| 1. |
- Sjöberg, Ylva, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Scaling relations reveal global and regional differences in morphometry of reservoirs and natural lakes
- 2022
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 822
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Water bodies provide essential ecosystem services linked to morphometric features that might differ between natural lakes and reservoirs. We use the HydroLAKES global dataset to quantitatively compare large (area > 1 km(2)) reservoirs and natural lakes in terms of scaling exponents between morphometric measures (volume, area, shore length). These exponents are further compared to those expected from geometrical assumptions and constraints. Lakes cover a larger range of volumes for the same range of surface areas than reservoirs, and have a larger volume-area scaling exponent. The volume-area scaling exponent for reservoirs (but not natural lakes) and the area-shore length exponent for all water bodies follow the predictions for self-affine surfaces. Land cover and terrain influence the scaling relations more for lakes than for reservoirs. These morphometric differences may be used to model the impact of reservoirs and lakes on hydrological processes and associated ecosystem services at regional to global scales.
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| 2. |
- Bo, Li, et al.
(author)
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Deformation behavior of disclosed sandstone fractures subjects to normal stresses
- 2021
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In: Robotics and Biomimetics. - : SCIENCE PRESS. - 1000-7598 .- 2197-3768. ; 42:7, s. 1850-1860
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Subject to geological processes, natural rock fractures can be dislocated to some extent, and the normal deformation behavior of such dislocated fractures has not been quantitatively estimated, and the applicability of classic deformation models has not been verified against experiments and numerical simulations. The deformation and failure behavior of dislocated sandstone fractures were studied via compression tests and elastic-plastic contact simulations. The obtained stress-displacement curves were fitted by a hyperbolic model, an exponential model and a logarithmic model, respectively and the coefficients involved in these models were estimated. The results show that the experimentally and numerically obtained stress-displacement curves agree well with each other, and the surface damage areas are also consistent, which verified the reliability of the elastic-plastic contact model. The hyperbolic and logarithmic models do not fit the curves well under relatively low stress levels, while the exponential model well accommodates the simulation results in the whole loading process by introducing a coefficient n. The maximum closure V-max. is positively correlated with the maximum local aperture, the initial normal stiffness K-ni is positively correlated with the elastic modulus and negatively correlated with the fracture roughness and dislocating ratio, and n is positively correlated with the fracture roughness and dislocating ratio. A model was established to predict the three coefficients, and the prediction values agree well with the experimental results.
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| 3. |
- Chen, Guangfu, et al.
(author)
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Pile-Spacing Calculation of Anti-Slide Pile Based on Soil Arching Effect
- 2020
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In: Advances in Civil Engineering / Hindawi. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-8086 .- 1687-8094. ; 2020
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Anti-slide pile is one of the most frequently used measures in landslide control globally. Pile-spacing has always been determined by the load capacity of single piles or according to engineering empirical experience. Many engineering practices and laboratory experiments show that the soil arching effect exists in landslide control with anti-slide piles. In this study, we aim to calculate pile-spacing in terms of the soil arching effect. We investigated the pile-soil interaction mechanism and propose that, at the limit, the pile-back soil arch resists landslide thrust only. According to Mohr-Coulomb strength theory and limit equilibrium theories, we derived a new pile-spacing calculation equation. We verified the derived pile-spacing calculation equation with real projects. The calculated results are similar to those of practical engineering designs, in which the difference is within 10%. The equation can be used in anti-slide pile preliminary design. This study can be a reference for pile-spacing calculation based on the soil arching effect.
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| 4. |
- Chen, Haorui, et al.
(author)
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Forecasting the human and climate impacts on groundwater resources in the irrigated agricultural region of North China Plain
- 2023
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In: Hydrological Processes. - : Wiley. - 0885-6087 .- 1099-1085. ; 37:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Climate change has caused significant impacts on water resource redistribution around the world and posed a great threat in the last several decades due to intensive human activities. The impacts of human water use and management on regional water resources remain unclear as they are intertwined with the impacts of climate change. In this study, we disentangled the impact of climate-induced human activities on groundwater resources in a typical region of the semi-arid North China Plain based on a process-oriented groundwater modelling approach accounting for climate-human-groundwater interactions. We found that the climate-induced human effect is amplified in water resources management ('amplifying effect') for our study region under future climate scenarios. We specifically derived a tipping point for annual precipitation of 350 mm, below which the climate-induced human activities on groundwater withdrawal will cause significant 'amplifying effect' on groundwater depletion. Furthermore, we explored the different pumping scenarios under various climate conditions and investigated the pumping thresholds, which the pumping amount should not exceed (4 x 10(7) m(3)) in order to control future groundwater level depletion. Our results highlight that it is critical to implement adaptive water use practices, such as water-saving irrigation technologies in the semi-arid regions, in order to mitigate the negative impacts of groundwater overexploitation, particularly when annual precipitation is anomalously low.
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| 5. |
- Cvetkovic, Vladimir, et al.
