SwePub - search: L773:0269 7491

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1.	Berglund, Olof, et al. (author) Influence of trophic status on PCB distribution in lake sediments and biota 2001 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491. ; 113:2, s. 199-210 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We investigated the relationship between trophic status and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) distribution in 19 Swedish lakes. We analyzed PCB in water, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish and sediment during two sampling periods, in spring and summer. The mass of Sigma PCB in the lake sediments was positively related to lake trophy, i.e. more PCBs were accumulated and buried in the sediment of eutrophic lakes than in oligotrophic lakes. In the oligotrophic lakes a greater fraction of the total PCB load was dissolved in water. We conclude that this is a result of higher sedimentation rates in eutrophic lakes and relatively lower turnover of organic carbon in the water column of the shallow, eutrophic lakes. In the stratified lakes, the amount of PCB per cubic meter in the epilimnion decreased from spring to summer. We suggest that sedimentation of plankton beneath the thermocline during stratification act as a sink process of PCBs from the epilimnion
2.	Fransson, Liisa, et al. (author) Parameterization and evaluation of sulfate adsorption in a dynamic soil chemistry model. 2003 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491. ; 124:1, s. 119-125 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Sulfate adsorption was implemented in the dynamic, multi-layer soil chemistry model SAFE. The process is modeled by an isotherm in which sulfate adsorption is considered to be fully reversible and dependent on sulfate concentration as well as pH in soil solution. The isotherm was parameterized by a site-specific series of simple batch experiments at different pH (3.8–5.0) and sulfate concentration (10–260 mol l−1) levels. Application of the model to the Lake Gårdsjön roof covered site shows that including sulfate adsorption improves the dynamic behavior of the model and sulfate adsorption and desorption delay acidification and recovery of the soil. The modeled adsorbed pool of sulfate at the site reached a maximum level of 700 mmol/m2 in the late 1980s, well in line with experimental data.
3.	Jönsson Belyazid, Ulrika, et al. (author) Acidification-induced chemical changes in coniferous forest soils in southern Sweden 1988-1999 2003 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491. ; 123:1, s. 75-83 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Thirty-two Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in southern Sweden were studied for a period of 12 years to evaluate acidification-induced chemical changes in the soil. Soil, at 20-30 cm depth in the mineral layer, was sampled three times during this period (1988, 1993 and 1999). The results show that pH(BaCl2) in mineral soil decreased by, on average, 0.17 units between 1988 and 1999, accompanied by an increase in aluminium (Al) concentration and a decrease in base saturation in the soil. In 1999, the base saturation was below 5% in 58% of the 32 sites compared with 16% in 1988 and 7% in 1993. Concentrations of calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) are low and decreasing. Based on C/N ratios in humus, 45% of the sites may be subjected to leaching of considerable amounts of nitrate. The results show that the acidification of coniferous forest soils in southern Sweden is continuing, and that the negative effects on the nutrient status in soil are extensive. The results are compared with reference values for productive, long-term sustainably managed boreal coniferous or mixed forest soils and implications for long-term sustainability are discussed.
4.	Larsson, Per, et al. (author) An attempt to measure the flow of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as PCBs, from water to air in the field 1987 In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 44:3, s. 219-225 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A field sampling device to study the transport of aromatic, persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons from water to air was constructed. It was tested in large, outdoor artificial ponds contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCB compounds volatilised to air at a rate of 0·9 to 9·6 ng m−2 h−1 depending on levels of PCBs in the water and water temperature.
5.	Larsson, Per, et al. (author) Factors determining the uptake of persistent pollutants in an eel population (Anguilla anguilla L.) of a eutrophic lake 1991 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 69:1, s. 39-50 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The distribution of persistent pollutants in an eel population from a eutrophic lake of southern Scandinavia was examined. The origin of PCBs, DDT, DDE and lindane found in the fish was most likely the atmosphere. The most important factors for uptake of the chlorinated hydrocarbons was age (exposure time), growth rate and fat content. The life cycle of the eel is unique with a stage in freshwater when energy reserves (fat stored in muscular tissue) and lipophilic pollutants are accumulated. This stage is followed by a long migration to the spawning areas in the Sargasso Sea when pollutants are released from the fat deposits. These two stages followed by a once-in-a-lifetime spawning behaviour, makes the eel especially vulnerable to persistent pollutants. The effects of persistent pollutants combined with the eel's unusual life cycle may explain the decline in the eel population in northern Europe in recent decades.
