| 1. |
- Åkerblom, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Wastewater treatment in Sweden 2018
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Development over the last 200 years has taken Swedish society from dugout latrines, to underground sewers flowing into lakes or coastal waters, to advanced wastewater treatment plants. Wastewater issues have changed from resolving local sanitary problems to a global environmental issue.This paper ’Wastewater Treatment in Sweden’ is published by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Swedish EPA) to provide an historical overview of development of urban wastewater treatment from 1900s to the present. The paper is published biannually and includes the most recent statistical data from 2016 for releases and sludge from wastewater treatment plants.This information is published in accordance with Article 16 of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). The Directive applies to all wastewater collected in sewage systems, but specific requirements apply only to treatment plants serving more than 2,000 persons. For Sweden, this corresponds to over 400 wastewater treatment plants.
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| 2. |
- Ahrens, Lutz, et al.
(author)
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Poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in water, sediment and fish muscle tissue from Lake Tana, Ethiopia and implications for human exposure
- 2016
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In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 165, s. 352-357
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lake Tana is Ethiopia's largest lake and there are plans to increase the harvest of fish from the lake. The objective of this study was to assess the levels of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in different compartments of the lake (water, sediment, and fish muscle tissue), and its implications for human exposure. The results showed higher PFAS concentrations in piscivorous fish species (Labeobarbus mega-stoma and Labeobarbus gorguari) than non-piscivorous species (Labeobarbus intermedius, Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus) and also spatial distribution similarities. The Sigma PFAS concentrations ranged from 0.073 to 5.6 ng L-1 (on average, 2.9 ng L-1) in surface water, 0.22-0.55 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) (on average, 0.30 ng g(-1) dw) in surface sediment, and non-detected to 5.8 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) (on average, 1.2 ng g(-1) ww) in all fish species. The relative risk (RR) indicates that the consumption of fish contaminated with perfiuorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) will likely not cause any harmful effects for the Ethiopian fish eating population. However, mixture toxicity of the sum of PFASs, individual fish consumption patterns and increasing fish consumption are important factors to consider in future risk assessments.
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| 3. |
- Berg, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Late stage pine litter decomposition : Relationship to litter N, Mn, and acid unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) concentrations and climatic factors
- 2015
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In: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 358, s. 41-47
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to evaluate relationships between decomposition rates of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta) needle litter in the late stage of decomposition (>30% accumulated mass loss), and the progressively changing concentrations of manganese (Mn), nitrogen (N), and acid unhydrolyzable residue (AUR), as well as mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). Using available long-term decomposition studies on pine needle litter in a climate gradient in Sweden, we calculated annual mass loss and related to concentrations of Mn, N, and AUR at the start of each one-year period as well as to MAT and MAP. We investigated these relationships for (i) all data on annual mass loss combined and (ii) annual mass loss for five different decomposition categories as defined by accumulated mass loss. We found highly significant, negative, and dominant relationships between annual mass loss and N (R2=0.39) and AUR (R2=0.39), a slight but significant positive relationship to Mn (R2=0.08) and a significant negative relationship to MAT (R2=0.06). The relationships were dynamic, and changed with accumulated mass loss. The rate-dampening effect of N decreased to be a rate-enhancing effect at c. 60-80% accumulated mass loss. A similar trend was found for AUR, becoming rate-enhancing at 70-80% accumulated mass loss. For Scots pine needle litter the effect of MAT on mass loss decreased with increasing accumulated mass loss and changed to a rate-dampening effect at c. 50-70% accumulated mass loss. Mn showed a stimulating effect on mass loss rate in all categories whereas MAP showed no effect in this mainly boreal climatic gradient. The current approach indicates a method for detailed studies of rate-regulating factors for litter decomposition.
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| 4. |
- Berg, Björn, 1943-, et al.
