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- He, ZC, et al.
(author)
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Composition of Urine Collected from Non-Stone-Forming Chinese Persons during Different Short-Term Periods of the Day
- 2022
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In: Urologia internationalis. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-0399 .- 0042-1138. ; 106:3, s. 227-234
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study in a small group of non-stone-forming Chinese persons was to measure the levels of supersaturation with calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate and pH with the aim of confirming if any of the different short-term urine samples were better for risk evaluation than a 24-h sample. Nine normal men and 1 woman collected urine during 4 periods of the day. <i>Period 1</i> between 08 and 12 h, <i>Period 2</i> between 12 and 18 h, <i>Period 3</i> between 18 and 22 h, and <i>Period 4</i> between 22 and 08 h. Each sample was analysed for calcium, oxalate, citrate, magnesium and phosphate, and estimates of supersaturation with calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaP) were expressed in terms of AP(CaOx) and AP(CaP) index. An estimate of the solute load of CaOx was also calculated. Urine composition for 24-h urine (<i>Period 24</i>) was obtained mathematically from the analysed variables. Urine composition corresponding to 14-h urine portions 22–12 h (<i>Period 14</i>N) and 08–22 h (<i>Period 14 D</i>) were calculated. The lowest pH levels were recorded in <i>Period 1</i> urine. The highest level of AP(CaOx) index was recorded during <i>Period 1</i>, and the product AP(CaOx) index × 10<sup>7</sup> × hydrogen ion concentration was significantly higher in Period 1 urine than in 24-h urine (<i>p</i> = 0.02). Also, the product SL(CaOx) × 10<sup>7</sup> × hydrogen ion concentration was significantly higher in <i>Period 1</i> urine (<i>p</i> = 0.02). Low AP (CaP) index levels were recorded in <i>Period 4</i>, but also in all periods following dietary loads of calcium and phosphate. With the important reservation that the analytical results were obtained from non-stone-forming persons, the conclusion is that analysis of urine samples collected between 08 and 12 h might be an alternative to 24-h urine. The risk evaluation might advantageously be expressed either in terms of the product AP(CaOx) index × 10<sup>7</sup> × hydrogen ion concentration or the product SL(CaOx) × 10<sup>7</sup> × hydrogen ion concentration.
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- James, SL, et al.
(author)
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Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
- 2020
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In: Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. - : BMJ. - 1475-5785. ; 26:SUPP_1Supp 1, s. 125-153
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria.MethodsIn this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced.ResultsGBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes.ConclusionsGBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.
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