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| 2. |
- Ye, Zhichao, 1991, et al.
(author)
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Low Loss Silicon-Rich Silicon Nitride for Nonlinear Optics
- 2018
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In: 2018 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2018 - Proceedings.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We demonstrate low loss (~ 0.4 dB/cm) silicon-rich silicon nitride waveguides and high Q microresonators (Qi ~ 1 000 000) featuring broadband anomalous dispersion. Microresonator combs are generated for the first time in this emerging material platform.
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| 3. |
- Chen, Jingjing, et al.
(author)
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Slippage on Porous Spherical Superhydrophobic Surface Revolutionizes Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluid
- 2022
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In: Advanced Materials Interfaces. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2196-7350. ; 9:34
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, a new strategy to achieve high-efficient heat transfer for non-Newtonian fluids with slippage using a stably prepared superhydrophobic coating is presented. A superhydrophobic coating is prepared on the inner surface of a sleeve at specific shear stress. The slippage and heat-transfer processes of the typical non-Newtonian fluid–1% carboxymethyl cellulose solutions on the superhydrophobic coating are investigated simultaneously. A novel porous spherical type of superhydrophobic coating with a contact angle of 168° is obtained. It is found that the shear stress in electrodeposition is a key parameter to control the morphology and wetting ability of the superhydrophobic coating. The slip length and enhancement factor of heat transfer for the non-Newtonian fluid on the coating are found in a range of 20–900 µm and 1.47 experimentally. A new parameter is proposed as Reynolds number Re divided by the dimensionless slip length ls* (Re/ls*) for the heat-transfer enhancement with slippage, which can be used as the guide for designing coating and selecting the operating conditions. The Re/ls* is <4, which can enhance the heat transfer via the slippage.
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| 4. |
- Kannan, Pavitra
(author)
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Pharmacological properties of radiotracers that measure p-glycoprotein function and density
- 2012
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Energy-dependent transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family regulate the movement of molecules across cellular membranes. Several of these transporters are expressed in the endothelial cells of brain microvessels (blood-brain barrier) to protect brain tissue from exposure to toxins in the blood. Three of the most common ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier are P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1). Changes in P-gp function and density are hypothesized to play a role in neurological disorders, mediating drug-resistant epilepsy, drug effectiveness against HIV infection of the brain, and Alzheimer disease. Therefore, to measure P-gp function and density in vivo, substrates (which are transported by P-gp) and inhibitors (which bind to P-gp) have been radiolabeled for use in the nuclear imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET). For accurate quantification, radiotracers must be selective for P-gp and have high signal strength. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate whether two radiotracers that are used to image P-gp function and density fulfill these properties. The selectivity and signal strength of the P-gp substrate N-desmethyl-loperamide (dLop) and the P-gp inhibitor tariquidar were assessed using pharmacology assays in human cell lines and post-mortem mouse brains, and using PET imaging in transgenic mice and healthy humans. We found that the radiotracer [11C]dLop is selective as a substrate for P-gp among the three major ABC transporters of the blood-brain barrier because accumulation of [3H]dLop was lowest in cells expressing P-gp, and the uptake of [11C]dLop was highest in brains of mice lacking P-gp. In addition to being selective, dLop is ionically trapped in acidic lysosomes; [3H]dLop accumulation decreased by 50% in human cells pretreated with compounds that raise lysosomal pH. This irreversible trapping mechanism of [11C]dLop amplifies the measured PET signal because radioactivity accumulates over time. However, the P-gp inhibitor tariquidar competes with dLop for lysosomal accumulation because it decreased the accumulation of [3H]dLop by 50% in human cells and that of [11C]dLop by 35-40% in lysosome-rich organs of P-gp knockout mice and healthy humans; competition was not observed in the brain. The lysosomal competition in the peripheral organs is problematic because tariquidar is used in combination with [11C]dLop to measure P-gp function in vivo and suggests that these two compounds cannot be used together to measure P-gp function in the periphery. We also found that tariquidar is not a specific inhibitor of P-gp; it is also a substrate and inhibitor of BCRP. At low concentrations, [3H]tariquidar had highest accumulation in cells expressing P-gp and lowest accumulation in cells expressing BCRP, while at higher concentrations (100 nM), tariquidar inhibited the function of both P-gp and BCRP. In addition to not being selective, [11C]tariquidar has a low signal strength as a radiotracer because specific binding of [3H]tariquidar to P-gp in post-mortem mouse brains was only 20-30% of the total signal. In conclusion, the selectivity and high signal strength of the radiotracer [11C]dLop allow it to selectively measure P-gp function at the blood-brain barrier and this radiotracer can be used to determine P-gp’s role in neurological disorders. In contrast, the lack of selectivity and low signal strength of [11C]tariquidar indicate that this inhibitor cannot measure P-gp density and that better inhibitor radiotracers are required.
