| 1. |
- Yuan, Jinliang, et al.
(author)
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Gas Flow and Heat Transfer Analysis for an Anode Duct in Reduced Temperature SOFCs
- 2003
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In: Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. - 0791836681 ; , s. 209-216
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, a fully three-dimensional calculation method has been further developed to simulate and analyze various processes in a thick anode duct. The composite duct consists of a porous layer, the flow duct and solid current connector. The analysis takes the electrochemical reactions into account. Momentum and heat transport together with gas species equations have been solved by coupled source terms and variable thermo-physical properties (such as density, viscosity, specific heat, etc.) of the fuel gases mixture. The unique fuel cell conditions such as the combined thermal boundary conditions on solid walls, mass transfer (generation and consumption) associated with the electrochemical reaction and gas permeation to / from the porous electrode are applied in the analysis. Results from this study are presented for various governing parameters in order to identify the important factors on the fuel cell performance. It is found that gas species convection has a significant contribution to the gas species transport from / to the active reaction site; consequently characteristics of both gas flow and heat transfer vary widely due to big permeation to the porous layer in the entrance region and species mass concentration related diffusion after a certain distance downstream the inlet.
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| 2. |
- Yuan, Jinliang, et al.
(author)
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Analysis of parameter effects on chemical reaction coupled transport phenomena in SOFC anodes
- 2009
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In: Heat and Mass Transfer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-1181 .- 0947-7411. ; 45:4, s. 471-484
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mass, heat and momentum transport processes are strongly coupled by internal chemical reforming reactions in planar design solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes. In this paper, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics approach is applied to simulate and analyze reforming reactions of methane and various transport processes in a duct relevant for SOFC anodes. The results show that the anode duct design and operating parameters, grouped as three characteristic ratios, are significant for the chemical reactions and further for multi-species distribution, fuel gas transport and heat transfer in the sub-domains of the anode.
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| 3. |
- Alhelfi, Ali Kadhim Hadi, et al.
(author)
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Design Considerations for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Units for Luxury Passenger Vehicle
- 2013
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In: The proceeding of 8th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, 2013.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- SOFC systems, working at high temperatures of about 800°C, have recently attracted significant interests for application as automotive and stationary power supply systems. This paper explores the possibilities and limitations for achievement of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as 7 kW auxiliary power units on luxury passenger vehicles operating on diesel fuel. Various issues are discussed, e.g., the requirements and specifications for the unit as well as the advantages, challenges, and development issues for SOFCs in such applications. System design and analysis are carried out. The calculations are performed for two voltage systems 12/14 V and 36/42 V, respectively. The influences of others parameters like the mass flow rates of air and gases, water production and heat production are also evaluated for the two voltage systems.
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| 4. |
- Alhelfi, Ali Kadhim Hadi, et al.
(author)
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Modeling of Spherical Gas Bubble Oscillation in Acoustic Pressure Field
- 2013
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In: Proceedings Of The 8th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, 2013.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Different applications of high power ultrasound in industry and medical applications are based on the propagation and collapse of acoustic cavitation bubbles. This paper presents an enhanced numerical model and simulated results of formation and collapse of a single bubble in a liquid for two cases: bubble with uniform pressure and a bubble with variable pressure inside. For the two cases, both heat transfer inside the bubble and heat transfer to the surrounding liquid are taken into account. Various fundamental properties of oscillating bubbles in ultrasonic acoustic field, such as pressure, temperature and velocity fields inside the bubble under the influence of time-dependent acoustic pressure, have been investigated and the results show that neglecting the pressure gradient inside the bubble affects considerably the bubble dynamics.
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| 5. |
- Alhelfi, Ali Kadhim Hadi, et al.
(author)
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Units for Heavy Duty Trucks
- 2012
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In: Proceedings Of The ASME 10th Fuel Cell Science, Engineering, and Technology Conference, 2012. ; , s. 317-325
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper explores the potentials of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as 3 kW auxiliary power units for trucks and military vehicles operating on diesel fuel. Various issues are discussed, e.g., the requirements and specifications for the unit as well as the advantages, challenges, and development issues for SOFCs in such applications. System design and analysis are carried out. The major component of the system is the fuel cell stack. The calculations are performed for two voltage systems 12/14 V and 36/42 V, respectively. The influences of others parameters like the mass flow rates of air and gases, water production and heat production are also evaluated for the two voltage systems.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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Dynamic Modeling Of A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System In Modelica
- 2010
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In: Proceedings of the Asme 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering, and Technology 2010, Vol 2. - 9780791844052 ; 2, s. 65-72
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study a dynamic model of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system has been developed. The work has been conducted in a cooperation between the Department of Energy Sciences, Lund University, and Mode Ion AB using the Modelica language and the Dymola modeling and simulation tool. Modelica is an equation based, object oriented modeling language, which promotes flexibility and reuse of code. The objective of the study is to investigate the suitability of the Modelica language for dynamic fuel cell system modeling. A cell electrolyte model including ohmic, activation and concentration irreversibilities is implemented and verified against simulations and experimental data presented in the open literature. A ID solid oxide fuel cell model is created by integrating the electrolyte model and a ID fuel flow model, which includes dynamic internal steam reforming of methane and water-gas shift reactions. Several cells are then placed with parallel flow paths and connected thermally and electrically in series. By introducing a manifold pressure drop, a stack model is created. The stack model is applied in a complete system including an autothermal reformer, a catalytic afterburner, a steam generator and heat exchangers. Four reactions are modeled in the autothermal reformer; two types of methane steam reforming, the water-gas shift reaction and total combustion of methane. The simulation results have been compared with those in the literature and it can be concluded that the models are accurate and that Dymola and Modelica are tools well suited for simulations of the transient fuel cell system behaviour.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(author)
