| 1. |
- Bergqvist, Martin, 1973-
(author)
-
Räkna med den ekonomiska brottsligheten : Om det kvantitativa studiet av ekonomisk brottslighet
- 2007
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Since the 1970´s economic crime has been a debated issue in Sweden. Lack of reliable statistical information has been put forth as a serious problem in this debate. The aim of this thesis is to examine the possibilities of improving quantitative knowledge regarding the prevalence and structure of economic crime in Sweden. Two studies were carried out in order to realize that aim. The first study is a literature review that surveys existing studies within the field and that also critically evaluates the methods and data used in these studies. Focus is placed on acts committed in legal financial organisations and regulated by criminal law. The second study is an in-depth study of economic crimes against consumers on the Swedish market. This study is not limited to criminal law but includes both consumer detriment and crime victimization. Four data materials are used to describe consumer victimization in Sweden, but foremost for discussing the methodological conditions for researching these phenomena. The findings show that there has been a striking focus on tax crime in the Swedish research context. Other crimes, such as insider crime and book-keeping crime has also been studied. When it comes to economic crimes against employees and consumers there is a lack of quantitative Swedish studies. The conclusion of the critical evaluation of the methods is that although methodological problems exist they should not be overstated. For example, survey methods have been used successfully. The findings from the second study show that existing materials give the impression of consumer detriment and victimization as increasingly frequent phenomena. The results also show that people with a relatively high degree of resources report victimization to a higher degree. However, methodological problems make these results questionable. Future studies need to be based on theoretical foundations relevant to the conditions surrounding consumption in Western modern societies.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Ekenvall, Börje, 1933-
(author)
-
En oförvitlig polis? : Studier i polisetik
- 2008
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This dissertation focuses on the attitudes towards misconduct expressed by serving police officers and police trainees during the period 1999 – 2005. Almost 3,000 serving police officers and 800 police trainees have participated in questionnaire surveys and interviews focused on how they rank the seriousness of such behaviours and their own level of tolerance in relation to these behaviours as expressed from different perspectives.The results indicate a large level of homogeneity among the groups concerned as regards both these rankings and levels of tolerance over time. The highest level of intolerance is expressed in relation to theft – in line with the results from several previous studies – whereas attitudes towards the use of excessive force are more restrained. Following the police trainees’ two year training programme, the level of intolerance expressed by certain trainees does show a general increase, but the level of expressed intolerance diminishes among almost as many others, and the differences in both groups are generally quite small. The level of intolerance expressed by the trainees in relation to the use of excessive force declines by the completion of their training.A clear pattern emerges among all of the groups examined, whereby the respondents are usually well aware that the behaviour represents a violation and whereby they view the behaviour as serious at the same time as they believe their colleagues view it less seriously. The level of intolerance expressed diminishes when the respondents are asked about their propensity to report the incidents, and it declines still further in their responses as to whether they believe their colleagues would do so. Thus the police officers usually present themselves as being somewhat more intolerant than their colleagues (thus expressing an exaggerated self-image), a characteristic which is not as marked among the police trainees. This suggests that at least among the serving officers, the respondents’ “true” attitudes are those that they ascribe to their colleagues.The police officers express pronounced signs of the presence of a code of silence, particularly in relation to incidents that may be characterised as less serious. This is not the case among the newly enrolled police trainees, but such signs are also notable within this group once they have completed their training. The exaggerated self-image and the code of silence are contextualised in relation to existing theory, but the approach employed is exploratory.The dissertation lists the obstacles identified by the respondents in relation to meeting their obligation to report. In this regard the ethical reasoning of the officers is highly consequentialist, and they argue that the seriousness of the misconduct is perhaps the most important factor, but that amongst other things the nature of their relationship to the colleague in question and whether or not the misconduct occurs while on duty also make a difference. One condition necessary for not misconduct not to be reported, however, is that it does not occur in public.The dissertation includes two smaller excursive studies, the one a jurisprudential examination of the duty of loyalty, the other an interview study with “whistle blowers”, i.e. police officers who fulfil their obligation to report internal misconduct.The questions examined are of relevance both for police training and also for questions relating to public confidence in the police.