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| 5. |
- Graham, Jesse R., et al.
(author)
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The pipeline project: Pre-publication independent replications of a single laboratory's research pipeline
- 2016
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In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 1096-0465 .- 0022-1031. ; 66, s. 55-67
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This crowdsourced project introduces a collaborative approach to improving the reproducibility of scientific research, in which findings are replicated in qualified independent laboratories before (rather than after) they are published. Our goal is to establish a non-adversarial replication process with highly informative final results. To illustrate the Pre-Publication Independent Replication (PPIR) approach, 25 research groups conducted replications of all ten moral judgment effects which the last author and his collaborators had “in the pipeline” as of August 2014. Six findings replicated according to all replication criteria, one finding replicated but with a significantly smaller effect size than the original, one finding replicated consistently in the original culture but not outside of it, and two findings failed to find support. In total, 40% of the original findings failed at least one major replication criterion. Potential ways to implement and incentivize pre-publication independent replication on a large scale are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Maguire, M., et al.
(author)
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A post-approval observational study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of perampanel as an add-on therapy in adolescent, adult, and elderly patients with epilepsy
- 2022
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In: Epilepsy & Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 1525-5050 .- 1525-5069. ; 126
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Perampanel is a once-daily oral anti-seizure medication for focal-onset seizures, with or without focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FBTCS), and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Study 402 (NCT02033902) collected safety information on clinically important treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) from real-world clinical practice in patients aged >12 years with refractory epilepsy who were receiving perampanel as an add-on therapy. Methods: Study 402 was a multicenter, observational, 52-week cohort study conducted in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Israel, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Safety data were gathered prospectively from patients at clinic visits. The primary endpoint was the incidence of clinically important TEAEs defined as dizziness; blurred vision; somnolence; aggression; balance disorders (including ataxia and falls); weight gain; suicidality; drug abuse, misuse, dependence, and withdrawal; skin photosensitivity; and unintended pregnancy while taking levonorgestrel-containing contraceptives. Off-label use of perampanel and outcomes associated with any suspected drug-drug interaction were also monitored and recorded. Secondary endpoints included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Clinical Global Impression of Change. Results: Of 483 patients in the Safety Analysis Set, mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 38.3 (15.1) years, 48.4% were female, mean (SD) time since diagnosis was 23 (14.8) years, 56.5% had focal impaired awareness seizures, and 48.7% had FBTCS. Overall, 243 (49.3%) patients treated with perampanel completed the study and 227 (46.0%) patients discontinued. The most common primary reason for discontinuation was adverse events (n = 130 [26.4%]). A total of 301 (62.3%) patients reported at least one TEAE, of which 45 (15.0%) patients had severe TEAEs and 256 (85.0%) patients had TEAEs judged as mild to moderate in severity. Overall, 51 (10.6%) patients had serious TEAEs, including two deaths that were judged as not related to perampanel, and 136 (28.2%) patients experienced a TEAE that led to treatment discontinuation. Clinically important TEAEs were reported by 153 (31.7%) patients, with the most common being dizziness (13.9%), balance disorders (5.6%), aggression (5.4%), and weight gain (5.4%). In general, the frequencies of clinically important TEAEs were lower in this study compared with previous interventional clinical studies, except for the incidence of suicidality (2.1% vs 1.0%) and aggression (5.4% vs 5.1%). Mean total HADS scores were similar at the end of the study compared with baseline; at the end of treatment, most (>60%) patients had no shift in HADS score category;-15% of patients moved to a worse category vs baseline and-20% of patients moved to an improved category vs baseline for both anxiety and depression. Based on investigator assessment, disease severity was improved in 185/415 (44.6%) patients. A subanalysis in elderly patients aged >65 years showed similar results to the overall population. Conclusions: The data from this observational study are consistent with the known safety profile of perampanel derived from previous interventional phase II and III clinical studies. No unusual or unexpected TEAEs were observed in this real-world clinical practice setting. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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| 7. |
- Graham, L. Phil, et al.