6.	Munday, B L, et al. (author) Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants in Tasmanian platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) 2002 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491. ; 120:2, s. 233-237 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Tailfat samples were collected from 56 platypuses, 38 male and 18 fernale in Tasmania. No statistically significant, nor apparent, differences between the sexes were found for tailfat lipid levels and DDT and its metabolites, Lindane and PCB concentrations in tailfat lipid. Apparently-but not statistically-significantly different levels of DDT and its metabolites, Lindane and PCB concentrations were found in animals from different geographic regions of the State. Higher concentrations of DDT and its metabolites and Lindane were related to the intensity of agricultural activity and elevated PCB levels were mainly found in animals from zones with industrial and hydroelectric developments. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
7.	Rühling, Åke (author) A European survey of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in 2000-2001 2002 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491. ; 120:1, s. 23-25 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The background, administration and current status of the monitoring programme "European Survey of Atmospheric Heavy Metal Deposition" is described. All European states are invited to join the survey 2000-2001. The co-ordination and responsibility for the survey will gradually be transferred from the Nordic Council of Ministers to the International Cooperative Programme on Effects of Air Pollution on Natural Vegetation and Crops (ICP Vegetation).
8.	Tessier, L, et al. (author) Anomalies on capture nets of Hydropsyche slossonae larvae (Trichoptera; Hydropsychidae) following a sublethal chronic exposure to cadmium 2000 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491. ; 108:3, s. 425-438 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A laboratory study on the sublethal effects of cadmium (Cd) on the net-spinning process of the larvae of Hydropsyche slossonae was conducted in order to assess the potential of net anomalies as an indicator of chronic exposure to Cd. Two major anomalies with different frequency levels were identified after chronic exposure to 0.37, 1.2, 11.6, 21.4 and 43.3 μg l−1 of Cd. The first was a distortion of the midline meshes where the diamond-shape structure is disrupted and the meshes are separated by extra strands (called ‘midline’ anomaly). The second aberration consisted of a distortion of the rectilinear structure of net opening by strands being fused or added over the meshes (called ‘crossover’ anomaly). The midline distortion may be linked to a physiological stress caused by Cd, which can affect the control of the net-spinning process. It was not possible to relate the crossover aberrations to a specific toxic action of Cd, but data indicated that both anomalies are independent from each other and that two modes of action could be implicated. Protein analyses of capture nets have revealed silk polypeptide modifications at the highest Cd concentration tested, indicating a possible effect of Cd interaction with silk proteins. However, neither a gradient-concentration nor a time-dependent response could be established with both aberration frequencies. Silk protein modifications would rather play a secondary role in the appearance of both net anomalies, and mostly at a high concentration level. Finally, the toxicity curves (EC50) show that the sensitivity threshold for both types of aberration ranged from 1 to 5 μg l−1 which is highly sensitive compared with other sublethal effects of Cd on other macroinvertebrate species. Hence, the use of capture-net anomalies of hydropsychid larvae would represent a valuable indicator of sublethal toxicity induced by Cd and possibly by other metals in running waters.
