| 1. |
- Yang, Zhenzhou, et al.
(author)
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Integrated Utilization of Sewage Sludge and Coal Gangue for Cement Clinker Products : Promoting Tricalcium Silicate Formation and Trace Elements Immobilization
- 2016
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In: Materials. - : MDPI. - 1996-1944. ; 9:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study firstly proposed a method of integrated utilization of sewage sludge (SS) and coal gangue (CG), two waste products, for cement clinker products with the aim of heat recovery and environment protection. The results demonstrated that the incremental amounts of SS and CG addition was favorable for the formation of tricalcium silicate (C3S) during the calcinations, but excess amount of SS addition could cause the impediment effect on C3S formation. Furthermore, it was also observed that the C3S polymorphs showed the transition from rhombohedral to monoclinic structure as SS addition was increased to 15 wt %. During the calcinations, most of trace elements could be immobilized especially Zn and cannot be easily leached out. Given the encouraging results in the present study, the co-process of sewage sludge and coal gangue in the cement kiln can be expected with a higher quality of cement products and minimum pollution to the environment.
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| 2. |
- Bedon, Chiara, et al.
(author)
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Performance of structural glass facades under extreme loads – Design methods, existing research, current issues and trends
- 2018
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In: Construction and Building Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0950-0618 .- 1879-0526. ; 163, s. 921-937
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Glass has been overwhelmingly used for windows and facades in modern constructions, for many practical reasons, including thermal, energy, light and aesthetics. Nevertheless, due to the relatively low tensile strength and mostly brittle behaviour of glass, compared to other traditional materials, as well as to a multitude of interacting structural and non-structural components, windows/facades are one of the most fragile and vulnerable components of buildings, being representative of the physical line of separation between interior and exterior spaces. As such, multidisciplinary approaches, as well as specific fail-safe design criteria and analysis methods are required, especially under extreme loading conditions, so that casualties and injuries in the event of failure could be avoided and appropriate safety levels could be guaranteed. In this context, this paper presents a review of the state of art on analysis and design methods in use for glass facades, with careful consideration for extreme loading configurations, including natural events, such as seismic events, extreme wind or other climatic exposures, and man-made threats, i.e. blast loads and fire. Major results of available experimental outcomes, current issues and trends are also reported, summarising still open challenges.
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| 3. |
- Ge, Xinlei, et al.
(author)
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A new three-particle-interaction model to predict the thermodynamic properties of different electrolytes
- 2007
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In: Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9614 .- 1096-3626. ; 39:4, s. 602-612
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, Guggenheim charging process, which involves the radial Boltzmann distribution, was introduced to develop a new predictive model with three parameters, ion-ion distance parameter, ion-solvent parameter, and solvation parameter. In this model, the ion-ion and ion-solvent molecule interaction are all included in the charging process, and it is independent of the temperature and solvent. This new model was applied to correlate the experimental data from literatures for 208 electrolytes aqueous solution at T = 298.15 K of which the concentration range is wide. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental ones for most electrolytes, especially for the prediction in high ionic strength. The estimation of solvation parameter S also gave that the solvation tendency for cations and anions follow a trend, which is in consistent with results published in literature. Investigations were also been made in calculations for electrolytes solutions at other temperatures and non-aqueous system, which proved this model was also feasible.
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| 4. |
- Ge, Xinlei, et al.
(author)
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Correlation and prediction of activity and osmotic coefficients of aqueous electrolytes at 298.15 K by the modified TCPC model
- 2007
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In: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-9568 .- 1520-5134. ; 52:2, s. 538-547
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The modification and extension of a three-characteristic-parameter correlation model for calculating the thermodynamic properties including osmotic and mean activity coefficients of aqueous electrolytes at 298.15 K have been presented in this paper. The model can be reduced with two parameters: b, the approaching parameter, and S, the solvation parameter. Although the model adequately describes the thermodynamics with these two parameters, the third parameter, n, which is related to the distance between an ion and a solvent molecule, also can be regarded as an adjustable parameter. The two sets of parameters for 283 single salts in aqueous solutions up to saturation have been obtained from the regression of experimental values. Mean activity or osmotic coefficients of RbNO2, MgCl2, Sm(ClO4)(3), and ZnSO4, with these two sets of parameters, have been compared with the smoothed experimental data, which show good agreement. When the model with three parameters is employed, it gives a more accurate result, especially in case of high concentration. The comparison with Pitzer and the original TCPC model also illustrates the excellent performance of this modified model.