(author)
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Magnesium dynamics in decomposing foliar litter - a synthesis
- 2021
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In: Geoderma. - : Elsevier. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 382
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We synthesized available data for magnesium (Mg) dynamics in newly shed and decomposing foliar litter of mainly pine (Pinus) species, Norway spruce (Picea abies), and birch (Betula) species. Using original, measured data from 40 stands organized in climatic gradients we intended to determine patterns of Mg concentration and net release vs accumulated mass loss of the litter. This synthesis is likely the first synthesis of Mg dynamics in decomposing litter.In paired stands, litter of both Norway spruce and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) had higher Mg concentrations than Scots pine (Pinus silvestris), with concentrations in Norway spruce litter even twice as high.In decomposing litter, Mg concentrations followed a quadratic (X2-X) function vs accumulated mass loss and consequently had minima, different for Norway spruce and Scots pine litter. Out of 68 decomposition studies 53 gave minimum concentration. The Mg minimum concentration during decomposition was positively related to initial Mg concentration for Scots pine and Scots pine plus lodgepole pine but not for Norway spruce. The increase in concentration suggests that after the minimum Mg was temporarily limiting.For Norway spruce litter there was a relationship between minimum concentration of Mg and the limit value. There was no such relationship for Scots pine and not for the combined pine data.Magnesium net release started directly after the incubation and was linear to accumulated mass loss of litter, giving a slope coefficient (release rate) for each study. The net release rate was linear to initial Mg concentration and all studies combined gave a negative linear relationship.
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| 5. |
- Bergman, Inger, et al.
(author)
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The influence of sulphate deposition on the seasonal variation of peat pore water methyl Hg in a boreal mire
- 2012
-
In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:9, s. e45547-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we investigate the hypothesis that long-term sulphate (SO42-) deposition has made peatlands a larger source of methyl mercury (MeHg) to remote boreal lakes. This was done on experimental plots at a boreal, low sedge mire where the effect of long-term addition of SO42- on peat pore water MeHg concentrations was observed weekly throughout the snow-free portion of 1999. The additions of SO42- started in 1995. The seasonal mean of the pore water MeHg concentrations on the plots with 17 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of sulphur (S) addition (1.3 +/- 0.08 ng L-1, SE; n=44) was significantly (p<0.0001) higher than the mean MeHg concentration on the plots with 3 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of ambient S deposition (0.6 +/- 0.02 ng L-1, SE; n=44). The temporal variation in pore water MeHg concentrations during the snow free season was larger in the S-addition plots, with an amplitude of >2 ng L-1 compared to +/-0.5 ng L-1 in the ambient S deposition plots. The concentrations of pore water MeHg in the S-addition plots were positively correlated (r(2)=0.21; p=0.001) to the groundwater level, with the lowest concentrations of MeHg during the period with the lowest groundwater levels. The pore water MeHg concentrations were not correlated to total Hg, DOC concentration or pH. The results from this study indicate that the persistently higher pore water concentrations of MeHg in the S-addition plots are caused by the long-term additions of SO42- to the mire surface. Since these waters are an important source of runoff, the results support the hypothesis that SO42- deposition has increased the contribution of peatlands to MeHg in downstream aquatic systems. This would mean that the increased deposition of SO42- in acid rain has contributed to the modern increase in the MeHg burdens of remote lakes hydrologically connected to peatlands.
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| 6. |
- Bishop, Kevin, et al.
(author)
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The Effects of Forestry on Hg Bioaccumulation in Nemoral/Boreal Waters and Recommendations for Good Silvicultural Practice
- 2009
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In: Ambio. - : Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 38:7, s. 373-380
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mercury (Hg) levels are alarmingly high in fish from lakes across Fennoscandia and northern North America. The few published studies on the ways in which silviculture practices influence this problem indicate that forest operations increase Hg in downstream aquatic ecosystems. From these studies, we estimate that between one-tenth and one-quarter of the Hg in the fish of high-latitude, managed forest landscapes can be attributed to harvesting. Forestry, however, did not create the elevated Hg levels in the soils, and waterborne Hg/MeHg concentrations downstream from harvested areas are similar to those from wetlands. Given the current understanding of the way in which silviculture impacts Hg cycling, most of the recommendations for good forest practice in Sweden appear to be appropriate for high-latitude regions, e.g., leaving riparian buffer zones, as well as reducing disturbance at stream crossings and in moist areas. The recommendation to restore wetlands and reduce drainage, however, will likely increase Hg/MeHg loadings to aquatic ecosystems
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| 7. |
- Campeau, Audrey, et al.