(author)
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Seasonal local rainfall and hydrological forecasting for Limpopo communities - A pragmatic approach
- 2022
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In: Climate Services. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8807. ; 27
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper describes the development and testing of a simple local seasonal forecast system of rainfall and hydrological conditions. The primary target group is agricultural extension officers who communicate forecasts to small-scale farmers at local level. Two pilot areas within the Limpopo river basin in South Africa were used, one in the Luvuvhu river basin in Vhembe district and the other in the Letaba river basin in Mopani district. Local rainfall and hydrological forecasts of runoff, soil moisture and evapotranspiration were produced, built on readily available deterministic seasonal meteorological forecasts for large-scale rainfall from CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa), produced from an ensemble of seasonal forecasts using the CCAM (Conformal-Cubic Atmospheric Model) global forecast model. Hydrological forecasts were produced through a "proxy" approach, whereby outputs from the ACRU (Agricultural Catchment Research Unit) agrohydrological model provided expected hydrological responses from observed years that are representative of the rainfall anomalies predicted by the global seasonal forecast. Locally monitored soil moisture augmented the hydrological forecasts. The local seasonal forecast system does not require sophisticated calculations or a complex operational environment and complements coarser scale forecasts disseminated by the provincial departments of agriculture. Results of three rainfall seasons from 2013 to 2016 in the pilot areas showed the proxy approach to have relatively good matches between forecasts and available observations, showing better predictability for below normal rainfall seasons with exception for an extreme monthly rainfall event. The forecasts matched observed conditions best during the strong El Nin similar to o phase of ENSO (El Nin similar to o Southern Oscillation) for 2015/2016.
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| 8. |
- Sundvall, Rickard, 1976-
(author)
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Water as a trace component in upper mantle pyroxenes
- 2008
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In: EURISPET (European Intensive Seminars in Petrology) – Petrology of the lithosphere in extensional settings. Budapest, August 21-31, 2008.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Hydrogen is a widespread trace element in many nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) from the Earth's crust and mantle. Hydrogen is normally incorporated in the form of hydroxyl ions and can be regarded as structurally bound water. The most important minerals of the upper mantle: olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and garnet, all contain small but significant amounts of hydrogen, and the upper mantle has a capacity to store the equivalent of several world oceans. The main objective of this project is to investigate in detail the mechanisms that are responsible for water incorporation in upper mantle pyroxenes (and synthetic analogues) as pyroxenes can carry substantial amounts of water, up to 1300 wt ppm H2O. Fundamental questions are how much of the original xenolith water that is lost during transport to the surface and if the spectroscopic features measured in the minerals are representative for mantle conditions. The redox reaction: Fe2+ + OH- ↔ Fe3+ + O2- + ½H2, which is relatively fast, is thought to be the dominant hydrogen exchange reaction in many minerals (Ingrin & Skogby, 2000). The reaction is fast enough to suggest that water in NAMs equilibrates with the transporting magma and related fluids during ascent to the surface. Nevertheless, several studies show systematic variations in water content with geological environment (Bell & Rossman, 1992; Peslier et al., 2002), implying a complex relationship between host mineral, mantle source region, magma type and eruption style. The current part of the project is focused on the dehydration-hydration mechanisms in diopside, the most common variety of clinopyroxene in the upper mantle. The approach has been to study the kinetics and temperature dependence of the reactions controlling hydrogen diffusion in synthetic Fe-poor diopside. Other reactions are likely to be obscured by the iron redox reaction if measured in natural mantle diopside containing several wt% FeO. Therefore, synthetic diopside with very low amounts (0.7 wt% FeO) of iron had to be used in order to measure the influence and co-dependence of the iron redox reaction with other possible reactions.
