| 1. |
- de Vries, Linda, 1976, et al.
(author)
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Visualising safety: The potential for using sociotechnical systems models in prospective safety assessment and design
- 2019
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In: Safety Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 111, s. 80-93
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © 2018 There is growing emphasis within safety science and Human Factors/Ergonomics on the benefits of applying a sociotechnical systems perspective in order to influence design and thereby improve safety in everyday operations. This article examines how viewing work as a sociotechnical system – using visual models and representations – helps in understanding how work is performed and how it contributes to safe operations. A series of five models, developed using methods from Activity Theory, Cybernetics, Cognitive Systems Engineering and Resilience Engineering, are used to illustrate the work of maritime pilots and Vessel Traffic Services operators. Each model is examined using a modelling framework for prospective safety assessment, with the conclusion that it is how the models are applied, rather than their underlying methodologies, which determines their usefulness in this context. Different models highlight different aspects of work and facilitate discussion of safety, for example in a participatory design process, and we discuss criteria to guide their use and evaluation.
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| 2. |
- Porathe, Thomas, 1954, et al.
(author)
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Ship voyage plan coordination in the MONALISA project: user tests of a prototype ship traffic management system
- 2014
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In: De Waard, D., Brookhuis, K., Wiczorek, R., Di Nocera, F., Barham, P., Weikert, C., Kluge, A., Gerbino, W., and Toffetti, A., (Eds.) (2014), Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter 2013 Annual Conference. - 2333-4959. ; , s. 1-11
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- EU has promised to reduce emissions by 80 % by 2050. For the shipping industry “slow steaming” for just-in-time arrival promises reductions of emissions. But a rapid increase in the construction of offshore wind farms planned in the North Sea may lead to ships facing a very complex and safety critical traffic environment in the future. Both of these issues bring ship traffic management to attention.In the Baltic Sea, the EU project MONALISA has been looking at a voyage plan coordination system where a Ship Traffic Coordination Centre (STCC) handles a specific area, e.g. the Baltic Sea. A prototype system was developed and tested in a full mission bridge simulator environment for some simple scenarios. Qualitative data was collected; the main aim was to test mariners’ acceptance of such a system.The participants were in general positive to the tested system; younger somewhat more than older. Some concern was expressed over risks of de-skilling and a common concern was the importance of that the final control of the vessel should rest with the captain onboard.
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| 3. |
- Almeida Costa, Nicole, 1988, et al.
(author)
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Introduction to human-centred design for naval architects and designers
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The purpose of this chapter is to provide naval architects and designers with fundamental guidelines for the practice of Human-centred Design (HCD). The guidelines presented here originate from well-established principles in scientific literature and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in their most recent standard for HCD in interactive systems – ISO 9241-210:2010.HCD is characterised as a design framework comprised in the scope of usability engineering, which is, in turn, comprehended in the discipline of human factors/ergonomics. This chapter details the basic principles of human factors/ergonomics and usability. It then discusses how they may be achieved in the design process using principles, methods and tools associated with HCD.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Almeida Costa, Nicole, 1988, et al.
(author)
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Perceived success factors of participatory ergonomics in ship design
- 2015
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In: Occupational Ergonomics. - : IOS Press. - 1359-9364 .- 1875-9092. ; 12:4, s. 141-150
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The more complex and perilous a sociotechnical system is, the more crucial it is to have users and other relevant stakeholder groups in focus throughout its design lifecycle. In the design and development of ships and ship systems, there has been resistance towards the integration of ergonomic principles through a human-centred approach as well as to involving the user. This inattention can result in an inadequate design, which may have negative repercussions on usability, ultimately threatening the safety of onboard operations, overall system performance and the well-being of the crew.OBJECTIVE: This study explores the perceived success factors of participatory ergonomics based on the standpoint of young seafarers.METHODS: Such is achieved by examining a focus group with cadets inspired by Grounded Theory approach.RESULTS: The findings reveal user participation as a designer’s essential contact with reality, provided that a set of pre-conditions that supports the success of participatory ergonomics can be fulfilled: involving the right users and filling in the gap between end-user needs and ship-owner requirements. The consequent success factors are described at a usability level, an intrinsic level for the end-users, and ultimately at the level of increased safety and efficiency.CONCLUSIONS: User input may not only affect design as an outcome, it may also influence the way participatory ergonomics is performed in the maritime sector.
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| 6. |
- de Vries, Linda, 1976, et al.
(author)
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Designing for safe operations: promoting a human-centred approach to complex vessel design
- 2017
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In: Ships and Offshore Structures. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1754-212X .- 1744-5302. ; 12:8, s. 1016-1023
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The benefits of a human-centred approach to design have been widely recognised throughout industry, in the research community and by regulatory bodies. In the maritime domain, it is also beginning to make an impact. This article explores how a human-centred approach may successfully be achieved within the context of ship design using a case study from a project to create conceptual designs for two offshore wind turbine installation vessels. Using vessel designs as a mediating tool between designers, users and human factors specialists, basic task analysis and link analysis methods were used to incorporate operational knowledge into the design process. After applying this to the integration of a dynamic positioning system on one of the vessels, the designers concluded that a human-centred approach had improved not only ship safety, but also safety, efficiency and cost-effectiveness in operations.
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| 7. |
- de Vries, Linda, 1976
(author)
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Here be monsters: Investigating sociotechnical interaction in safety-critical work in the maritime domain.
