| 1. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(author)
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Trust in India and Sweden: An experimental examination of the Fukuyama conjecture
- 2008
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In: Cross-cultural research. - : SAGE Publications. - 1069-3971 .- 1552-3578. ; 42:4, s. 420-429
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The authors test the proposition, put forward by Francis Fukuyama, that the higher the level of trust in a country the less corrupt, the more developed, and wealthier its economy will be. They study trust and voluntary cooperation using a one-shot and three-person public goods game experiment in India and Sweden. The results, in line with the proposition, show that the average contribution is significantly larger in Sweden, implying a higher level of trust and cooperation in Sweden than in India. This article provides further evidence on the relationship between trust and economic development. This study differs from previous ones in that it uses a multilateral game experiment to study trust and cooperation rather than a bilateral game experiment. Furthermore, it provides evidence from two countries not studied before in this context.
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| 2. |
- Croy, Ilona, et al.
(author)
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COVID-19 and Social Distancing : A Cross-Cultural Study of Interpersonal Distance Preferences and Touch Behaviors Before and During the Pandemic
- 2024
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In: Cross-Cultural Research. - 1069-3971 .- 1552-3578. ; 58:1, s. 41-69
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the introduction of unprecedented safety measures, one of them being physical distancing recommendations. Here, we assessed whether the pandemic has led to long-term effects on two important physical distancing aspects, namely interpersonal distance preferences and interpersonal touch behaviors. We analyzed nearly 14,000 individual cases from two large, cross-cultural surveys – the first conducted 2 years prior to the pandemic and the second during a relatively stable period of a decreased infection rate in May-June 2021. Preferred interpersonal distances increased by 54% globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. This increase was observable across all types of relationships, all countries, and was more pronounced in individuals with higher self-reported vulnerability to diseases. Unexpectedly, participants reported a higher incidence of interpersonal touch behaviors during than before the pandemic. We discuss our results in the context of prosocial and self-protection motivations that potentially promote different social behaviors.
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| 3. |
- Freeman, Jacob, et al.
(author)
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Infrastructure and the Energy Use of Human Polities
- 2023
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In: Cross-cultural research. - : Sage Publications. - 1069-3971 .- 1552-3578. ; 57:2-3, s. 294-322
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper integrates scaling theory with variation in systems of governance to help explain cross-cultural differences in the energy use of human polities. In both industrial and pre-industrial polities, systems of governance moderate the scaling of population and energy use. Polities with more inclusive governance systems display, on average, lower energy use per agent. However, as populations increase in size, the energy consumed by polities with more inclusive governance increases faster than among polities with less inclusive governance. These results support the hypothesis that more inclusive governance systems help generate a virtuous cycle of increasing trust, larger-scale cooperation, and more productive economies; however, a byproduct of this process is an expanding network–energy throughput tradeoff: Good governance empowers individuals and firms to connect and cooperate. At the same time, similar to Jevons’ classic efficiency paradox, scaling-up this empowerment requires a system, as a whole, to consume ever greater amounts of energy and materials from the earth'€™s ecosystems.
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| 4. |
- Harkness, S, et al.
(author)
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Mixed methods in international collaborative research: The experiences of the international study of parents, children, schools
- 2006
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In: CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH. - : SAGE Publications. - 1069-3971 .- 1552-3578. ; 40:1, s. 65-82
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The power of a mixed-methods approach combining anthropological and psychological theories and methods is demonstrated through the experiences of the International Study of Parents, Children, and Schools, a collaborative project involving teams of researchers from seven Western countries. The developmental niche framework of Super and Harkness proved useful for integrating multiple methods to understand the context of children’s early development at home and at school. Several parts of the study are presented as illustrations: the development and application of a common list of descriptors for coding parents’ discourse about their children; the construction of a derived etic form of a child temperament questionnaire; the discovery and exploration of ideas and practices related to parent-child co-sleeping; and the identification of cultural themes across various kinds of data. The authors conclude that a combination of anthropological and psychological methods can enrich understanding of children’s development in various cultural settings.
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| 5. |
- He, Jia, et al.