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| 9. |
- de Vries, Katja
(author)
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Algodicy: justifying algorithmic suffering : Can counterfactual explanations be used for individual empowerment of those subjected to algorithmic decision-making (ADM)?
- 2022
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In: Nordic Yearbook of Law and Informatics 2020–2021. - Stockholm : Stiftelsen Juridisk Fakultetslitteratur (SJF) & The Swedish Law and Informatics Research Institute (IRI). - 9789188929648 ; , s. 133-166
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This text introduces the term “algodicy” as a neologism to describe the justification of suffering caused by algorithms. Algodicies often operate at a statistical or population level, lacking justification with regard to a particular individual. This tendency is strengthened when algorithmic decision-making (ADM) is employed in public-sector bureaucratic practices dominated by a style of governing where steering the population as a whole takes precedence over impact on individual cases. The text discusses the UK grading controversy (summer 2020) to exemplify how algorithmic suffering is (not) justified at an individual level. The UK grading algorithm, which is an example of a relatively simple equation based on top-down hypotheses articulated by its human creators, is contrasted with more complex models generated by machine learning (ML) techniques such as neural networks. Here, the justification of the ADM is further complicated by a lack of transparency and interpretability, making reliance on (too)high-level algodicies even more attractive. As an alternative to algodicies, the use of counterfactual explanations is explored. Counterfactual explanations operate at the level of the individual, by providing the nearest hypothetical example that would have resulted in a different ADM classification. Such a hypothetical “What if…?” can act as a way to justify algorithmic suffering at an individual level but also as an empowering tool for individuals to reverse the negative impact of ADM on their lives – showing what changes could result in a different ADM classification. Counterfactual explanations are promising tools, not least as a way to give teeth to legal rights for justifications or explanations of ADM decisions following from data protection, administrative law and legislation regulating artificial intelligence. However, for a variety of reasons – including the so-called Rashomon effect, which entails that there is a multiplicity of equally fitting models – counterfactual explanations are no panacea against all algorithmic suffering, and the individual might ultimately be confronted with the fundamental opacity of an algorithm that is not fully interpretable. While counterfactual explanations can be empowering for affected individuals, they are prosthetic constructions that will often be built on top of algorithmic-bureaucratic decision-making systems that are not inherently engaged with individual concerns.
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| 10. |
- Feinberg, M J, et al.
(author)
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Deglutition in elderly patients with dementia: findings of videofluorographic evaluation and impact on staging and management
- 1992
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In: Radiology. - 1527-1315. ; 183:3, s. 811-814
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Oral and pharyngeal function in 131 institutionalized elderly patients with advanced dementia was evaluated by means of videofluoroscopic deglutition examination (VDE). Findings were normal in only nine (7%) patients. Oral-stage dysfunction was observed in 93 (71%) patients, pharyngeal dysfunction in 56 (43%), and pharyngoesophageal-segment abnormalities in 43 (33%). Multiple-stage dysfunction was noted in 55 (42%) patients. Major aspiration of contrast medium was present in 31 patients, and minor aspiration in 66. Evaluation of VDE findings prompted a change in clinical staging (degree of impairment) in 40 patients and substantial alteration in treatment planning in 28. At clinical bedside evaluation, the degree of bolus misdirection was overestimated in 19 patients with minor aspiration and underestimated in seven with major aspiration. Dementia is often associated with oral and pharyngeal impairment, and VDE can be important in diagnosis and treatment.
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