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3D modeling of an anode supported SOFC using FEM and LBM
- 2014
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In: ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. - 9780791855522
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising as energy producing device, which at this stage of its development will require extensive analysis and benefit from numerical modeling at different time-and length scales. In this study, two models based on finite element method (FEM) and Lattice Boltzmann model (LBM), respectively, are evaluated and compared for an anode-supported SOFC. First, a 3D model is developed based on the FEM, using COMSOL, of a single SOFC operating at an intermediate temperature range. Heat, gas-phase species, momentum, ion and electron transport are implemented and coupled to the kinetics of the electrochemical reactions. Secondly, a 3D model of the porous anode of a SOFC is developed using LBM to investigate the effects of electrochemical reactions on the transport processes at microscale for 3 components (H 2, H2O and O2-). Parallel computing in Python is employed through the program Palabos to capture the active microscopic catalytic reaction effects on the heat and mass transport. It is found that LBM can be effectively used at a mesoscale ranging down to a microscale and proven to effectively take care of the interaction between the fluid particles and the walls of the porous media. The 3D LBM model takes into account the transport of oxygen ions within the solid particles of the SOFC anode. Both the oxygen ions and the hydrogen are mainly consumed by the reaction layer. One of the improvements in this study compared to our previous (FEM) models is the captured 3D effects which was not possible in 2D. High current density spots are identified, where the electron transport distance is short and the oxygen concentration is high. The relatively thin cathode results in a significant oxygen mole fraction gradient in the direction normal to the main flow direction.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Analysis of Microscopic Anode Structure Effects on an Anode-Supported SOFC Including Knudsen Diffusion
- 2011
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In: SOFC12. - : The Electrochemical Society. ; 35, s. 1799-1809
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study a two dimensional CFD (COMSOL Multiphysics) is employed to study the effect of anode microscopic structures on the transport phenomena and reactions for an anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). FCs can be considered as energy devices, involving multiple processes, such as (electro-) chemical reactions, heat exchange, gas- and ionic transport. All these complex processes are strongly integrated, needing modeling as an important tool to understand the couplings between mass-, heat-, momentum transport and chemical reactions. For the porous material, the Knudsen diffusion is taken into account in this study. The chemical- and electrochemical reaction rates depend on temperature, material structure, catalytic activity, degradation and partial pressure among others. It is found that the anode thickness and also the anode pore size need to be optimized to achieve high cell efficiency, when the Knudsen diffusion effects are included.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Catalyst Materials and Catalytic Steam Reforming Reactions in SOFC Anodes
- 2010
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In: International Green Energy Conference.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is expected that fuel cells will play a significant role in a future sustainable energy system. They are energy efficient and fuel can be produced nearly locally. There are no net emissions of greenhouse gases when a renewable fuel such as ethanol, methanol, biogas and hydrogen is used. Fuel cells reached during the latest years various progresses, but the technology is still in the early phases of development, however the potential is enormous. The reforming reaction of hydrocarbons (e.g., methane) is a key one for an effective solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operation. This reaction could either be described by global kinetics or by elementary surface reaction kinetics. When a global approach is applied, the reaction rates depend on temperature, partial pressures, activation energy and the pre-exponential factor. Note that the last two mentioned parameters are normally calculated from experimental data. Different detailed reaction mechanisms (considering elementary surface kinetics) are developed, but there is a disagreement considering the involved reaction pathways, rate-limiting steps and intermediate species. It is found that detailed kinetics of the reforming reaction is important for design and development of new effective catalytic materials. A thermodynamical analysis tells that nickel and ruthenium are suitable catalytic materials for the methane steam reforming reactions.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Chemical reacting transport phenomena and multiscale models for SOFCs
- 2008
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In: Advanced Computational Methods and Experiments in Heat Transfer. - 9781845641221 ; X, s. 69-79
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Electrochemical reactions at the anode triple phase boundary (TPB) proceed on the basis of the fuel concentration, which depends on transport processes within the porous anode and the heterogeneous reforming chemistry. Microscale modeling is needed to describe these interactions with an acceptable accuracy. The aim of this article is to investigate if it is possible to use a multiscale approach to model solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and combine the accuracy at microscale with for example the calculation speed at macroscale to design SOFCs, based on a clear understanding of transport phenomena and functional requirements. A literature review is made to find out what methods can be used to model SOFCs and also to sort these models after length scale. Couplings between different methods and length scales, i.e., multiscale modeling, are outlined. The SOFC microscale model corresponds in many cases to the atom or molecular level, such as Lattice Bolzmann Method, Density Functional Theory, Molecular Dynamics, Dusty Gas Model, Ficks Model and Stefan-Maxwell Model. SOFC modeling in the mesoscale can be done with Kinetic Monte Carlo. Macroscale models match to the global flow field. Finite Element Method and Finite Volume Method are used to model SOFCs in the macroscale. Multiscale modeling is a promising tool for fuel cell research. COMSOL Multiphysics, based on the Finite Element Method as well as FLUENT, based on the Finite Volume Method, can be used to couple different physical models at different scales. Multiscale modeling increases the understanding for detailed transport phenomena, and can be used to make a correct decision on the specific design and control of operating conditions. It is expected that the development- and production cost will decrease as the understanding of complex phenomena increases.
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