C and 210Pb). The Lake Basotu record was then compared to other sediment-based reconstructions from East Africa and records of historical famines to better place it into the timeline and understanding of regional climate dynamics. This work was extended into modern times (1973–2015) by examining lake extent variations in the Landsat satellite archive. Shoreline boundaries for dry-season images were delineated and lake extent was calculated using GIS techniques. This remote sensing record was compared to climatological patterns, meteorological records, and the history of land-use changes in the surrounding district. As a whole, the Lake Basotu record indicates that major fluctuations in lake level are not abnormal; however, human influence has likely increased the lake’s sensitivity to climatic fluctuations. The timing of historical famines in East Africa were linked to periods of shallow lake conditions in Basotu, and the duration of the most extreme lake level changes correlate to a reversal in the 14C age-depth model. Recent variations in lake extent are likely connected to a mechanized wheat farming program implemented in the district as a foreign aid project in the early 1960s. To support the work done in Basotu, a preliminary investigation of sediment from the nearby Lake Babati was undertaken. Sediment from the two lakes indicates that their geographical location may be in a transition zone towards dryer conditions to the south during the Little Ice Age in East Africa. The results of this thesis support that Lake Basotu is an important location for understanding the potential impacts of climate change and human activity on water resources in this region.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Higgins, Lindsey, et al.
(author)
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Surface Area Variability of a North-Central Tanzanian Crater Lake
- 2016
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In: Geosciences. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-3263. ; 6:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A history of modern (1973–2015) surface area variability for Lake Basotu in north-central Tanzania has been reconstructed using archived Landsat images from the dry season between June and October. This record was compared to local weather data as well as larger scale weather patterns. The lake has been in a state of decline interrupted by major flood events since the beginning of the satellite record. From 1973 to 1997, the lake area was between 0.97 km2 and 4.28 km2. Lake extent abruptly increased to 13.86 km2 in 1998, when a co-occurrence of El Niño and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole led to extensive flooding. It is hypothesized that local agricultural practices leading to soil erosion and subsequent basin sedimentation have most likely increased the sensitivity of Lake Basotuto climatic fluctuations.
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| 9. |
- Holmgren, Karin, et al.
(author)
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The vulnerable continent (PLATINA) : Historical perspectives on Africa´s climate, environment and societies
- 2009
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In: Meeting global challenges in research cooperation. - Uppsala : Uppsala University. - 9789197574198 ; , s. 585-596
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Our research, based on studies of different climate archives from Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa, contributes information on changes in climate and vegetation over the past 24000 years. This time perspective, reaching beyond the information available from instrumental records is needed for a better understanding of regional global climate dynamics and issues surrounding environmental change, throughout Africa, and is a prerequisite for increasing climate forecasting capabilities for the region. We argue that African people have vast experience from living in a variable climate and research on past interactions between climate and societies demonstrate the significance of lessons learnt for present situations. Our findings, underline the complex interactions between climate/environment and societies that may lead to different developments in time and space. Considering the so called vulnerable continent, extended investigations of how African communities cope with and adapt to climatically driven changes is needed to increase the capability to realise the potential as well as the limitations, of modern African communities to adapt to future climate change.
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| 10. |
- Larsson, Anton, 1994-
(author)
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Landslide Archaeology : Past hazards and disasters in the Göta River Valley and beyond
- 2023
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Exploring the impact of landslides on past human communities, their landscapes, and their material remains, this thesis focuses on the most landslide-prone region of Sweden: the Göta River Valley (Sw. Göta älvdalen). It is argued that through a multi-source methodology and by employing ideas concerning geoculturality and disasterscapes, we can begin to approach the lived experiences of both distant and recent history. The thesis further outlines the risk posed by landslides to cultural heritage and archaeological sites, a threat significantly exacerbated by ongoing processes of anthropogenic climate change. This compilation thesis contributes to the study of past hazards and disasters with relevance on both regional, national, and international levels. The comprehensive summary of the thesis provides both an overview of the field and an in-depth study of how landslides have been perceived and interacted with throughout time. Additionally, five research papers, each dealing with different aspects of landslide archaeology within Western Sweden from prehistory into the present day, address separate aspects of landslide archaeology.The first paper presents new dating evidence for the Late Iron Age trading site of Köpingen and, in turn, uses these results to provide a minimum age for a prehistoric landslide on the same site. The second paper outlines the research history of the great medieval landslide at Jordfallet, employing archival studies and legacy data to reassess its traditional dating. Most likely, the event occurred in the year 1249 AD, a conclusion with relevance for Scandinavian geopolitics in the Middle Ages. The third and fourth papers are historical-archaeological studies of two Early Modern disasters, the 1648 Intagan and 1703 Skrehall landslides, respectively, providing new understandings of these events. In the case of the former landslide, it is found to have left few easily identifiable archaeological traces behind, while newly discovered remains are described at the latter site. The fifth and final paper examines major landslides across Western Sweden in the 20th and 21st centuries, showing that several of these have destroyed archaeological sites, while others have prompted archaeologists to conduct emergency fieldwork. This illustrates the risks posed by landsliding in the region and emphasizes the need for cohesive contingency planning within the cultural heritage management sector.
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