| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Faraon, Montathar, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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Using circumventing media to counteract authoritarian regimes
- 2011
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In: Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference ICT, Society and Human Beings 2011. - Rome, Italy : IADIS Press. - 9789728939366 ; , s. 251-254
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to reflect on how potential circumventing media and communication technologies could potentially assist the information flow when authoritarian regimes decide to block the main channels, such as the Internet and the mobile phone networks. The point of departure is the recent Internet blackouts in countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), such as Egypt, Bahrain and Libya. We discuss several applications that were developed as a response to state repression in these countries, and their future potential that would allow people to communicate more freely despite Internet and mobile network blackouts.
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| 3. |
- Grooten, Liset, et al.
(author)
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A scaling-up strategy supporting the expansion of integrated care : a study protocol
- 2019
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In: Journal of Integrated Care. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1476-9018. ; 27:3, s. 215-231
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PurposeTo ensure that more people will benefit from integrated care initiatives, scaling-up of successful initiatives is the way forward. However, new challenges present themselves as knowledge on how to achieve successful large-scale implementation is scarce. The EU-funded project SCIROCCO uses a step-based scaling-up strategy to explore what to scale-up, and how to scale-up integrated care initiatives by matching the complementary strengths and weaknesses of five European regions involved in integrated care. The purpose of this paper is to describe a multi-method evaluation protocol designed to understand what factors influence the implementation of the SCIROCCO strategy to support the scaling-up of integrated care.Design/methodology/approachThe first part of the protocol focuses on the assessment of the implementation fidelity of the SCIROCCO step-based strategy. The objective is to gain insight in whether the step-based strategy is implemented as it was designed to explore what works and does not work when implementing the scaling-up strategy. The second part concerns a realist evaluation to examine what it is about the SCIROCCO’s strategy that works for whom, why, how and in which circumstances when scaling-up integrated care.FindingsThe intended study will provide valuable information on the implementation of the scaling-up strategy which will help to explain for what specific reasons the implementation succeeds and will facilitate further improvement of project outcomes.Originality/valueThe expected insights could be useful to guide the development, implementation and evaluation of future scaling-up strategies to advance the change towards more sustainable health and care systems.
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| 4. |
- Kosta, Eleni, et al.
(author)
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The Smart World Revolution
- 2018
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In: Privacy and Identity Management. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319929255 - 9783319929248 ; , s. 3-12
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The explosion of the phenomenon of the Internet of Things and the increasing diffusion of smart living technologies in all the layers of our society - from houses to hospitals, from cities to critical infrastructures such as energy grids - clearly demonstrates the viability and the advantages of a fully interconnected vision of a smart world. Technological advances such as the use of open data, big data, blockchain and sensor development in the Internet of Everything are rapidly changing the societal landscape, raising the question of how to guarantee, in a homogeneous way, the preservation of privacy and other human rights in a completely heterogeneous and cross-sectoral world, without impairing the potentialities of the new smart technologies such as the Internet of Things and big data. The 2017 IFIP Summer School on Privacy and Identity Management was dedicated to the exploration of technical, legal and societal issues relating to the smart revolution. This chapter provides an introduction to the exciting work presented at the summer school.
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| 5. |
- Patrignani, Norberto, et al.
(author)
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Forget About Privacy . . . or Not?
- 2018
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In: Privacy And Identity Management. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319929255 - 9783319929248 ; , s. 76-85
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This book chapter reflects the content of one of the 2017 IFIP summer school's workshops. This workshop's focus was chiefly around whether one should forget about privacy as a basic human right. The workshop was co-led by members of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP)'s working group on social accountability and computing. The challenge was proffered that today's commercial push for free trade in people's data, supported by information technologies, requires counterbalancing efforts to be made from the public interest point of view. During the workshop, this preoccupation with the public interest was addressed through a number of different questions, which in turn inspired in-depth discussions. Each of the four questions/topics covered is handled here in a separate section of the book chapter. The four points are illustrated through images and illustrations that have often been drawn from works from the fields of art, education, ethics, film, literature, and philosophy. Note: Many of these themes are among the core subjects of the conference entitled This Changes Everything [1], which is the thirteenth in a series of Human Choice and Computers (HCC) (HCC13) to be held in Poznan, Poland, on 19-21 September 2018, and run by IFIP.
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| 6. |
- Patrignani, Norberto, et al.