|
|
| 4. |
- Estrada, Felipe, 1968-
(author)
-
Ungdomsbrottslighet som samhällsproblem : Utveckling, uppmärksamhet och reaktion
- 1999
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The principal aim of this doctoral thesis is to describe the evolution of juvenile delinquency as a social problem during the post-war period. Through its four empirical studies the thesis advocates an understanding based on a contextual constructionism, which represents a compromise position between the objectivist and constructivist perspectives that dominate the field of social problems.The first study (Chapter 2) comprises an analysis of the development of juvenile delinquency in Sweden after 1975. The study is based on official crime statistics, victim surveys, insurance statistics and surveys of the alcohol and drug habits of young persons. The analyses do not allow for an exact determination of the actual trends in juvenile crime, but the indicators suggest that at worst the number of juveniles offenders has remained more or less stable since the mid 1970s, whilst at best the number has diminished.Chapter 3 describes the trends in juvenile crime in ten European countries during the post-war period. The data comprise reports, articles, statistics and personal information from researchers in the countries analysed. The study concludes that in all the countries examined, juvenile crime increases sharply during the first decades of the post-war period (1950-75). After this point, however, these trends level off in most countries.By means of a content analysis of editorials, Chapter 4 deals with the attention focused on juvenile delinquency in the Swedish daily press during the post-war period (1950-1994). The study shows both qualitative and quantitative changes in the way the press portray juvenile crime. Most importantly, 1986 saw the problem of juvenile violence suddenly becoming the dominant issue.Chapter 5 deals with the development of, and the societal response to, violence in schools (1980-1997). A content analysis of a journal for school employees indicates that responses to problems of violence in school underwent a transformation at the end of the 1980s. A study of police reports shows that reported cases of violence in schools have increased considerably. The explanation for this rise is to be found in a change in the size of the dark figure. Besides the response-sensitive official crime statistics, there is very little to indicate any substantial change in the number of juveniles being subjected to, or subjecting others to violence.Chapter 6 discusses the main finding produced by the thesis – namely that there has been a change in the way society reacts to juveniles who commit criminal offences that cannot be explained by the crime trends. Three alternative explanations are discussed: the media and moral panics, the ”racialisation” of the crime problem and the structural crisis of legitimacy faced by the welfare state.
|
|
| 5. |
- Falck, Sturla, et al.
(author)
-
Nordic Criminal Statistics 1950–2000 : Eds. Sturla Falck, Hanns von Hofer & Anette Storgaard
- 2003
-
Reports (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In a joint Nordic project, criminal statistics from Denmark, Finland, Norwayand Sweden were compiled under the auspices of the Nordic Committee onCriminal Statistics (NUK) and were published under the title Nordiskkriminalstatistik 1950-1980 in 1982.* In December of 1982, the first abbreviated English language version of thisreport was published.** For this 7th edition of the English version, theoriginal data have been updated for the years up to and including 2000 andnow cover 51 years of Nordic criminal justice statistics. This edition has been furnished with a lengthy summary on crime andpunishment in the four Scandinavian countries. David Shannon (Stockholm University) has checked the English language. We would like to extend our thanks to the Scandinavian Research Council forCriminology which has sponsored the work carried out in association with thisreport.
|
|
| 6. |
- Forslund, Inger, et al.
(author)
-
Kriminalitetsutveckling och -belastning belyst genom födelsekohortstatistik. : Födda 1958-1991
- 2012
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The purpose of this report is to describe the development of different age groups, so-called birth cohorts, with regard to their criminal activity as measured by data from the conviction database at Statistics Sweden for the years 1973-2008 (no data readily available after 2008). Most existing cohort studies are limited to one or a few cohorts which are examined in depth. The present study, in contrast, covers 34 cohorts, i.e. all persons born in Sweden from 1958 to 1991, and describes, among other things,what proportion is found guilty of criminal offences for the first time and at what age;for what offences they receive sanctions;how many times they are found guilty during the period under study;what proportion serves a term in prison, how often and for how long.Women and men are analysed separately. The report also discusses methodological problems connected with this type of study.The main results are that convictions for theft among males have decreased, while the number of convictions for violence has been stable and the number of convictions for drug offences has been J-shaped being higher in the end than in the beginning. As regards females, all cohorts show increases over time in theft, violence, and drugs. The number of male and female cohort members with at least four convictions has decreased over the cohorts, as has the experience of a single or repeated prison sentences.Some criminal policy implications of the findings are discussed.The report is a follow-up of an earlier study by Hanns von Hofer, Leif Lenke (†) and Ulf Thorsson, Criminality among 13 Swedish Birth Cohorts, British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 23(3), July 1983.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Tham, Henrik, 1942-, et al.
(author)
-
Individual Prediction and Crime Trends
- 2009
-
In: European Journal of Criminology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1477-3708 .- 1741-2609. ; 6:4, s. 313-335
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A typical solution proposed by both politicians and academics to the problem of crime in society today is individual prediction and early intervention. The question then is how this approachcontributes to the central question of how to explain trends in crime. Data used to illustrate this question are drawn mainly from prediction studies, official statistics and level-of-living surveys in Sweden. It is argued that the possibility of predicting or explaining trends in crime by individual data is quite limited. First, the predictive power of individual childhood or teenage properties is too weak to explain total crime or specific types of crime. Second, changes in aggregate measures of conditions during upbringing are not easily compatible with changes in trends in crime. Third, other variables relating to changes in the opportunity structure than changes in the family of upbringing can account for the development of crime trends.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
