| 1. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 2. |
- Bergshoeff, Eric A., et al.
(författare)
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Branched SL(2,Z) duality
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Nature. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; :10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate how SL(2,Z) duality is realized in nonrelativistic type IIB superstring theory, which is a self-contained corner of relativistic string theory. Within this corner, we realize manifestly SL(2,Z)-invariant (p, q)-string actions. The construction of these actions imposes a branching between strings of opposite charges associated with the two-form fields. The branch point is determined by these charges and the axion background field. Both branches must be incorporated in order to realize the full SL(2,Z) group. Besides these string actions, we also construct D-instanton and D3-brane actions that manifestly realize the branched SL(2,Z) symmetry.
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| 3. |
- Bergshoeff, Eric A., et al.
(författare)
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Non-Lorentzian IIB supergravity from a polynomial realization of SL(2, R)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Nature. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; :12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We derive the action and symmetries of the bosonic sector of non-Lorentzian IIB supergravity by taking the non-relativistic string limit. We find that the bosonic field content is extended by a Lagrange multiplier that implements a restriction on the Ramond-Ramond fluxes. We show that the SL(2, R) transformation rules of non-Lorentzian IIB supergravity form a novel, nonlinear polynomial realization. Using classical invariant theory of polynomial equations and binary forms, we will develop a general formalism describing the polynomial realization of SL(2, R) and apply it to the special case of non-Lorentzian IIB supergravity. Using the same formalism, we classify all the relevant SL(2, R) invariants. Invoking other bosonic symmetries, such as the local boost and dilatation symmetry, we show how the bosonic part of the non-Lorentzian IIB supergravity action is formed uniquely from these SL(2, R) invariants. This work also points towards the concept of a non-Lorentzian bootstrap, where bosonic symmetries in non-Lorentzian supergravity are used to bootstrap the bosonic dynamics in Lorentzian supergravity, without considering the fermions.
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| 4. |
- Blair, Chris D. A., et al.
(författare)
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Unification of Decoupling Limits in String and M Theory
- 2024
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 132:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study and extend the duality web unifying different decoupling limits of type II superstring theories and M theory. We systematically build connections to different corners, such as matrix theories, nonrelativistic string and M theory, tensionless (and ambitwistor) string theory, Carrollian string theory, and spin matrix limits of AdS/CFT. We discuss target space, world sheet, and worldvolume aspects of these limits in arbitrary curved backgrounds.
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| 5. |
- Blair, Chris D. A., et al.
(författare)
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Unification of Decoupling Limits in String and M Theory
- 2024
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : American Physical Society (APS). - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 132:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study and extend the duality web unifying different decoupling limits of type II superstring theories and M theory. We systematically build connections to different corners, such as matrix theories, nonrelativistic string and M theory, tensionless (and ambitwistor) string theory, Carrollian string theory, and spin matrix limits of AdS/CFT. We discuss target space, world sheet, and worldvolume aspects of these limits in arbitrary curved backgrounds.
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| 6. |
- Ebert, Stephen, et al.
(författare)
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Anisotropic compactification of nonrelativistic M-theory
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Nature. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 2023:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study a decoupling limit of M-theory where the three-form gauge potential becomes critical. This limit leads to nonrelativistic M-theory coupled to a non-Lorentzian spacetime geometry. Nonrelativistic M-theory is U-dual to M-theory in the discrete light cone quantization, a non-perturbative approach related to the Matrix theory description of M-theory. We focus on the compactification of nonrelativistic M-theory over a two-torus that exhibits anisotropic behaviors due to the foliation structure of the spacetime geometry. We develop a frame covariant formalism of the toroidal geometry, which provides a geometrical interpretation of the recently discovered polynomial realization of SL(2 , ℤ) duality in nonrelativistic type IIB superstring theory. We will show that the nonrelativistic IIB string background fields transform as polynomials of an effective Galilean “boost velocity” on the two-torus. As an application, we construct an action principle describing a single M5-brane in nonrelativistic M-theory and study its compactification over the anisotropic two-torus. This procedure leads to a D3-brane action in nonrelativistic IIB string theory that makes the SL(2 , ℤ) invariance manifest in the polynomial realization.
