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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Weinstein, John N., et al.
(author)
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The cancer genome atlas pan-cancer analysis project
- 2013
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In: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 45:10, s. 1113-1120
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network has profiled and analyzed large numbers of human tumors to discover molecular aberrations at the DNA, RNA, protein and epigenetic levels. The resulting rich data provide a major opportunity to develop an integrated picture of commonalities, differences and emergent themes across tumor lineages. The Pan-Cancer initiative compares the first 12 tumor types profiled by TCGA. Analysis of the molecular aberrations and their functional roles across tumor types will teach us how to extend therapies effective in one cancer type to others with a similar genomic profile. © 2013 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Kristan, Matej, et al.
(author)
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The Ninth Visual Object Tracking VOT2021 Challenge Results
- 2021
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In: 2021 IEEE/CVF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION WORKSHOPS (ICCVW 2021). - : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. - 9781665401913 ; , s. 2711-2738
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Visual Object Tracking challenge VOT2021 is the ninth annual tracker benchmarking activity organized by the VOT initiative. Results of 71 trackers are presented; many are state-of-the-art trackers published at major computer vision conferences or in journals in recent years. The VOT2021 challenge was composed of four sub-challenges focusing on different tracking domains: (i) VOT-ST2021 challenge focused on short-term tracking in RGB, (ii) VOT-RT2021 challenge focused on "real-time" short-term tracking in RGB, (iii) VOT-LT2021 focused on long-term tracking, namely coping with target disappearance and reappearance and (iv) VOT-RGBD2021 challenge focused on long-term tracking in RGB and depth imagery. The VOT-ST2021 dataset was refreshed, while VOT-RGBD2021 introduces a training dataset and sequestered dataset for winner identification. The source code for most of the trackers, the datasets, the evaluation kit and the results along with the source code for most trackers are publicly available at the challenge website(1).
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| 5. |
- Guo, Han, et al.
(author)
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Transition metal-catalysed molecular n-doping of organic semiconductors
- 2021
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In: Nature. - London, United Kingdom : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 599:7883, s. 67-73
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Electron doping of organic semiconductors is typically inefficient, but here a precursor molecular dopant is used to deliver higher n-doping efficiency in a much shorter doping time. Chemical doping is a key process for investigating charge transport in organic semiconductors and improving certain (opto)electronic devices(1-9). N(electron)-doping is fundamentally more challenging than p(hole)-doping and typically achieves a very low doping efficiency (eta) of less than 10%(1,10). An efficient molecular n-dopant should simultaneously exhibit a high reducing power and air stability for broad applicability(1,5,6,9,11), which is very challenging. Here we show a general concept of catalysed n-doping of organic semiconductors using air-stable precursor-type molecular dopants. Incorporation of a transition metal (for example, Pt, Au, Pd) as vapour-deposited nanoparticles or solution-processable organometallic complexes (for example, Pd-2(dba)(3)) catalyses the reaction, as assessed by experimental and theoretical evidence, enabling greatly increased eta in a much shorter doping time and high electrical conductivities (above 100 S cm(-1); ref. (12)). This methodology has technological implications for realizing improved semiconductor devices and offers a broad exploration space of ternary systems comprising catalysts, molecular dopants and semiconductors, thus opening new opportunities in n-doping research and applications(12, 13).
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| 6. |
- Wang, Fang, et al.
(author)
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Emerging contaminants: A One Health perspective
- 2024
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In: Innovation. - 2666-6758. ; 5
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Environmental pollution is escalating due to rapid global development that often prioritizes human needs over planetary health. Despite global efforts to mitigate legacy pollutants, the continuous introduction of new substances remains a major threat to both people and the planet. In response, global initiatives are focusing on risk assessment and regulation of emerging contaminants, as demonstrated by the ongoing efforts to establish the UN's Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel on Chemicals, Waste, and Pollution Prevention. This review identifies the sources and impacts of emerging contaminants on planetary health, emphasizing the importance of adopting a One Health approach. Strategies for monitoring and addressing these pollutants are discussed, underscoring the need for robust and socially equitable environmental policies at both regional and international levels. Urgent actions are needed to transition toward sustainable pollution management practices to safeguard our planet for future generations.
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| 7. |
- Chen, Hong, et al.
(author)
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PKU-3 : An HCI-Inclusive Aluminoborate for Strecker Reaction Solved by Combining RED and PXRD
- 2015
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In: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 137:22, s. 7047-7050
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A novel microporous aluminoborate, denoted as PKU-3, was prepared by the boric acid flux method. The structure of PKU-3 was determined by combining the rotation electron diffraction and synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data with well resolved ordered Cl- ions in the channel. Composition and crystal structure analysis showed that there are both proton and chlorine ions in the channels. Part of these protons and chlorine ions can be washed away by basic solutions to activate the open pores. The washed PKU-3 can be used as an efficient catalyst in the Strecker reaction with yields higher than 90%.
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| 8. |
- Cong, Rihong, et al.
