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- Bergman, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Reactions of 1,2-bis(1H-indol-2-yl)ethane : Formation of indolo[2,3-c]carbazole and cyclohept[1,2-b : 5,4-b ']bisindole derivatives
- 2000
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In: Tetrahedron. - 0040-4020 .- 1464-5416. ; 56:13, s. 1911-1916
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- 1,2-Bis(1H-indol-2-yl)ethane (9) has been prepared and converted into indolo[2,3-c]carbazole (8) using palladium acetate in refluxing acetic acid. Reaction of 9 with CoF3 in hot TFA led to isolation of cyclohept[1,2-b:5,4-b']bisindole derivatives 11 and 12, which could be elaborated into further derivatives. Treatment of 9 with orthoesters, aldehydes and ketones under acidic conditions afforded additional bisindoles containing a seven-membered ring.
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- Calvén, Jenny, et al.
(author)
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Viral Stimuli Trigger Exaggerated Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Expression by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Epithelium: Role of Endosomal TLR3 and Cytosolic RIG-I-Like Helicases.
- 2012
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In: Journal of Innate Immunity. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-811X .- 1662-8128. ; 4, s. 86-99
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Rhinovirus (RV)-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations exhibit TH(2)-like inflammation. We hypothesized that RV-infected bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) overproduce TH(2)-switching hub cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in COPD. Methods: Primary BEC from healthy (HBEC) and from COPD donors (COPD-BEC) were grown in 12-well plates, infected with RV16 (0.5-5 MOI) or stimulated with agonists for either toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 (dsRNA, 0.1-10 μg/ml) or RIG-I-like helicases (dsRNA-LyoVec, 0.1-10 μg/ml). Cytokine mRNA and protein were determined (RTqPCR; ELISA). Results: dsRNA dose-dependently evoked cytokine gene overproduction of TSLP, CXCL8 and TNF-α in COPD-BEC compared to HBEC. This was confirmed using RV16 infection. IFN-β induction did not differ between COPD-BEC and HBEC. Endosomal TLR3 inhibition by chloroquine dose-dependently inhibited dsRNA-induced TSLP generation and reduced generation of CXCL8, TNF-α, and IFN-β. Stimulation of cytosolic viral sensors (RIG-I-like helicases) with dsRNA-LyoVec increased production of CXCL8, TNF-α, and IFN-β, but not TSLP. Conclusions: Endosomal TLR3-stimulation, by dsRNA or RV16, induces overproduction of TSLP in COPD-BEC. dsRNA- and RV-induced overproduction of TNF-α and CXCL8 involves endosomal TLR3 and cytosolic RIG-I-like helicases and so does the generation of IFN-β in COPD-BEC. RV16 and dsRNA-induced epithelial TSLP may contribute to pathogenic effects at exacerbations and development of COPD.
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