(author)
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Inference of Retention Time From Tracer Tests in Crystalline Rock
- 2020
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In: Water resources research. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0043-1397 .- 1944-7973. ; 56:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A statistical parametrization of transport combined with a new, general partition function for diffusive mass transfer (Cvetkovic, 2017, ) is here developed into a practical tool for evaluating tracer tests in crystalline rock. The research question of this study is how to separate the characteristic times of retention and advection, using tracer test information alone; this decoupling is critical for upscaling of transport. Three regimes are identified based on the unconditional mean number of trapping events. Analytical expressions are derived for inferring transport-retention parameters; these are first tested on a series of generic examples and then using two sets of tracer test data. Our results indicate that the key transport-retention parameters can be inferred separately with reasonable accuracy by a few simple steps, provided that the macrodispersion is not too large and retention not too strong. Of particular interest is inference of the retention time from the breakthrough curve peak that avoids costly asymptotic monitoring. Finally, we summarize the retention times as inferred from a series of nonsorbing tracer tests in the Swedish granite, demonstrating the uncertainties when estimating retention based on material and structural properties from samples. Possible strategies for reducing these uncertainties that combine improved understanding of crystalline rock evolution with numerical simulations are noted as topics for future research.
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| 6. |
- Duan, Hongyu, et al.
(author)
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Analysis of cement grout hydraulic erosion in a homogeneous fracture
- 2024
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In: Tunnelling for a Better Life - Proceedings of the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress, WTC 2024. - : CRC Press/Balkema. ; , s. 2522-2528
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cement grouting has been widely used in rock tunneling to reduce groundwater inflow by sealing rock fractures. However, the injected cement grout often encounters hydraulic erosion that affects the safety and sustainability of rock tunnels in the long term. Analysis of the long-term hydraulic erosion effect on cement grout in rock fractures is therefore important for the safety and sustainability development of rock tunnel engineering. In this work, a hydraulic erosion model for analyzing cement grout erosion in a homogeneous fracture is established and used to theoretically investigate the transmissivity evolution of the grouted fracture under longterm hydraulic erosion. In the present model, the fracture seepage characteristics, solid erosion theory and mass conversation for water-solid two-phase flow are considered, and the mathematical model as a set of partial differential equations is established. Based on laboratory tests, the key parameters (e.g., erosion coefficient) are calibrated and the erosion model is validated. Numerical simulations are conducted by numerically resolving the mathematical model. The results show that the erosion phenomenon first occurs in the edge areas of the grouted area near the fracture boundary; the erosion area gradually expands toward the center of the grouted area. The porosity and flow velocity significantly increase in the area with relatively strong erosion effects. During the erosion process, the concentration of cement grout gradually increases along the seepage path until a more uniform distribution of cement particle concentration is achieved. Due to the erosion process, the spatial distribution of hydraulic pressure along the fracture direction transforms from a linear distribution to a nonlinear distribution. The effective fracture transmissivity increases nonlinearly along the erosion process. The presented erosion model and analysis results are potentially useful for the safety and durability assessment of rock tunnels.
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| 7. |
- Duan, Hongyu, et al.
(author)
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Co-exploitation of coal and geothermal energy through water-conducting structures : Improving extraction efficiency of geothermal well
- 2024
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In: Renewable energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 228
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Co-exploitation of coal and geothermal energy through water-conducting structures is one of the most promising methods for harnessing renewable energy in some coal mines. A rock compression-erosion coupling test system is built to investigate the extraction efficiency of geothermal wells in the co-exploitation scheme. Compression-erosion tests are carried out to analyze the evolution of mechanics and hydraulic characteristics of broken rocks. The testing results show that the hydrothermal flow erodes the fine rock particles, and compressive deformation can be observed during the erosion process. The erosion effect in broken rocks intensifies with the decrease of axial stress and the increase of fractal dimension, water pressure, and inner radius. Meanwhile, the rock sample shows more significant deformation. Two permeability forecasting models are adopted to forecast permeability evolution during geothermal extraction. The forecasting results indicate that the Brinkman model is better than the Hazen model, and the accuracy of the Brinkman model is lower for the samples with stronger compression-erosion effects. In addition, strategies to improve the extraction efficiency are proposed, i.e., reinforcing the broken rocks above the geothermal well, locating geothermal wells in rocks with higher fragmentation, increasing pumping pressure, and expanding the geothermal well size.
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| 8. |
- Duan, Hongyu, et al.
(author)
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Sensitivity analysis of hydraulic erosion and calibration of the erosion coefficient
- 2024
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In: Engineering Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-7952 .- 1872-6917. ; 338
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hydraulic erosion may pose a threat to the safety and sustainability of geo-related infrastructure, yet quantifying the intricate process of hydraulic erosion still poses a significant scientific and technical challenge. One important step in meeting this challenge is the formulation of a hydraulic erosion model with the erosion coefficient as a central controlling parameter. Calibration of the erosion coefficient (or rate) remains one of the main obstacles to improving predictive modelling, particularly in scenarios lacking long-term laboratory test data. In this study, sensitivity analysis of the key erosion indicators on the parameters controlling hydraulic erosion is conducted. A novel calibration method for the erosion coefficient is presented based on sensitivity analysis. After validating against simulation results and laboratory test findings, the proposed calibration method is applied to a hypothetical long-term hydraulic erosion case. The results show that the maximum hydraulic erosion time is sensitive to all considered parameters (erosion coefficient, initial fraction of fluidized solid particle, initial porosity and maximum porosity), while the erosion curve shape is only sensitive to the initial porosity and the maximum porosity. The validation by existing simulation results shows that the proposed calibration method is robust and internally consistent. The validation by experimental results indicates that the proposed calibration method also has high external validity. Finally, the proposed calibration method is applied to hypothetical long-term erosion in a grouted area. The results show that the hydraulic erosion effect in the grouted area becomes increasingly severe over time. This study contributes toward a more efficient calibration of the erosion coefficient, especially for scenarios in the absence of testing porosity evolution data. The research outcome provides a theoretical foundation for the safety assessment and sustainability analysis of geotechnical structures that are subject to hydraulic erosion.