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| 7. |
- Ebert, Stephen, et al.
(författare)
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Dual D-brane actions in nonrelativistic string theory
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Nature. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; :4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study worldvolume actions for D-branes coupled to the worldvolume U(1) gauge field and Ramond-Ramond (RR) potentials in nonrelativistic string theory. This theory is a self-contained corner of relativistic string theory and has a string spectrum with a Galilean-invariant dispersion relation. We therefore refer to such D-branes in nonrelativistic string theory as nonrelativistic D-branes. We focus on the bosonic fields in spacetime and also couple the D-branes to general closed string geometry, Kalb-Ramond, and dilaton background fields. We dualize nonrelativistic D-branes by performing a duality transformation on the worldvolume U(1) gauge field and uncover novel dual D-brane actions. This generalizes familiar properties, such as the SL(2, Z) duality in Type IIB superstring theory and the relation between Type IIA superstring and M-theory, to nonrelativistic string and M-theory. Moreover, we generalize the limit of string theory, in which nonrelativistic string theory arises, to include RR potentials. This stringy limit induces a codimension-two foliation structure in spacetime. This spacetime geometry is non-Riemannian and known as string Newton-Cartan geometry. In contrast, nonrelativistic M-theory that we probe by dualizing D2- and D4-branes in nonrelativistic string theory arises as a membrane limit of M-theory, and it is coupled to a membrane Newton-Cartan geometry with a codimension-three foliation structure. We also discuss T-duality in nonrelativistic string theory and generalize Buscher rules from earlier work to include RR potentials.
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| 8. |
- Gomis, J., et al.
(författare)
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KLT factorization of winding string amplitudes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Nature. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 2021:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We uncover a Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT)-type factorization of closed string amplitudes into open string amplitudes for closed string states carrying winding and momentum in toroidal compactifications. The winding and momentum closed string quantum numbers map respectively to the integer and fractional winding quantum numbers of open strings ending on a D-brane array localized in the compactified directions. The closed string amplitudes factorize into products of open string scattering amplitudes with the open strings ending on a D-brane configuration determined by closed string data.
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| 9. |
- Gomis, J., et al.
(författare)
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Nonrelativistic open string and Yang-Mills theory
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 2021:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The classical and quantum worldsheet theory describing nonrelativistic open string theory in an arbitrary nonrelativistic open and closed string background is constructed. We show that the low energy dynamics of open strings ending on n coincident D-branes in flat spacetime is described by a Galilean invariant U(n) Yang-Mills theory. We also study nonrelativistic open string excitations with winding number and demonstrate that their dynamics can be encoded into a local gauge theory in one higher dimension. By demanding conformal invariance of the boundary couplings, the nonlinear equations of motion that govern the consistent open string backgrounds coupled to an arbitrary closed background (described by a string Newton-Cartan geometry, Kalb-Ramond, and dilaton field) are derived and shown to emerge from a Galilean invariant Dirac-Born-Infeld type action.
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| 10. |
- Gomis, Jaume, et al.
(författare)
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T-duality in nonrelativistic open string theory
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Nature. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; :2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nonrelativistic open string theory is defined by a worldsheet theory that produces a Galilean invariant string spectrum and is described at low energies by a nonrelativistic Yang-Mills theory [1]. We study T-duality transformations in the path integral for the sigma model that describes nonrelativistic open string theory coupled to an arbitrary closed string background, described by a string Newton-Cartan geometry, Kalb-Ramond, and dilaton field. We prove that T-duality transformations map nonrelativistic open string theory to relativistic and noncommutative open string theory in the discrete light cone quantization (DLCQ), a quantization scheme relevant for Matrix string theory. We also show how the worldvolume dynamics of nonrelativistic open string theory described by the Dirac-Born-Infeld type action found in [1] maps to the Dirac-Born-Infeld actions describing the worldvolume theories of the DLCQ of open string theory and noncommutative open string theory.
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