(author)
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Sources of riverine mercury across the Mackenzie River Basin; inferences from a combined Hg C isotopes and optical properties approach
- 2022
-
In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 806, s. 150808-150808
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Arctic terrestrial environment harbors a complex mosaic of mercury (Hg) and carbon (C) reservoirs, some of which are rapidly destabilizing in response to climate warming. The sources of riverine Hg across the Mackenzie River basin (MRB) are uncertain, which leads to a poor understanding of potential future release. Measurements of dissolved and particulate mercury (DHg, PHg) and carbon (DOC, POC) concentration were performed, along with analyses of Hg stable isotope ratios (incl. ∆199Hg, d202Hg), radiocarbon content (∆14C) and optical properties of DOC of river water. Isotopic ratios of Hg revealed a closer association to terrestrial Hg reservoirs for the particulate fraction, while the dissolved fraction was more closely associated with atmospheric deposition sources of shorter turnover time. There was a positive correlation between the ∆14C-OC and riverine Hg concentration for both particulate and dissolved fractions, indicating that waters transporting older-OC (14C-depleted) also contained higher levels of Hg. In the dissolved fraction, older DOC was also associated with higher molecular weight, aromaticity and humic content, which are likely associated with higher Hg-binding potential. Riverine PHg concentration increased with turbidity and SO4 concentration. There were large contrasts in Hg concentration and OC age and quality among the mountain and lowland sectors of the MRB, which likely reflect the spatial distribution of various terrestrial Hg and OC reservoirs, including weathering of sulfate minerals, erosion and extraction of coal deposits, thawing permafrost, forest fires, peatlands, and forests. Results revealed major differences in the sources of particulate and dissolved riverine Hg, but nonetheless a common positive association with older riverine OC. These findings reveal that a complex mixture of Hg sources, supplied across the MRB, will contribute to future trends in Hg export to the Arctic Ocean under rapid environmental changes.
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| 8. |
- Eklöf, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Impact of stump harvest on run-off concentrations of total mercury and methylmercury
- 2013
-
In: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 290, s. 83-94
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Forest harvesting operations have been reported to increase the levels of both total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in runoff water and downstream biota. Mobilization of such harmful substances by logging may pose ecological risks that may be influenced further by site preparation and stump harvest. Stump harvest is currently being explored as a method to increase the supply of biofuels. In this catchment study we investigated the effects of stump harvest, in comparison with ordinary site-preparation, on the runoff concentrations of THg and MeHg as well as several other chemistry parameters. Both treatments were also compared with unharvested reference catchments. Water samples from watercourses draining these catchments were analyzed for various variables including THg, MeHg, total organic carbon, absorbance and total suspended solids. One year of pre-treatment data, starting when the treated areas were just logged, and 2 years of post-treatment data, after stump harvest or site-preparation, were collected with a sample frequency of twice a month. The concentrations of THg and MeHg in the treated areas were decreasing after both stump harvest and site preparation relative to the reference catchment. Further, our results indicate that stump harvest has not caused increased concentrations of any of the studied parameters in relation to traditional site preparation. Two factors are proposed to be responsible for the lack of response to stump harvest and site preparation; (1) the areas are still undergoing recovery from the former logging which may have led to greater Hg export and/or (2) there is variability among sites in how they respond to forestry operations, depending on the biogeochemical and hydrological status of the area. Although no forestry response caused by stump harvest or site preparation was found, we noted that the concentrations of both THg and especially MeHg were high (median THg: 4.5-10.4 ng L-1, median MeHg: 0.7-2.1 ng L-1) in all catchments both before and after treatment, compared to other studies. Variables indicating the organic carbon content were the ones most strongly correlated to the variation of both THg and MeHg in the PLS models based on the dataset from the whole sampling period and all catchments. The relatively high concentrations of THg and MeHg during the study period appeared to be more influenced by organic carbon, but also hydrology and temperature as well as possibly the initial logging rather than by the soil disturbance caused by either stump harvest or site preparation.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Fritsche, Johannes, et al.
(author)
-
Evasion of Elemental Mercury from a Boreal Peat land Suppressed by Long-Term Sulfate Addition
- 2014
-
In: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2328-8930. ; 1:10, s. 421-425
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigated the evasion of TGM (total gaseous mercury) from experimental plots on a boreal peatland that had been exposed for 15 years to different combinations of atmospheric sulfur (5) and nitrogen (N) deposition as well as greenhouse treatments simulating climate change. Shaded dynamic flux chamber measurements during the summer in 2009 showed emission of TGM to the atmosphere from most of the treated plots (0.7 +/- 0.94 ng m(-2) h(-1)). However, TGM exchange rates were significantly lower, occasionally indicating Hg uptake, on plots subjected to S addition at rates of 20 kg ha(-1) year(-1). Enhanced nitrogen deposition and greenhouse treatment had no significant effect on TGM fluxes. We hypothesize that the lower Hg evasion from the sulfur-treated plots is related to either earlier Hg evasion or Hg binding to S in organic matter, making, Hg less susceptible to volatilization and more prone to transport in runoff.