(author)
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Slow Tech : The bridge between computer ethics and business ethics
- 2014
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In: Proceedings 11th International Conference on human Choice and computers, HC11, 2014. - Berlin/Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783662442074 ; , s. 92-106
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper addresses the difficult task of implementing the concept of Slow Tech, that is,information and communication technology (ICT) that is good, clean and fair, in a businessenvironment. It investigates the democratic, environmental, and social challenges currently facingICT vendors. More specifically, it examines the opportunities available for these companies to useSlow Tech as a bridging mechanism between their Computer Ethics and their Business Ethicsstrategies, based on Corporate Social Responsibility. Last but not least, it highlights what some"next step" questions for further investigation and implementation might be and the challenges ofimplementing these.
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| 7. |
- Patrignani, Norberto, et al.
(author)
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Slow tech : Towards good, clean and fair ICT
- 2013
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In: The possibilities of ethical ICT. - Kolding : University of Southern Denmark. - 9788792646729 ; , s. 384-390
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Slow tech is a new way of looking at technology. It means designing and developingtechnologies that are ‘slow’, with the aim of being good, clean, and fair. It has, as anaspiration, the design and use of a new kind of information and communicationtechnologies (ICT): ICT that is human-centred, and that takes into account both thelimits of the planet and those of human beings. The focus of this reflection paper is onICT that speaks to the needs of the environment and society, and is thus implicitlyethical. It contributes towards promoting slow tech to an audience of computerprofessionals and computer end-users.
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| 8. |
- Patrignani, Norberto, et al.
(author)
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Slow Tech : a quest for good, clean and fair ICT
- 2014
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In: Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society. - 1477-996X .- 1758-8871. ; 12:2, s. 78-92
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce the term Slow Tech as a way of describing information and communication technology (ICT) that is good, clean and fair. These are technologies that are human centred, environmentally sustainable and socially desirable.Design/methodology/approachThe paper's approach is based on a qualitative discourse that justifies the introduction of Slow Tech as a new design paradigm.FindingsThe limits of the human body, and the need to take into account human wellbeing, the limits of the planet and stakeholders' interests in decision making, all suggest the need for a new paradigm, Slow Tech, in the design of ICT and ICT systems. Three scenarios are described as case studies.Practical implicationsIn order to prepare the next generation of researchers and computer professionals, many different actions need to be taken. Universities and colleges need to redesign education programmes for computer scientists and engineers by introducing subjects related to the social and ethical implications of computing (currently, only few countries, like the UK, have already done this), and computer professionals' associations need to introduce a code of ethics or ethical analysis into their members' career development. As a result, future computer professionals who are familiar with the Slow Tech approach will be able to collaborate much more easily across the kind of cross disciplinary teams suited to design human centred, sustainable and desirable technologies.Social implicationsRather than simply focusing on the role of computer professionals, all members of society are called to play a new role in the design of future ICT scenarios. Starting a societal dialogue that involves computer professionals, users, researchers, designers, ICT industrialists, and policy makers is very much needed.Originality/valueThe value of this paper is in its call for reflection followed by action. Based on an holistic approach to the design of new ICT systems, the paper advocates a new starting point for systems design: it should be based on a long-term view of the desirability and social importance of technologies, their environmental impact and sustainability, and the fairness and equity of the conditions of workers involved in the computing manufacturing processes.
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| 9. |
- Patrignani, Norberto, et al.
(author)
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Slow Tech : a roadmap for a good, clean and fair ICT
- 2015
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In: Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society. - 1477-996X .- 1758-8871. ; 13:3/4, s. 268-282
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how Slow Tech can support the celebration of the 20-year series of ETHICOMP conferences, with its ethical and societal focus, building on earlier descriptions of Slow Tech. The paper takes Slow Tech’s ideas a step further to explore how a roadmap and concrete checklist of activities can be developed.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a thought leadership or conceptual piece. Its approach is based on a normative, qualitative discourse. It, nevertheless, indicates a shift towards concrete actions.Findings – Extracting from a brief historical overview, the paper lays out the means of building a Slow Tech roadmap and a Slow Tech checklist of actions. It also investigates a number of the challenges that might face Slow Tech in the future.Research limitations/implications – The paper has implications for stakeholder fields as far-ranging as corporations, computing professional associations, universities and research institutions and end-users.Originality/value – As with other investigations of Slow Tech, the value of this paper is in its call for reflection followed by action. It provides a useful complement and counterbalance to an earlier paper by the same authors: “Slow Tech: a quest for good, clean and fair ICT” published in Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society (Vol. 12, issue 2, pp. 78-92).
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