9.	Walse, Charlotta, et al. (author) Response of six European forest sites to decided and proposed air pollutant emission reductions 1997 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491. ; 98:2, s. 253-267 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Two acid deposition scenarios were simulated for six European forest sites situated in Germany, Denmark, Russia, Switzerland, Spain and Ireland. Three models were used in combination; the RAINS (Regional Acidification INformations and Simulation) model, the SAFE (Simulating Acidification in Forest Ecosystems) model and the MakeDep model. The scenarios used were based on results from international negotiations (the Oslo and Sofia protocols) and on calculations of what could br! achieved using the best available technology at a reasonable cost. The parameters chosen for studying the course of acidification were base saturation, BC:Al molar ratio in soil solution and pH. Furthermore, the sites were compared with respect to deposition regimes as well as loll exchange and weathering rates, nutrient uptake and nutrient cycling. The results show, that all sires have undergone acidification. Three of the sites show BC:Al molar ratios below or very close to the threshold value of 1. Currently accepted reductions in S and N emissions will lead to a halt in acidification in all cases and a partial regeneration of the soil buffer capacity in some cases. Introducing maximum feasible reductions would improve soil conditions remarkably at all six sites. The differences in degree and course of acidification can be derived from J differences in weathering rate and soil buffer capacity as well as from the deposition regimes. Detailed information on future anthropogenic base cation deposition is shown to be less important for the outcome of the scenarios than expected. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
10.	Bidleman, TF, et al. (author) Chiral pesticides as tracers of air-surface exchange 1998 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 102:1, s. 43-49 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The enantiomers of chiral pesticides are selectively broken down in soil and water to yield residues and metabolites, which are non-racemic. The distinctive enantiomer signatures of residues are preserved upon volatilization, providing site-specific tracers for air-soil and air-water exchange. Applications of enantiomeric tracers include distinguishing the atmospheric transport of freshly applied pesticides from those which are 'recycled' from lakes, oceans and soil, and investigating biotic vs abiotic degradation pathways. Examples are given of using pesticide enantiomers to follow volatilization from the Great Lakes and arctic waters and as indicators of pesticide emissions from agricultural soils.
11.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (author) Temporal trends of organochlorines in Northern Europe, 1967–1995. Relation to global fractionation, leakage from sediments and international measures 1998 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 99:2, s. 177-198 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The time trend monitoring of organochlorine pollution was carried out in Sweden since the late 1960s. This report presents data on concentrations of DDT, PCB, HCHs and HCB in biota samples collected and analysed annually. All the matrices and compounds studied show a significant decrease over time. The data cover severely polluted Swedish marine and fresh water in southern Sweden as well as locally unpolluted waters in remote northern Arctic regions of Sweden. A total of 13 time series representing different locations and species are presented for the different pollutants. The period studied covers the time when pollution was serious as well as the time of recovery. All monitoring activities were carried out at the same laboratories over the entire study period, which means that comparability over time is good in the sets of data presented. The various time trends show a convincing agreement with trends and annual change over time, although the concentrations differ between the species and locations investigated, the highest concentrations being in the south. Since the annual changes are normally similar regardless of locations and species, spatial variations in concentrations remain over time, although concentrations are lower today. The onset of changes in concentrations over time can be related to international measures or other circumstances that lowered releases into the environment. Similarities in the annual changes, as well as the time when changes began, are discussed with respect to suggested hypotheses on the fate of the investigated organochlorines. It was not possible to verify that the oxygenation of anoxic sediments mobilised old pollution in Baltic sediments. Neither was it possible to conclude that eutrophication has caused a measurable effect on the rate and timing of the decreases. Finally, long-range transport to Arctic regions seems to be due more to a one step transport than to the ‘Grass-hopper’ effect. The comprehensive database used, clearly shows how important it is to have datasets big enough to describe between-year variation before attempting to evaluate the time trend. In addition, if between-year variation is not known, it is then also difficult to evaluate spatial variation on the basis of single year observations.