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| 11. |
- Habiba, G., et al.
(author)
-
Mercury Human Exposure in Populations Living Around Lake Tana (Ethiopia)
- 2017
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In: Biological Trace Element Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0163-4984 .- 1559-0720. ; 175:2, s. 237-243
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A survey carried out in Lake Tana in 2015 found that Hg levels in some fish species exceeded internationally accepted safe levels for fish consumption. The current study assesses human exposure to Hg through fish consumption around the Lake Tana. Of particular interest was that a dietary intake of fishes is currently a health risk for Bihar Dar residents and anglers. Hair samples were collected from three different groups: anglers, college students and teachers, and daily laborers. A questionary includes gender, age, weight, activity. Frequency of fish consumption and origin of the eaten fish were completed by each participant. Mercury concentrations in hair were significantly higher (P value <0.05) for anglers (mean ± standard deviation 0.120 ± 0.199Â μg/g) than college students (mean ± standard deviation 0.018 ± 0.039Â μg/g) or daily workers (mean ± standard deviation 16 ± 9.5Â ng/g). Anglers consumed fish more often than daily workers and college group. Moreover, there was also a strong correlation (P value <0.05) between the logarithms of total mercury and age associated with mercury concentration in scalp hair. Mercury concentrations in the hair of men were on average twice the value of the women. Also, users of skin lightening soap on a daily basis had 2.5 times greater mercury in scalp hair than non-users. Despite the different sources of mercury exposure mentioned above, the mercury concentrations of the scalp hair of participants of this study were below levels deemed to pose a threat to health.
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| 12. |
- Hansson, Katarina, et al.
(author)
-
Hur rapporterar avloppsreningsverk sina utsläpp?
- 2019
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- SMED har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket sammanställt information om hur avloppsreningsverken rapporterar sina utsläppsdata. Syftet med projektet var att göra en riktad granskning av utsläppsdata från avloppsreningsverken som omfattas av rapporteringskraven enligt EU:s Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) (23 st). Syftet var också att redovisa vilka rapporteringskrav som ställs på avloppsreningsverken i Sverige och redogöra för kraven i E-PRTR-rapporteringen samt osäkerheterna som kopplar till de rapporterade utsläppen.Två svenska föreskrifter kopplar till rapportering av utsläpp från avloppsreningsverk. Dessa är: Naturvårdsverkets föreskrifter om rening och kontroll av utsläpp av avloppsvatten från tätbebyggelse (NFS 2016:6) samt föreskrifter om miljörapport (NFS 2016:8). Resultaten från denna studie visar att de parametrar som ska rapporteras enligt NFS 2016:8 bilaga 6 har blivit rapporterade för utsläppsåret 2017 från alla de 23 reningsverk som omfattades av studien, vilket är en förbättring mot föregående år och kan kopplas till att kraven har blivit tydligare i NFS 2016:6 och NFS 2016:8.Det är få av dessa 23 reningsverk som rapporterar utsläpp av övriga ämnen i NFS 2016:8, bland annat organiska ämnen.Fem avloppsreningsverk i det nationella miljöövervakningsprogrammet av miljögifter i utgående vatten från avloppsreningsverk ingår i de 23 största avloppsreningsverken, vars utsläpp rapporteras till E-PRTR. Beräkningar baserade på miljöövervakningsdata visar att det finns enstaka ämnen, t.ex. nonylfenoler och oktylfenoler, som skulle kunna hamna över tröskelvärdet för rapportering för vissa av anläggningarna, om dessa inkluderades i ett ordinarie mätprogram. Det bör dock poängteras att miljöövervakningsdata representeras ett veckoprov per år, vilket gör att resultaten bör anses vara indikativa.Det finns flera osäkerheter i emissionsdata som inkommer via miljörapport. Bland ämnen som rapporterades under kvantifieringsgräns (inkl. mindre-än värden, detektionssgräns) utmärker sig metallerna silver, kadmium, krom, kvicksilver och bly. Många organiska ämnen som rapporteras in mer sporadiskt baseras på fåtal prover. Det förekommer också olika sätt att hantera värden under kvantifieringsgräns (eller motsvarande) vid beräkning av emissioner, där varianterna som omfattar halva eller hela kvantifieringsgränsen som ett numeriskt värde förekommer. Enligt Naturvårdsverkets vägledning om hur låga värden ska hanteras ska halva kvantifieringsgränsen användas.