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| 5. |
- Ge, Xinlei, et al.
(author)
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Correlation and prediction of thermodynamic properties of nonaqueous electrolytes by the modified TCPC model
- 2008
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In: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-9568 .- 1520-5134. ; 53:1, s. 149-159
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work, the modified three-characteristic-parameter correlation model was introduced to correlate and predict the thermodynamic properties, such as the mean activity coefficient, the osmotic coefficient, and the solvent activity, of different kinds of nonaqueous electrolyte solutions. Two sets of parameters, (b, S) and (b, S, n), for 46 single salts in. methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol, etc., were regressed from literature data at 298.15 K. Results of standard deviations showed the good applicability of our model. The calculated results of the mean activity coefficient by our model and the Pitzer model have been compared with each other with good agreement. Smoothed experimental data of osmotic coefficients and solvent activities were calculated with the present model with three or two parameters, and the one with three parameters showed a better performance. We also extended this model for some nonaqueous systems at elevated temperatures, and we also found good consistency between the results calculated from our model and experimental data. Moreover, we further developed this model for calculating those in the mixed-solvent electrolyte systems. The results showed our modified model could adequately describe these complicated electrolyte solutions.
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| 6. |
- PengLi, Dong, et al.
(author)
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Conductivity properties of beta-SiAlON ceramics
- 2012
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In: Science China Technological Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1674-7321 .- 1869-1900. ; 55:9, s. 2409-2415
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of beta-SiAlON ceramics with different Z values (0.6, 1.5, 3.0) were measured by laser flash technique and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The thermal conductivity of beta-SiAlON was calculated from thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and density and it decreased and then kept almost constant with increasing of temperature. Two different models representing effective thermal conductivity were established and the various parameters of these models were simulated based on the results from the present work. The fitted regression lines were in good agreement with the experimental values.
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| 7. |
- Sun, Yongqi, et al.
(author)
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A Fe-C-Ca big cycle in modern carbon-intensive industries : toward emission reduction and resource utilization
- 2016
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Herein a big Fe-C-Ca cycle, clarifying the basic element flows and energy flows in modern carbon-intensive industries including the metallurgical industry and the cement industry, was proposed for the first time in the contexts of emission reduction and iron ore degradation nowadays. This big cycle was focused on three industrial elements of Fe, C and Ca and thus it mainly comprised three interdependent loops, i.e., a C-cycle, a Fe-cycle and a Ca-path. As exemplified, we started from the integrated disposal of hot steel slags, a man-made iron resource via char gasification and the employment of hematite, a natural iron resource greatly extended the application area of this idea. Accordingly, based on this concept, the theoretical potentials for energy saving, emission reduction and Fe resource recovery achieved in modern industry are estimated up to 7.66 Mt of standard coal, 63.9 Mt of CO2 and 25.2 Mt of pig iron, respectively.
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| 8. |
- Zhang, Zuotai, et al.
(author)
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Synthesis and characterization of MgAlON-BN composites
- 2007
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In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1862-5282 .- 2195-8556. ; 98:1, s. 64-71
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the present paper the Gibbs energy of formation of MgAlON was evaluated, and on this basis the phase stability diagram of Mg-Al-O-N-B was established. Dense magnesium aluminium oxynitride-boron nitride (MgAlON-BN) composites with 0-30 vol.% BN were synthesized by hot pressing in the temperature range 1750-1850 degrees C in the phase stability region. The phase compositions of the composites analyzed by X-ray diffraction indicated that the main phases were MgAlON and h-BN and no impurities were found. The microstructures of the composites analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution electron microscopy showed that the MgAlON did not react with BN, and the latter was distributed on the grain boundary of MgAlON homogeneously. Excessive BN (> 20 vol.%) resulted in a discontinuous microstructure for MgAlON. A matrix-flushing method was employed in the quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis for the multi-component MgAlON-BN composites. The results showed that the relative MgAlON content decreased in the process of sintering MgAlON-BN composites. Thermodynamic analysis showed that some Al2O3, AlN, and MgO escaped under the reaction conditions. The lattice parameters of MgAlON in the composites have also been evaluated.
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