12.	Karlen, C., et al. (author) Runoff rates, chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper released from naturally patinated copper 2002 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 120:3, s. 691-700 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The release of copper, induced by atmospheric corrosion, from naturally patinated copper of varying age (0 and 30 years) has been investigated together with its potential ecotoxic effect. Results were generated in an interdisciplinary research effort in which corrosion science and ecotoxicology aspects were combined. The aim of the investigation was to elucidate the situation when copper-containing rainwater leaves a roof in terms of runoff rate, chemical speciation, bioavailability and ecotoxicity effects. Data have been collected during a three-year field exposure conducted in the urban environment of Stockholm, Sweden. The potential environmental effects have been evaluated using a combination of a copper specific biosensor test with the bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus and the conventional 72-h growth inhibition test with the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. The results show annual runoff rates between 1.0 and 1.5 g/m(2) year for naturally patinated copper of varying age. The runoff rate increased slightly with patina age, which mainly is attributed to the enhanced first flush effect observed on thicker patina layers. The total copper concentration in investigated runoff samplings ranged from 0.9 to 9.7 mg/l. Both computer modeling and experimental studies revealed that the majority (60-100%) of released copper was present as the free hydrated cupric ion, Cu(H2O)(6)(2+), the most bioavailable copper species. However, other copper species in the runoff water, such as, e.g. Cu(OH)(+) and CU2(OH)(2)(2+), were also bioavailable. The copper-containing runoff water, sampled directly after release from the roof, caused significant reduction in growth rate of the green alga. It should be emphasized that the results describe the runoff situation immediately after release from the copper roof and not the real environmental ecotoxicity. Therefore the data should only be used as an initial assessment of the potential environmental effect of copper runoff from building applications. Future risk assessments should also consider dilution effects of copper, changes in its chemical speciation and bioavailability during environmental entry, and type and sensitivity of the receiving ecosystem.
13.	Karlsson, Per Erik, 1957, et al. (author) Impact of ozone on the growth of birch (Betula pendula) saplings 2003 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491. ; 124:3, s. 485-495 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Saplings of one half-sib family of birch, Betula pendula, were exposed to three levels of ozone in open-top chambers (OTCs) during two growing seasons 1997-1998. The ozone treatments were non-filtered air (NF, accumulated daylight AOT40 over the two growing seasons of 3.0 mul l(-1) h), non-filtered air with extra ozone (NF +, accumulated daylight AOT40 of 27.3 mul l(-1) h) and nonfiltered air with additional extra ozone (NF++, accumulated daylight AOT40 of 120 mul l(-1) h), The birch saplings, including the roots, were harvested after the first and second growing seasons. After the first growing season, the NF++ treatment reduced the total wood biomass by 22%, relative to the NF treatment. There was no further reduction of the total wood biomass in the NF++ treatment after the second growing season. The root biomass was reduced by 30% after the first growing season. The shoot/root ratio, as well as the proportional biomass of leaves, were increased by ozone during both years. The ozone impact on the relative growth rate was estimated to -2% per 10 mul l(-1) h daylight AOT40 per growing season. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
14.	Larsson, Per, et al. (author) Animals need not to be killed to reveal their body-burdens of chlorinated hydrocarbons 1987 In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 45:1, s. 73-78 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The levels of persistent, lipophilic pollutants in different organs and body-fluids of birds are governed by partitioning, i.e. the levels are correlated. This implies that it may be possible to estimate the total body-burden of chlorinated hydrocarbons, without sacrificing the animals, by examining the levels in secretory fluid. This hypothesis was tested on the goosander, a fish-eating waterfowl. We found that levels of PCB and DDE in secretions from the uropyginal gland were linearly related to levels in the breast muscle. Thus, by estimating the amounts of persistent pollutants in water-repellent secretions, the total body-burden could be calculated.
15.	Lin, Zhixun, et al. (author) The chemical and mineralogical behavior of Pb in shooting range soils from central sweden 1995 In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 89:3, s. 303-309 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Recently investigations have shown that the annual flux of lead from shotgun pellets to shooting range soils is significant in some countries. This paper presents the data of chemical and mineralogical analyses of soils and Pb-pellet crusts from five shooting ranges in Sweden and, based on these results, evaluates the retention of lead in these shooting range soils. In the soils, Pb-pellets and bullets are readily decomposed and transformed to crust materials composed of Pb-bearing minerals. The transformation products in the crust materials, identified by X-ray diffraction, are predominantly hydrocerussite [Pb3(CO3)2 (OH)2], associated with cerussite (PbCO3) and anglesite (PbSO4). In a period of 20–25 years, an average of 4·8% metallic lead in the pellets has been transformed to lead carbonate and lead sulphate, where the former is the more stable mineral in the surface environment. However, in soils relatively rich in humus an average of 15·6% metallic lead in the pellets was transformed to secondary lead compounds in the same period. The results of the chemical analyses indicate that Pb is rather immobile in the soil profile. The surficial horizon contains higher concentrations of lead (52–3400 mg kg−1), while lower concentrations of lead were found in the E and B horizons where the total Pb concentrations (8–37 mg kg−1) are within about one standard deviation of the mean reference sample concentration. An inverse relationship is revealed between the aluminium hydroxide content of the soil fraction and EDTA-extractable Pb, which suggests that these compounds have affected the retention of lead.
