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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Yu, Chenfan, et al.
(author)
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Effect of Build Direction on Fatigue Performance of L-PBF 316L Stainless Steel
- 2020
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In: Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1006-7191 .- 2194-1289. ; 33:4, s. 539-550
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The microstructure and fatigue and tensile properties of 316L stainless steel fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) were investigated. Two 316L stainless steel specimens with different loading directions which are either perpendicular to or parallel to building direction were prepared by L-PBF process. The results of X-ray diffraction tomography showed that there was no significant difference in morphology and size/distribution of the defects in the HB and VB samples. Since long axis of columnar grains is generally parallel to the build direction, the fatigue crack encounters more grain boundaries in VB samples under cyclic loading, which led to enhanced fatigue resistance of VB samples compared with HB sample. In contrast to HB sample, the VB sample has a higher fatigue strength due to a higher resistance to localized plastic deformation under cyclic loading. The differences in fatigue properties of L-PBF 316L SS with different build directions were predominantly controlled by solidification microstructures.
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| 4. |
- Wang, Xi, et al.
(author)
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Self-Constructed Multiple Plasmonic Hotspots on an Individual Fractal to Amplify Broadband Hot Electron Generation
- 2021
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In: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 15:6, s. 10553-10564
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Plasmonic nanoparticles are ideal candidates for hot-electron-assisted applications, but their narrow resonance region and limited hotspot number hindered the energy utilization of broadband solar energy. Inspired by tree branches, we designed and chemically synthesized silver fractals, which enable self-constructed hotspots and multiple plasmonic resonances, extending the broadband generation of hot electrons for better matching with the solar radiation spectrum. We directly revealed the plasmonic origin, the spatial distribution, and the decay dynamics of hot electrons on the single-particle level by using ab initio simulation, dark-field spectroscopy, pump–probe measurements, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Our results show that fractals with acute tips and narrow gaps can support broadband resonances (400–1100 nm) and a large number of randomly distributed hotspots, which can provide unpolarized enhanced near field and promote hot electron generation. As a proof-of-concept, hot-electron-triggered dimerization of p-nitropthiophenol and hydrogen production are investigated under various irradiations, and the promoted hot electron generation on fractals was confirmed with significantly improved efficiency.
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| 5. |
- Wu, Keming, et al.
(author)
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Surface Reconstruction on Uniform Cu Nanodisks Boosted Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia
- 2022
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In: ACS Materials Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2639-4979. ; 4, s. 650-656
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Haber-Bosch (HB) process has provided most of commercial ammonia at the expense of high energy consumption and high CO2 emission. Nitrate electroreduction is showing great potential as an alternative route for the green and scale-up synthesis of ammonia at ambient conditions. However, the performance has lagged due to lack of efficient electrocatalysts. In this work, we present the facile synthesis of uniform Cu nanodisks with exposed (111) facets as highly active electrocatalyst for electrochemical ammonia synthesis, delivering a high ammonia yield of 2.16 mg mg-1cat h-1 and a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 81.1% at -0.5 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The remarkable activity is originated from the surface reconstructed triatomic Cu clusters due to the cathodic deoxygenation process. As a result, the reconstructed surface shows enhanced affinity to the adsorption of nitrate ions which undergo successive break of three N-O bonds, followed by subsequent formation of three N-H bonds to finally form NH3. The present study provides the feasible preparation of Cu based advanced catalysts and a unique insight into the mechanism of nitrate electroreduction.
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| 6. |
- Zhang, Congcong, et al.
(author)
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A distributed range query framework for the internet of things
- 2015
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In: 2015 18th International Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks, ICIN 2015. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781479918669 ; , s. 83-88
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The range query referring to the Internet of Things is a tough challenge since the data information is fully distributed. In order to support efficient range query, most existing approaches focused on designing the data management mechanism, which ensures that the similar data are stored nearby within the network. However, it will introduce large extra overhead to each peer in the Internet of Things especially when the peers generate data frequently. In this paper, a distributed range query framework is proposed, which consists of three core modules, reporting and indexing module, along with a query executor. The reporting module learns the sensed data and predicts a data range in which the coming future data is likely to be. Only the abnormal data that exceeds the data range will be detected, which greatly reduces the frequency and quantity of data migration in these data management mechanism. The indexing module is responsible for collecting reported data information and establishing data index used for responding to query request. Based on the above two modules, the range query is processed by the query executor. The experimental results show that this proposal could support range query effectively and efficiently, with load balance among the peers at the same time. © 2015 IEEE.
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| 7. |
- Cheng, Anying, et al.