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| 13. |
- Hansson, Katarina, et al.
(author)
-
Långsiktig plan för sakområdet Farliga ämnen
- 2021
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Den långsiktiga planen för sakområdet Farliga ämnen är ett levande, vägledande dokument, dels för Naturvårdsverkets prioriteringar inom området och dels för projektplanering och samordning inom SMED.Arbetet med den långsiktiga planen omfattar fem områden:RapporteringskravDet svenska PRTRNationell omvärldsanalys och rapporteringsbehovInternationell verksamhet i relation till PRTRSamordning och internationell omvärldsanalysI planen beskrivs rapporteringskraven inom sakområdet Farliga ämnen och det presenteras förslag till utvecklingsmöjligheter av det svenska PRTR (Utsläpp i siffror, UTIS). Omvärldsanalysen visar att det pågår ett omfattande arbete både nationellt och internationellt inom området Farliga ämnen. Planen belyser också på vilket sätt framtagna utsläppsdata rapporteras internationellt via olika konventioner och direktiv samt hur dessa data används nationellt för uppföljning av miljökvalitetsmålen, samt som underlag till utredningar beställda av den svenska regeringen.
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| 14. |
- Hansson, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Näringsbelastningen på Östersjön och Västerhavet 2017 : Sveriges underlag till HELCOM:s sjunde Pollution Load Compilation
- 2019
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Havs- och vattenmyndigheten har gett SMED i uppdrag att genomföra beräkningar av kväve- och fosforbelastning från olika källor för år 2017 till sjöar, vattendrag och havet för hela Sverige. Syftet är att ge underlag till Sveriges rapportering till HELCOM PLC7 samt till vattenförvaltningens arbete i Sverige. Denna rapport, tillsammans med underlagsrapporter, redovisar resultat, underlagsdata, och beräkningsmetoder på detaljnivå för att uppnå transparens och spårbarhet samt för att möjliggöra vidareanvändning i arbetet inom svensk vattenförvaltning.Beräkningarna genomfördes i så stor utsträckning som möjligt med den metodiken som togs fram inom föregående projekt (PLC6). Arbetet innebär att stora mängder data har bearbetats och beräknats för att ge heltäckande information för hela Sverige fördelat på cirka 24 500 vattenförekomstområden. Resultaten är tillgängliga för alla via webbverktyget Tekniskt Beräkningssystem Vatten (TBV, tbv.smhi.se). Resultaten presenteras som brutto- samt nettobelastning för varje näringskälla, fördelat på total, antropogen och bakgrundsbelastning. Bruttobelastning är den mängd näringsämnen som släpps ut vid källan till ett vattendrag eller sjö. Nettobelastning är den del av bruttobelastningen som når havet. Skillnaden mellan brutto- och nettobelastningen benämns retention. Jordbruks- och skogsmark är de två största källorna till den totala belastningen på havet (nettobelastning) för både kväve och fosfor, med 33 400 respektive 31 670 ton/år kväve, samt 1 010 respektive 870 ton/år fosfor år 2017. Tillsammans står dessa källor för cirka 60 % av den totala belastningen. Av den antropogena belastningen står jordbruket för den största andelen (19 470 ton/år kväve samt 710 ton/år fosfor), följt av utsläpp från avloppsreningsverk (14 050 ton/år kväve samt 230 ton/år fosfor). Belastningen från skogsmark ingår enbart i bakgrund och den antropogena belastningen från hyggen bidrar endast med 1 540 ton/år kväve och 20 ton/år fosfor.Bottenhavet, Egentliga Östersjön och Kattegatt är de bassänger som tar emot mest kväve av Sveriges totala belastning på havet (28 560 ton/år, 26 150 ton/år respektive 27 700 ton/år, vilket motsvarar cirka 25 % vardera). I Bottenhavet är dock en stor del av belastningen naturlig bakgrundsbelastning. Egentliga Östersjön och Kattegatt tar emot mest av Sveriges antropogena belastning av kväve, 30 % respektive 31 %. I jämförelse mellan vilka havsbassänger som är mest belastade av fosfor, så är det Bottenhavet som tar emot mest (1 040 ton/år eller 32 % av den totala belastningen). Strax under en fjärdedel av Sveriges totala belastning på havet, rinner till