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| 9. |
- Frampton, Andrew, et al.
(author)
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Advective Transport in Discrete Fracture Networks With Connected and Disconnected Textures Representing Internal Aperture Variability
- 2019
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In: Water resources research. - : AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION. - 0043-1397 .- 1944-7973. ; 55:7, s. 5487-5501
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Flow and transport in three-dimensional discrete fracture networks with internal variability in aperture and permeability are investigated using a numerical model. The analysis is conducted for three different texture types representing internal variability considering various correlation lengths and for an increase in domain size corresponding to an increase in network complexity. Internal variability in discrete fracture networks generally increases median travel times and delays arrival of bulk mass transport when compared against reference cases without texture, corresponding to smooth fractures. In particular, internal variability textures with weak connectivity increase travel times nonlinearly with domain size increase, further delaying bulk mass arrival. Textures with strong connectivity can however decrease median travel times, accelerating bulk mass arrival, but only for limited ranges of correlation length and domain size. As domain size increases, travel times of textures with strong connectivity converge toward travel times obtained for classical multivariant Gaussian textures. Thus, accounting for internal fracture variability is potentially significant for improving conservative estimates of bulk mass arrival, flow channeling, and advective and reactive transport in large-scale discrete fracture networks. Further, early mass arrival can arrive significantly earlier for textures with strong connectivity and classical Gaussian textures corresponding to intermediate connectivity but are only slightly affected by textures with weak connectivity. Thus, accounting for internal variability in fractures is also important for accurate estimates of early solute mass arrival. The overall impact on predictive transport modeling will depend on the extent of, or lack of, internal fracture connectivity structure in real-world fractured rocks. Plain Language Summary This study investigates transport of waterborne substances in subsurface fractured bedrock, a topic which is of relevance to applications such as subsurface disposal of spent nuclear fuel, storage of carbon dioxide, and disposal of other hazardous material. A physically based numerical model for simulating water flow in the fractured bedrock system is used. Many model-based studies assume fractures to be smooth planes, which are an acknowledged simplification; however, real-world fractures are known to have rough surface asperities. In our study, we account for fracture roughness by assuming textures with different connectivity structure and investigate how this impacts waterborne transport in bedrock. We demonstrate that this type of fracture roughness can control important features of flow and waterborne mass transport. Specifically, most of the mass will generally arrive later than expected when compared to a smooth fracture plane assumption. However, we also observe that a small percentage of mass can, under certain circumstances, arrive earlier than what would be expected if smooth fracture planes are assumed. This means that the assumption of smooth fracture planes should generally be considered a conservative simplifying assumption in the context of subsurface storage, but it is less likely to be accurate when considering early mass arrival.
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| 10. |
- Hao, Meimei, et al.
(author)
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Influence of component parameters on propagation characteristics of foaming polyurethane grout in rock fractures
- 2024
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In: Construction and Building Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0950-0618 .- 1879-0526. ; 428
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Polyurethane grouting is an important technical solution used for seepage prevention and mechanical reinforcement of fractured rock. Various components of polyurethane grout significantly affect the grout properties and propagation behavior. The present study focuses on the crucial role of component parameters in controlling the propagation process and designing grouting parameters for foaming polyurethane grout. A coupled modeling approach combining chemical reactions and flow field analysis is developed to investigate the polyurethane foaming process. The proposed modeling approach is validated by comparing simulation results with experimental data from the literature. The influence of key component parameters: isocyanate index, initial water concentration and physical blowing agent, on the propagation characteristics (including propagation distance, maximum pressure, final density, reaction time and maximum temperature) of foaming polyurethane grout in rock fractures are further analyzed. The results reveal two distinct types of effects caused by the components, i.e., a monotonic relationship and a parabolic trend. Critical values are identified for the impact of isocyanate index on maximum propagation distance, final density and characteristic time, as well as for the influence of physical blowing agent on maximum propagation distance, final density and maximum pressure. Other parameters demonstrated a monotonic relationship. Additionally, a quantitative assessment is conducted to evaluate the impact of multiple components on propagation characteristics. The finding indicates that the initial water concentration has a significant effect on all properties, while isocyanate index exerts a more pronounced impact on reaction time and maximum temperature. The effect of the physical blowing agent is relatively minor compared to other factors. This study is helpful for material selection and proportioning of polyurethane grout in practical engineering applications.
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