16.	Lundgren, Kjell, et al. (author) Flux estimates and sedimentation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the northern part of the Baltic sea 2003 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 126:1, s. 93-105 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The concentrations and fluxes of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were measured in surface sediments, and settling particulate matter collected in sediment traps, at two coastal and two offshore sampling stations in the Gulf of Bothnia, northern Baltic Sea, Sweden. The PCN concentrations (of tetra- to hepta-chloro congeners) in the surface sediments ranged from 0.27 to 2.8 ng/g dry weight and were of the same order of magnitude as background concentrations reported previously in Europe. The PCN fluxes in the southern basin (0.93 and 0.86 μg/m2/year) of the Gulf of Bothnia were higher than those in the northern basin (0.58 and 0.49 μg/m2/year); they were also higher near the coast than in the open sea. These PCN fluxes are similar to the pre-industrial levels determined from lake sediments in northwest England. The PCN homologue distribution changed from a relatively even distribution in samples collected near the coast, to TeCNs dominating in the samples from the open sea. This indicates that higher chlorinated PCNs are deposited and retained in sediments to a higher degree near the coast. The total annual deposition of PCNs in sediments in the Gulf of Bothnia was estimated to be 91 kg/year. Background concentrations in sediments, fluxes and annual sedimentation rates of polychlorinated naphthalenes were measured and estimated at two coastal and two offshore remote sampling stations in the Gulf of Bothnia, northern Baltic Sea.
17.	Markkola, A M, et al. (author) Scots pine responses to CO2 enrichment--I. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil fauna. 1996 In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 94:3, s. 309-16 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Ectomycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings were grown in unfertilized forest soil at ambient and double (ca 700 ppm) atmospheric concentrations of CO2. The biomass of seedlings and fungal biomass both in the roots and in the soil and the numbers of certain groups of soil animals were measured under summer conditions and after an artificial winter acclimation period. No biomass parameter showed any significant change due to CO2 elevation. Increases were found during the winter acclimation period in total and fine root biomasses, fungal biomass in the soil and total fungal biomass both in the roots and in the soil, while the ratio of needle biomass: fungal biomass and the shoot: root ratio decreased. The N concentration in previous-year needles was lower in the double CO2 environment than with ambient CO2. Enchytraeids almost disappeared in the double CO2 environment during winter acclimation, while the numbers of nematodes increased at the same time in both treatments.
18.	Markkola, A. M, et al. (author) Shift in ectomycorrhizal community composition in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling roots as a response to nickel deposition and removal of lichen cover 2002 In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 120:3, s. 797-803 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Scots pine seedlings were exposed to wet-deposited nickel (Ni) and removal of lichen cover in a dry heath Scots pine forest. Ni deposition affected the colonization of roots by indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi in contrasting ways in intact and skimmed quadrats. Highest frequencies of tubercle morphotypes of ectomycorrhiza were found in quadrats exposed to 100 mg m-2 year-1 Ni in lichen covered treatment, while in skimmed quadrats these peaked after the treatment with 10 mg Ni m-2 year-1. Removal of the lichen layer increased the value of diversity index (H′) of ectomycorrhizal fungal community, probably due to the increase in the evenness of the morphotype distribution. Lichen removal seemed also to improve the condition of the short roots, as the frequencies of poor and senescent short roots were decreased by the removal.