(author)
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Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Two New Bismuth Hydroxyl Borates Containing [Bi(2)O(2)](2+) Layers : Bi(2)O(2)[B(3)O(5)(OH)] and Bi(2)O(2)[BO(2)(OH)]
- 2011
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In: Inorganic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0020-1669 .- 1520-510X. ; 50:11, s. 5098-5104
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two new bismuth hydroxyl borates, Bi(2)O(2)[B(3)O5-(OH)] (I) and Bi(2)O(2)[BO(2)(OH)] (II), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Their structures were determined by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data, respectively. Compound I crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with the lattice constants of a = 6.0268(3) angstrom, b = 11.3635(6) angstrom, and c = 19.348(1) angstrom. Compound II crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cm with the lattice constants of a = 5.4676(6) angstrom, b = 14.6643(5) angstrom, c = 3.9058(1) angstrom, and beta = 135.587(6)degrees. The borate fundamental building block (FBB) in I is a three-ring unit [B(3)O(6)(OH)](4-), which connects one by one via sharing corners, forming an infinite zigzag chain along the a direction. The borate chains are further linked by hydrogen bonds, showing as a borate layer within the ab plane. The FBB in II is an isolated [BO(2)(OH)](2-) triangle, which links to two neighboring FBBs by strong hydrogen bonds, resulting in a borate chain along the a direction. Both compounds contain [Bi(2)O(2)](2+) layers, and the [Bi(2)O(2)](2+) layers combine with the corresponding borate layers alternatively, forming the whole structures. These two new bismuth borates are the first ones containing [Bi(2)O(2)](2+) layers in borates. The appearance of Bi(2)O(2)[BO(2)(OH)] (II) completes the series of compounds Bi(2)O(2)[BO(2)(OH)], Bi(2)O(2)CO(3), and Bi(2)O(2)[NO(3)(OH)] and the formation of Bi(2)O(2)[B(3)O(5)(OH)] provides another example in demonstrating the polymerization tendency of borate groups.
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| 9. |
- Cong, Rihong, et al.
(author)
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Syntheses, Structure, and Luminescent Properties of Novel Hydrated Rare Earth Borates Ln(2)B(6)O(10)(OH)(4)center dot H(2)O (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, and Y)
- 2011
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In: Inorganic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0020-1669 .- 1520-510X. ; 50:5, s. 1767-1774
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ln(2)B(6)O(10)(OH)(4)center dot H(2)O (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm-Gd, Dy, Ho, and Y), a new series of hydrated rare earth borates, have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. A single crystal of Nd analogue was used for the structure determination by X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with lattice constants a = 21.756(4), b = 4.3671(9), c = 12.192(2) angstrom, and beta = 108.29(3)degrees. The other compounds are isostructural to Nd(2)B(6)O(10)(OH)(4)center dot H(2)O. The fundamental building block (FBB) of the polyborate anion in this structure is a three-membered ring [B(3)O(6)(OH)(2)](5-). The FBBs are connected by sharing oxygen atoms forming an infinite [B(3)O(5)(OH)(2)](3-) chain, and the chains are linked by hydrogen bonds, establishing a two-dimensional (2-D) [B(610)(OH)(4)center dot H(2)O](6-) layer. The 2-D borate layers are thus interconnected by Ln(3+) ions to form the complex three-dimensional structure. Ln(2)B(6)O(10)(OH)(4)center dot H(2)O dehydrates stepwise, giving rise to two new intermediate compounds Ln(2)B(6)O(10)(OH)(4) and Ln(2)B(6)O(11) (OH)(2). The investigation on the luminescent properties of Gd(2-2x)Eu(2x)B(6)O(10)(OH)(4)center dot H(2)O (x = 0.01-1.00) shows a high efficiency of Eu(3+) f-f transitions and the existence of the energy transfer process from Gd(3+) to Eu(3+). Eu(2)B(6)O(10)(OH)(4)center dot H(2)O and its two dehydrated products, Eu(2)B(6)O(10)(OH)(4) and Eu(2)B(6)O(11)(OH)(2), present the strongest emission peak at 620 nm ((5)D(0) -> (7)F(2) transition), which may be potential red phosphors.
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| 10. |
- Gan, Chun, et al.
(author)
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Low-cost direct instantaneous torque control for switched reluctance motors with bus current detection under soft-chopping mode
- 2016
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In: IET Power Electronics. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology. - 1755-4535 .- 1755-4543. ; 9:3, s. 482-490
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study proposed a low-cost torque distribution function (TSF)-based direct instantaneous torque control (DITC) technique for switched reluctance motors (SRMs) by bus current detection under soft-chopping mode. A three-phase 12/8-pole prototype SRM is employed to analyse the phase currents and operation states, and a new converter connection with bus current sensor placement strategy is presented to replace the phase current sensors in each phase leg. Considering that the conventional bus current contains both the chopping current and demagnetisation current, the current sensor is placed in a new bus to remove all the needless demagnetisation currents. To obtain the chopping current information from the bus current for DITC implementation, pulse-width modulation signals with extremely short turn-off time are injected into the lower transistors to insert the chopping current detection states for brief intervals during each fundamental frequency cycle. The DITC scheme is implemented directly on the detected chopping currents from bus current based on a sinusoidal TSF. The proposed DITC system is more compact and low cost by using just a bus current sensor. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified by the simulation and experimental results.
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