(author)
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Diagnostic performance of initial blood urea nitrogen combined with D-dimer levels for predicting in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. - : ELSEVIER. - 0924-8579 .- 1872-7913. ; 56:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The crude mortality rate in critical pneumonia cases with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reaches 49%. This study aimed to test whether levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in combination with D-dimer were predictors of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. The clinical characteristics of 305 COVID19 patients were analysed and were compared between the survivor and non-survivor groups. Of the 305 patients, 85 (27.9%) died and 220 (72.1%) were discharged from hospital. Compared with discharged cases, non-survivor cases were older and their BUN and D-dimer levels were significantly higher ( P < 0.0 0 01). Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariable Cox regression analyses identified BUN and D-dimer levels as independent risk factors for poor prognosis. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that elevated levels of BUN and D-dimer were associated with increased mortality (logrank, P 0.0 0 01). The area under the curve for BUN combined with D-dimer was 0.94 (95% CI 0.90-0.97), with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 91%. Based on BUN and D-dimer levels on admission, a nomogram model was developed that showed good discrimination, with a concordance index of 0.94. Together, initial BUN and D-dimer levels were associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients. The combination of BUN 4.6 mmol/L and D-dimer > 0.845 mu g/mL appears to identify patients at high risk of in-hospital mortality, therefore it may prove to be a powerful risk assessment tool for severe COVID-19 patients. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Gu, Congcong, et al.
(author)
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Clonal and plasmid-mediated dissemination of environmental carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in large animal breeding areas in northern China
- 2022
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In: Environmental Pollution. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 297
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The emergence and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) constitute a major global health problem. The environment plays an important role in the dissemination of CRE, but large-scale studies on CRE in groundwater environments in animal breeding areas are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate CRE occurrence and environmental transmission of carbapenem resistance genes in large animal breeding areas in northern China. In total, 280 well water and 102 animal feces samples in large animal breeding areas in six counties from the two provinces Inner Mongolia and Shandong in China, were screened for CRE. A total of 39 CRE were isolated and characterized with next-generation sequencing. 5.3% of well water samples were contaminated with CRE. The well water in chicken farms had the highest number of detections of CRE (15.9%). More than half of the isolates carried closely related, conjugative IncX3 plasmids with blaNDM-genes from multiple geographic areas, indicating that this kind of plasmid plays an important role in dissemination of carbapenem resistance determinants. The clonal expansion of various CRE isolates in well water and animal feces were demonstrated; clonally related CRE were isolated from different wells within the same county, from different counties in the same province, and even from different provinces. In addition to harboring various ARGs, two closely related K. pneumoniae belonging to ST11 isolated from well water carried genetic hypervirulence determinants on a virulence plasmid, highlighting the potential health risk posed by further dissemination of this strain. These findings suggest that groundwater may be an underappreciated reservoir and source of dissemination of CRE, from which resistance genes may disseminate among different bacterial strains and over large geographic distances. Further research and multi-sectorial monitoring, with a "One health" perspective, is urgently needed to investigate the need for interventions aimed at preventing CRE dissemination.
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| 9. |
- Shuaishuai, Wang, et al.
(author)
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Facile Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of O-Mannosyl Glycans
- 2018
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In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 57:30, s. 9268-9273
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract O?Mannosylation is a vital protein modification involved in brain and muscle development whereas the biological relevance of O-mannosyl glycans has remained largely unknown owing to the lack of structurally defined glycoforms. An efficient scaffold synthesis/enzymatic extension (SSEE) strategy was developed to prepare such structures by combining gram-scale convergent chemical syntheses of three scaffolds and strictly controlled sequential enzymatic extension catalyzed by glycosyltransferases. In total, 45 O-mannosyl glycans were obtained, covering the majority of identified mammalian structures. Subsequent glycan microarray analysis revealed fine specificities of glycan-binding proteins and specific antisera.
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| 10. |
- Yang, Chengxia, et al.
(author)
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Dissemination of bla(NDM-5) and mcr-8.1 in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae in an animal breeding area in Eastern China
- 2022
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In: Frontiers in Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-302X. ; 13
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Animal farms have become one of the most important reservoirs of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella spp. (CRK) owing to the wide usage of veterinary antibiotics. "One Health"-studies observing animals, the environment, and humans are necessary to understand the dissemination of CRK in animal breeding areas. Based on the concept of "One-Health," 263 samples of animal feces, wastewater, well water, and human feces from 60 livestock and poultry farms in Shandong province, China were screened for CRK. Five carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and three carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella quasipneumoniae (CRKQ) strains were isolated from animal feces, human feces, and well water. The eight strains were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, plasmid conjugation assays, whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. All strains carried the carbapenemase-encoding gene bla(NDM-5), which was flanked by the same core genetic structure (IS5-bla(NDM-5)-ble(MBL)-trpF-dsbD-IS26-ISKox3) and was located on highly related conjugative IncX3 plasmids. The colistin resistance gene mcr-8.1 was carried by three CRKP and located on self-transmissible IncFII(K)/IncFIA(HI1) and IncFII(pKP91)/IncFIA(HI1) plasmids. The genetic context of mcr-8.1 consisted of IS903-orf-mcr-8.1-copR-baeS-dgkA-orf-IS903 in three strains. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis confirmed the clonal spread of CRKP carrying-bla(NDM-5) and mcr-8.1 between two human workers in the same chicken farm. Additionally, the SNP analysis showed clonal expansion of CRKP and CRKQ strains from well water in different farms, and the clonal CRKP was clonally related to isolates from animal farms and a wastewater treatment plant collected in other studies in the same province. These findings suggest that CRKP and CRKQ are capable of disseminating via horizontal gene transfer and clonal expansion and may pose a significant threat to public health unless preventative measures are taken.
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