19.	Markkola, A. M, et al. (author) Urban polluted forest soils induce elevated root peroxidase activity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings 2002 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 116:2, s. 273-278 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Plant biomass, mycorrhizal status and root peroxidase activity were measured in ectomycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in urban polluted and native, non-polluted forest soils with added ammonium or potassium sulphates simulating N and S deposition of urban areas. Peroxidase activity in the fine roots of seedlings planted in polluted forest soils was higher than in those planted in non-polluted soils and correlated positively with the activities measured in an earlier study in the roots of mature Scots pines growing at the sites from where the soils were collected. Growth of seedlings and mycorrhizal status were not affected by the origin of soil. Exposing the seedlings to winter acclimation conditions for 6 weeks elevated peroxidase activity in the roots. The addition of ammonium or potassium sulphate to non-polluted soils did not induce elevated root peroxidase activity, although at the levels of 0.5 and 1.0 g of ammonium sulphate a slight increasing trend was observed. We suggest, that indirect biotic factors, i.e. changes in the community structure of soil fungi, early stages of recognition, and defence reactions of pine roots against saprophytic and pathogenic fungi may be participating in the elicitation of peroxidase (POD) activity, although the possible role of heavy metals cannot be excluded.
20.	Palm, Anna, et al. (author) Assessing the environmental fate of chemicals of emerging concern: a case study of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers 2002 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 117:2, s. 195-213 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract It is suggested that assessments of chemicals of emerging concern can be rationally structured around a multistage process in which fate and risk are evaluated with increasing accuracy as new data become available. An initial tentative and approximate assessment of fate and risk can identify key data gaps and justify and direct further investigations, which progressively improve the reliability of the assessment. This approach is demonstrated for a class of chemicals, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which is of increasing concern, but about which there is presently a lack of comprehensive data on properties, sources, fate and effects. Specifically, 20 PBDE congeners are investigated using the suggested approach and research needs are identified.For chemicals of emerging concern, an initial and approximate assessment of fate and risk can identify key data gaps.
21.	Roos, Anna, 1961-, et al. (author) The otter (Lutra lutra) in Sweden - population trends in relation to ΣDDT and total PCB concentrations during 1968-99 2001 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 111, s. 457-469 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) has been suggested as the major cause of the European otter (Lutra lutra) population decline. This study investigates temporal and geographical changes in otter numbers as well as total PCB and ΣDDT concentrations in otters and their food in diferent parts of Sweden with various pollution impacts during three decades. In Sweden, rare species belong to the State and carcasses of such specimens are sent to the authorities. Two-hundred and eight specimens have been used to investigate temporal and spatial variation in the otter populations during 1968 and 1999. One-hundred and twentyfive of them have been chemically analysed. The population trends in northern Sweden coincide with the temporal trends of the contaminants. When concentrations of PCBs decrease in the environment, otter population increases. Neither aldrin/dieldrin nor mercury pollution seem to explain why the Swedish otter populations decreased dramatically during the 1960s-1980s. In southern Sweden total PCB concentrations are still high and the indications of improvement of the population are weak.
22.	Ruth-Balaganskaya, Ekaterina, et al. (author) Sulphur migration in the soil-plant system contaminated by deposits from nickel industry : A field manipulation 2002 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 117:2, s. 287-293 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Sulphur migration in the soil-plant system was studied in a field experiment carried out in the spruce-pine forest 70 km SE from the 'Severonickel' smelting plant on the Kola Peninsula. In the experiment, dry particle deposits collected from filters of smokestacks in different departments of 'Severonickel' were applied on the study plots and on gravity lysimeters in quantities simulating estimated actual annual emissions in the area within 2-5 km from the smelter. In the present paper, the effects of two types of deposits consisting mostly of water-soluble sulphates of copper and nickel are described ("Cu-contaminant": Cu-55%, Ni-3.8%, SO4 - 25%; "Ni-contaminant": Ni-20%, Cu-5%, SO4 - 65%). Soil, plant tissue and penetration water were analysed during 3 years after the treatment. Extractable sulphur distribution in the soil-plant system showed downward movement after 1 year and upward movement after 3 years. The trend was more pronounced in the site treated with Ni-contaminant.
