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- Lundström, Petra
(author)
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Physical activity, body composition, inflammation and effects on antioxidative capacity in sedentary adults
- 2016
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background: For the past fifty years part the population has slowly become sedentary to an extent that it is nowadays considered normal behavior. Parallel with sedentary behavior there is an increase in obesity now reaching epidemic level. Metabolic derangements such as diabetes type 2 and cardiovascular diseases has become an economic burden for the modern society. Implementation of training programs for individuals that have been sedentary for years has often been demonstrated inefficient, with few and short-lasting effects. Aim: The primary aim of this thesis was to study effects of increased physical activity at different intensities in distinct sedentary populations. The secondary aim was to investigate if there was a gender difference in adaption to short-term endurance training. Methodology: Study I: Two hundred and twelve (age 45-69 years) sedentary overweight men and women were included. They were classified as normal or impaired glucose tolerance, or diabetes type 2. They were randomized into controls or intervention group. The intervention group was instructed to increase their physical activity by walking with poles (Nordic walking) 5 h per week. Questionnaire, blood samples, anthropometric data and results from an exercise test were collected at baseline and after 4 months. Study II: Fourteen healthy (22-30 year-old) sedentary normal weight women and men participated in a 3 weeks endurance training program including 2 supervised sessions per day. The training period was followed by 4 weeks of detraining. Blood samples including total antioxidative capacity (TAOC) and oxidative stress (OS), body composition (BC), anthropometric data and evaluation of work capacity were obtained at baseline, after training and after detraining. Result: Study I: Nordic walking improved waist circumference, body weight and body mass index in the intervention group with normal glucose tolerance. Participants that reported > 80 % adherence to training improved work capacity in terms of work load, VO2 peak, or both, in all groups. Biochemical markers were unaffected. Study II: TAOC levels decreased significantly in women after training, while no change was noted in men. After training both gender showed increased work load, VO2 peak even adjusted for fat-free mass, and ventilation. After detraining, work load and VO2 peak decreased in women. Adjusted VO2 peak decreased also in men but remained higher compared to baseline. Fat-free mass (kg) was higher after detraining compared to baseline in women. Conclusion: Study I: Nordic walking had positive anthropometric effects among those with normal glucose tolerance. It could be applied in clinical practice, but surveillance of training might be necessary to reach optimal results among sedentary individuals. Study II: Female participants were more sedentary and their exercise capacity improved to a greater degree. Their decrease in TAOC might reflect an increased consumption of antioxidants to prevent negative effects of OS. A higher level of daily regular physical activity in men could explain their maintenance of improved VO2peak after detraining.
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- Chaxel, Anne-Sophie, et al.
(author)
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Preference-driven biases in decision makers' information search and evaluation
- 2013
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In: Judgment and decision making. - 1930-2975 .- 1930-2975. ; 8:5, s. 561-576
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While it is well established that the search for information after a decision is biased toward supporting that decision, the case of preference-supporting search before the decision remains open. Three studies of consumer choices consistently found a complete absence of a pre-choice bias toward searching for preference-supporting information. The absence of this confirming search bias occurred for products that were both hedonic and utilitarian, both expensive and inexpensive, and both high and low in expected brand loyalty. Experiment 3 also verified the presence of the expected post-choice search bias to support the chosen alternative. Therefore the absence of a pre-choice search bias in all three studies was not likely to be due to our using a method that was so insensitive that a search bias would not be observed under any circumstances. In addition to the absence of an effect of prior preferences on information selection, subjects' self-reported search strategies exhibited a clear tendency toward a balance of positive and negative information. Across the three studies, we also tested for the presence of a preference-supporting bias in the evaluation of the information acquired in the search process. This evaluation bias was found both pre- and post-choice.
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- Mercier, Guillaume, et al.
(author)
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Porous Graphene Oxide/Diboronic Acid Materials : Structure and Hydrogen Sorption
- 2015
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In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 119:49, s. 27179-27191
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Solvothermal reaction of graphite oxide (GO) with benzene-1,4-diboronic acid (DBA) was reported previously to result in formation of graphene oxide framework (GOP) materials. The theoretical structure of GOFs consists of graphene layers separated by benzene-diboronic "pillars" with similar to 1 nm slit pores thus providing the opportunity to use it as a model material to verify the effect of a small pore size on hydrogen adsorption. A set of samples with specific surface area (SSA) in the range of similar to 50-1000 m(2)/g were prepared using variations of synthesis conditions and GO/DBA proportions. Hydrogen storage properties of GOF samples evaluated at 293 and 77 K were found to be similar to other nanocarbon trends in relation to SSA values. Structural characterization of GO/DBA samples showed all typical features reported as evidence for formation of a framework structure such as expanded interlayer distance, increased temperature of thermal exfoliation, typical features in FTIR spectra, etc. However, the samples also exhibited reversible swelling in polar solvents which is not compatible with the idealized GOF structure linked by benzenediboronic molecular pillars. Therefore, possible alternative nonframework models of structures with pillars parallel and perpendicular to GO planes are considered.
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