(author)
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Socially Desirable Responding : Enhancement and Denial in 20 Countries
- 2015
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In: Cross-cultural research. - : SAGE Publications. - 1069-3971 .- 1552-3578. ; 49:3, s. 227-249
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article investigated the dimensionality, measurement invariance, and cross-cultural variations of social desirability. A total of 3,471 university students from 20 countries completed an adapted version of the Marlowe-Crowne scale. A two-dimensional structure was revealed in the pooled sample, distinguishing enhancement (endorsement of positive self-description) and denial (rejection of negative self-description). The factor structure was supported in most countries; medium-sized item bias was found in two denial items. In a multilevel analysis, we found that (a) there was more cross-cultural variation in denial than enhancement; (b) females tended to score higher on enhancement whereas males tended to score higher on denial; (c) the Human Development Index, an indicator of country socioeconomic development, was the best (negative) predictor of denial; and (d) both enhancement and denial seemed to be associated with country-level values and personality pertinent to fitting in. We conclude that social desirability has a positive and a negative impression management dimension that are meaningfully associated with country-level characteristics, and we argue that social desirability is better interpreted as culturally regulated response amplification.
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| 6. |
- Matias, Marisa, et al.
(author)
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Profiles of Parental Burnout Around the Globe : Similarities and Differences Across 36 Countries
- 2023
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In: Cross-cultural research. - 1069-3971 .- 1552-3578. ; 57:5, s. 499-538
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Parental burnout (PB) is a pervasive phenomenon. Parenting is embedded in cultural values, and previous research has shown the role of individualism in PB. In this paper, we reanalyze previously collected data to identify profiles based on the four dimensions of PB, and explore whether these profiles vary across countries’ levels of collectivistic-individualistic (COL-IND) values. Our sample comprised 16,885 individuals from 36 countries (73% women; 27% men), and we used a latent profile approach to uncover PB profiles. The findings showed five profiles: Fulfilled, Not in PB, Low risk of PB, High risk of PB and Burned out. The profiles pointed to climbing levels of PB in the total sample and in each of the three country groups (High COL/Low IND, Medium COL-IND, Low COL/High IND). Exploratory analyses revealed that distinct dimensions of PB had the most prominent roles in the climbing pattern, depending on the countries’ levels of COL/IND. In particular, we found contrast to be a hallmark dimension and an indicator of severe burnout for individualistic countries. Contrary to our predictions, emotional distance and saturation did not allow a clear differentiation across collectivistic countries. Our findings support several research avenues regarding PB measurement and intervention.
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| 7. |
- Putnick, Diane L., et al.
(author)
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Agreement in Mother and Father Acceptance-Rejection, Warmth, and Hostility/Rejection/ Neglect of Children Across Nine Countries
- 2012
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In: Cross-cultural research. - : SAGE Publications. - 1069-3971 .- 1552-3578. ; 46:3, s. 191-223
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The authors assessed whether mothers' and fathers' self-reports of acceptance-rejection, warmth, and hostility/rejection/neglect (HRN) of their preadolescent children differ cross-nationally and relative to the gender of the parent and child in 10 communities in 9 countries, including China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States (N = 998 families). Mothers and fathers in all countries reported a high degree of acceptance and warmth, and a low degree of HRN, but countries also varied. Mothers reported greater acceptance of children than fathers in China, Italy, Sweden, and the United States, and these effects were accounted for by greater self-reported warmth in mothers than in fathers in China, Italy, the Philippines, Sweden, and Thailand and less HRN in mothers than in fathers in Sweden. Fathers reported greater warmth than mothers in Kenya. Mother and father acceptance-rejection were moderately correlated. Relative levels of mother and father acceptance and rejection appear to be country specific. © 2012 SAGE Publications.
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| 8. |
- Wästlund, Erik, et al.
(author)
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Exploring Cross-Cultural Differences in Self-Concept : A Meta-Analysis of SDQ
- 2001
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In: Cross Cultural Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 1069-3971 .- 1552-3578. ; 35:3, s. 280-302
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This meta-analytic approach, designed to explore the cross-cultural differences in levels of self-concept as measured by the Self-Description Questionnaire, yielded two main results. (a) There seems to be a general pattern in self-concept amongst schoolchildren from the three cultural groups included in this investigation (i.e., Asia, Africa, and Australia/United States). Girls have higher or equal means in most academic areas and boys are higher in nonacademic and total self-concept. Furthermore, (b) in the comparison between these cultural groups a pattern emerged whereby the children from Africa, generally, had the most positive self-concept, the children from Asia had the least positive self-concept in the nonacademic subareas, and the children from Australia/United States had the least positive self-concept in the academic subareas. Because these differences are difficult to explain solely with the concepts of individualism and collectivism, a tentative explanation incorporating the concept of optimism is suggested.
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