23.	Abdolahpur Monikh, Fazel, et al. (author) Parental and trophic transfer of nanoscale plastic debris in an assembled aquatic food chain as a function of particle size 2021 In: Environmental Pollution. - : Springer. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 269 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The existing limitations in analytical techniques for characterization and quantification of nanoscale plastic debris (NPD) in organisms hinder understanding of the parental and trophic transfer of NPD in organisms. Herein, we used iron oxide-doped polystyrene (PS) NPD (Fe-PS-NPD) of 270 nm and Europium (Eu)-doped PS-NPD (Eu-PS-NPD) of 640 nm to circumvent these limitations and to evaluate the influence of particle size on the trophic transfer of NPD along an algae-daphnids food chain and on the reproduction of daphnids fed with NPD-exposed algae. We used Fe and Eu as proxies for the Fe-PS-NPD and Eu-Ps-NPD, respectively. The algae cells (Pseudokirchinella subcapitata) were exposed to 4.8 × 1010 particles/L of Fe-PS-NPD or Eu-PS-NPD for 72 h. A high percentage (>60%) of the NPD was associated with algal cells. Only a small fraction (<11%) of the NPD, however, was transferred to daphnids fed for 21 days on the NPD-exposed algae. The uptake and trophic transfer of the 270 nm Fe-PS-NPD were higher than those for the 640 nm Eu-PS-NPD, indicating that smaller NPD are more likely to transfer along food chains. After exposure to Fe-PS-NPD, the time to first brood was prolonged and the number of neonates per adult significantly decreased compared to the control without any exposure and compared to daphnids exposed to the Eu-Ps-NPD. The offspring of daphnids exposed to Eu-PS-NPD through algae, showed a traceable concentration of Eu, suggesting that NPD are transferred from parents to offspring. We conclude that NPD can be transferred in food chains and caused reproductive toxicity as a function of NPD size. Studies with prolonged exposure and weathered NPD are endeavored to increase environmental realism of the impacts determined.
24.	Abeysinghe, Kasun S., et al. (author) Mercury flow through an Asian rice-based food web 2017 In: Environmental Pollution. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 229, s. 219-228 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Mercury (Hg) is a globally-distributed pollutant, toxic to humans and animals. Emissions are particularly high in Asia, and the source of exposure for humans there may also be different from other regions, including rice as well as fish consumption, particularly in contaminated areas. Yet the threats Asian wildlife face in rice-based ecosystems are as yet unclear. We sought to understand how Hg flows through rice-based food webs in historic mining and non-mining regions of Guizhou, China. We measured total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in soil, rice, 38 animal species (27 for MeHg) spanning multiple trophic levels, and examined the relationship between stable isotopes and Hg concentrations. Our results confirm biomagnification of THg/MeHg, with a high trophic magnification slope. Invertivorous songbirds had concentrations of THg in their feathers that were 15x and 3x the concentration reported to significantly impair reproduction, at mining and non-mining sites, respectively. High concentrations in specialist rice consumers and in granivorous birds, the later as high as in piscivorous birds,, suggest rice is a primary source of exposure. Spiders had the highest THg concentrations among invertebrates and may represent a vector through which Hg is passed to vertebrates, especially songbirds. Our findings suggest there could be significant population level health effects and consequent biodiversity loss in sensitive ecosystems, like agricultural wetlands, across Asia, and invertivorous songbirds would be good subjects for further studies investigating this possibility.
25.	Abrahamson, Alexandra, et al. (author) Monitoring contaminants from oil production at sea by measuring gill EROD activity in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) 2008 In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 153:1, s. 169-175 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract An ex vivo gill EROD assay was applied in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as a biomarker for waterborne CYP1A-inducing compounds derived from oil production at sea. Exposure to nominal concentrations of 1 ppm or 10 ppm North Sea crude oil in a static water system for 24 h caused a concentration-dependent gill EROD induction. Further, exposure of cod for 14 days to environmentally relevant concentrations of produced water (PW, diluted 1:200 or 1:1000) from a platform in the North Sea using a flow-through system resulted in a concentration-dependent induction of gill EROD. Crude oil (0.2 ppm) from the same oil field also proved to induce EROD. Finally, gill EROD activity in cod caged for 6 weeks at 500-10 000 m from two platforms outside Norway was measured. The activities in these fish were very low and did not differ from those in fish caged at reference sites.

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