Egentliga Östersjön (790 ton/år) och omkring en femtedel belastar Bottenviken och Kattegatt (640 respektive 620 ton/år). Aktionsplanen för Östersjön (Baltic Sea Action Plan, BSAP) anger utsläppsmål för alla länder kring Östersjön, med syfte att nå ”God miljöstatus” i Östersjön och Kattegatt. För fosfor är målet uppnått i alla bassänger utom Egentliga Östersjön, där det är ett utmanande mål och det kommer att bli mycket svårt att minska fosforbelastningen under belastningstaket (308 ton/år). Det krävs omfattande åtgärder av de antropogena källorna, men dessutom så utgör bakgrundsbelastningen en betydande del av den totala belastningen. Total nettobelastning av fosfor till Egentliga Östersjön är 790 ton enligt dessa beräkningar, varav 230 ton är beräknat som bakgrundsbelastning. För att Egentliga Östersjön ska kunna uppnå god miljöstatus med avseende på övergödning kommer det även att behövas åtgärder i Östersjöns andra delbassänger. På grund av skillnader i metoder och indata, är det inte möjligt att direkt jämföra hur belastningen från diffusa källor har ändrats sedan PLC6 (2014). En metodikskillnad som särskilt bör noteras är beräkningen av bakgrundsbelastningen av fosfor från jordbruksmark. Beräkningsmetoden för bakgrunden har utvecklats mellan olika PLC-beräkningar, vilket också lett till starkt skiftande resultat för bakgrundsbelastningen. I PLC6-beräkningen blev bakgrundsbelastningen hög eftersom en förändring i modellen visade sig ha gett en förmodad alltför stor förlust av partikulärt fosfor. Detta har korrigerats i den senaste modellversionen (PLC6.5 och PLC7) vilket är en av anledningarna till att bakgrundsbelastningen är lägre i PLC7 än i PLC6. Det är dock viktigt att notera att bakgrundsberäkningen alltid kommer att vara osäker eftersom den dels i mycket stor utsträckning bygger på antaganden och eftersom det dels saknas mätdata för att jämföra beräkningsresultaten med.För att resultaten för de diffusa källorna ska vara jämförbara mellan åren krävs att det görs en omräkning, antingen med gamla PLC-data och med den nya metoden eller med nya data och med den gamla metoden. En sådan omräkning kan bringa klarhet i hur mycket av skillnaden i resultaten som beror av förfinade indata eller förbättrade metoder och hur mycket som beror på implementerade åtgärder för att minska belastningen. Belastningen från punktkällorna beräknas på samma sätt som i PLC6. Utsläppen till havet i PLC 7 (2017) från avloppsreningsverk är ungefär i samma storleksordning som i PLC 6 (år 2014) 230 respektive 240 ton fosfor samt 14 000 ton kväve (netto). Industrier har minskat sin belastning på havet och svarar 2017 för 210 ton fosfor samt 3 320 ton kväve, jämfört med 250 fosfor och 3 800 ton kväve år 2014.
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| 15. |
- Holmberg, Ingalill, et al.
(author)
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Modelling leadership - Implicit leadership theories in Sweden
- 2006
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In: Scandinavian journal of management. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1873-3387 .- 0956-5221. ; 22:4, s. 307-329
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper investigates Swedish data on implicit leadership theories in comparison with data from 61 other nationalities, testing the identification of a Swedish leadership style in light of globalization and possible converging value-formation processes. Global questionnaire data from 17,310 (900 Swedish) middle-managers constitute the basis for our analyses, using both a within-country perspective and a between-country perspective. While acknowledging the presence of almost universally endorsed leadership attributes, such as being inspirational and visionary, “typical” Swedish leadership attributes are possible to identify. Thus we challenge the simplified version of global convergence regarding leadership ideals and management ideology. On a basis of this study, we conclude that the notion of a Swedish leadership style is still meaningful and valid as a device for a better understanding of leadership efforts and cross-cultural interaction.