- 2016
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Maritime Pilots and Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) operators work to improve the safety of navigation of seagoing vessels. As in many other safety-critical domains, work is increasingly characterised by the integration and dissemination of information between humans and technology, across disciplines and over multiple geographical locations. Technological advancements such as e-navigation facilitate increased monitoring and control from shore and create new possibilities to provide additional assistance on board vessels. E-navigation has thus a direct impact on navigational assistance as performed by pilots and VTS operators. This thesis views navigational assistance as a case of sociotechnical work in a safety-critical domain. It attempts to understand how work is performed and how it contributes to maritime safety by starting from empirical observation and a Resilience Engineering focus on everyday operations. Interviews, focus groups and field observations on board vessels and in VTS centres were conducted and analysed using an iterative approach, inspired by the principles of grounded theory and the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) and informed by the traditions of Workplace Studies, Science and Technology Studies and Activity Theory. A generic FRAM model of navigational assistance was developed to describe the practice of everyday work and how the conditions which affect its performance may vary. A scenario and case study were also analysed and modelled to illustrate how safety may manifest itself in typical and actual events. Successful assistance was found to be dependent on: (i) the use of local knowledge, preparation and foresight to integrate information from a wide range of sources, and; (ii) communication and trust between the pilot, VTS operator, and the master and crew of the vessel, to provide timely assistance to vessels. FRAM was found to be a valuable tool for describing sociotechnical work, but was enriched by borrowing from the work studies traditions, with their strong grounding in empirical observations and themes of 'making work visible', symmetry between human/non-human, and work as activity. This approach indicated that bringing ideas from different traditions together to understand a real work practice may bring us closer to describing 'work as done', and its contribution to safe everyday operations.This thesis concludes that safety is an emergent property of sociotechnical work, which manifests itself through the interaction between humans and other actors in the context in which work is performed. The configuration of a sociotechnical system is not necessarily pre-defined, but is dependent on the human, technological, organisational and natural factors which affect the performance of work. It is inherently uncertain, variable and must adapt to circumstances. In order to inform the design of new systems or evaluate the impact of new technologies, one should therefore take account of the factors which affect how work is normally performed, and also how it is actually performed in specific circumstances to enable safe operations.
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| 8. |
- de Vries, Linda, 1976, et al.
(author)
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Living Labs: a forum for enabling co-creation between multi-disciplinary actors in the workplace?
- 2017
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In: Proceedings of the Nordic Ergonomics Society NES Annual Conference 2017 "Joy at work", 20-23 August 2017, Lund, Sweden. - 9789177531524
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Living Labs are promoted throughout the EU and beyond as being ‘user-centred, open innovation ecosystems based on a systematic user co-creation approach integrating research and innovation processes in real life communities and settings’. This paper aims to understand what Living Labs are and how they may best be utilised within the context of digitalisation of sociotechnical work. Using a combination of literature study and field studies at two Living Labs within the freight transportation sector, it discusses the potential of Living Labs as a forum for enabling co-creation between multi-disciplinary actors directly in the workplace.
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| 9. |
- de Vries, Linda, 1976, et al.
(author)
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Overcoming the challenges of integration of Human-centred Design within the Naval Architecture ship design process
- 2015
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In: Proceedings 19th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Melbourne 9-14 August 2015.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Human-centred design (HCD) and usability have been well-established notions in human factors engineering, general design research and interaction design since before the 1990’s, aiming to enhance effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction, thereby facilitating retention of personnel, decreasing costs, the need for training and the likelihood of use error. Nevertheless, it has not always been of easy implementation in design practice. For a complex network of stakeholders such as that of the maritime sector, change often meets resistance. This study describes some challenges experienced when attempting to synthesise a human-centred approach within the process of a Marine Design Project and investigates some different solutions to overcome them. Successful integration was found to be dependent on discovering common ground, thereby creating a mutual understanding between all stakeholders involved and a shared environment to facilitate communication. The iterative ship design spiral process, and the visual representations of the vessel it produces, in fact provide several suitable opportunities to do so. Though time and resources were limiting factors, the main obstacle to be overcome proved to be the necessity of seeking to understand the task at hand from the perspective of the other. Additionally, the impact of a human-centred approach may be significantly increased if one of its primary benefits were to receive more emphasis, namely its contribution to safe and efficient operations.
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| 10. |
- de Vries, Linda, 1976
(author)
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Success factors for navigational assistance: a complementary ship-shore perspective
- 2015
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In: D. de Waard, J. Sauer, S. Röttger, A. Kluge, D. Manzey, C. Weikert, A. Toffetti, R. Wiczorek, K. Brookhuis, and H. Hoonhout (Eds.) (2015). Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter 2014 Annual Conference. ISSN 2333-4959 (online). Available from http://hfes-europe.org. ; , s. 175-186
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The maritime domain is under pressure from changing economic, political and environmental factors. Technological advancements facilitate increased monitoring and control from land. By viewing the maritime domain as a complex socio-technical system, the importance of understanding the role of the on board and shore-side operator in maintaining safety and efficiency of navigation becomes apparent, particularly when introducing new technology. This paper looks at the success factors for navigational assistance, as currently performed by maritime pilots and Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) operators, aiming to identify issues worth consideration in future navigational assistance services. One focus group and one combined workshop/focus group were held with three pilots and two VTS operators respectively. The first looked at the prerequisites for successful navigational assistance from the perspective of the pilot. Using a grounded theory-style approach, a proposition was created that the main indicator of success is “no incidents”, that success depends on the integration of local knowledge, preparation and foresight into the ship-shore system and that good communication is vital to achieving this. Testing this, the second study considered the role of communication in enabling the VTS operator to support the pilot; it confirmed the results of the first study, emphasising the importance of communication when working both with on board and shore-based pilots.
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