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| 16. |
- Holmberg, Ingalill, et al.
(author)
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“Primus inter pares”: Leadership and culture in sweden
- 2013. - 1st
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In: Culture and Leadership Across the World The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies. - New York : Taylor & Francis Ltd. - 9780429241161 ; , s. 33-74
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 17. |
- Holmberg, Ingalill, et al.
(author)
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The production of outstanding leadership — an analysis of leadership images in the Swedish media
- 2001
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In: Scandinavian journal of management. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1873-3387 .- 0956-5221. ; 17:1, s. 67-85
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper the constructive and ideological aspects of (business) journalism provide the starting point for an exploration of the images of (outstanding) leadership (re)produced in the Swedish printed media. Using an ethnographic semantics method, articles in five major Swedish publications during two separate weeks were scanned, selected and analysed, resulting in 853 media statements about leadership subsumed under 60 leadership categories. These statements were further categorised and analysed, resulting in 12 underlying leadership themes that together suggest a dominant implicit model of leadership. The results were found to be consistent to some extent with central aspects of a “Swedish leadership style” as reported in previous studies, but they also gave rise to some interesting paradoxes. These paradoxes were partly resolved by introducing a distinction between leadership in a political as opposed to a business context. The analysis shows that institutional contexts seem to generate different implicit models of leadership, but within the same national framework. Excellent leadership is evidently exercised and enacted as an expression of socially constructed institutions and culturally grounded values.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Jonsson, Sofi, et al.
(author)
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Terrestrial discharges mediate trophic shifts and enhance methylmercury accumulation in estuarine biota
- 2017
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In: Science Advances. - : American association for the advancement of science. - 2375-2548. ; 3:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The input of mercury (Hg) to ecosystems is estimated to have increased two- to fivefold during the industrial era, and Hg accumulates in aquatic biota as neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg). Escalating anthropogenic land use and climate change are expected to alter the input rates of terrestrial natural organic matter (NOM) and nutrients to aquatic ecosystems. For example, climate change has been projected to induce 10 to 50% runoff increases for large coastal regions globally. A major knowledge gap is the potential effects on MeHg exposure to biota following these ecosystem changes. We monitored the fate of five enriched Hg isotope tracers added to mesocosm scale estuarine model ecosystems subjected to varying loading rates of nutrients and terrestrial NOM. We demonstrate that increased terrestrial NOM input to the pelagic zone can enhance the MeHg bioaccumulation factor in zooplankton by a factor of 2 to 7 by inducing a shift in the pelagic food web from autotrophic to heterotrophic. The terrestrial NOM input also enhanced the retention of MeHg in the water column by up to a factor of 2, resulting in further increased MeHg exposure to pelagic biota. Using mercury mass balance calculations, we predict that MeHg concentration in zooplankton can increase by a factor of 3 to 6 in coastal areas following scenarios with 15 to 30% increased terrestrial runoff. The results demonstrate the importance of incorporating the impact of climate-induced changes in food web structure on MeHg bioaccumulation in future biogeochemical cycling models and risk assessments of Hg.
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| 20. |
- Lidskog, Rolf, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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From wicked problem to governable entity? : The effects of forestry on mercury in aquatic ecosystems
- 2018
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In: Forest Policy and Economics. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 90, s. 90-96
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In all Swedish lakes, the concentration of mercury (Hg) in fish exceeds the European Union threshold limit. While the ultimate source of Hg is primarily airborne emissions from fossil energy, forestry plays a small but important role because some forestry operations help mobilize and transform Hg, increasing Hg loads in downstream aquatic ecosystems. Simultaneously, climate change is placing additional demands on forests to provide biomass as a substitute for fossil fuel. Thus, decision-makers are facing a complex situation, a “wicked problem,” when it comes to how to handle the problem of forestry’s effects on Hg in aquatic ecosystems while at the same time securing other ecosystem services. In order to explore forestry’s degree of responsibility as well as possible solutions to this problem in Sweden, a transdisciplinary method has been used consisting of a structured dialogue with actors from relevant governmental agencies, forest companies, and forest associations. The analysis shows that while the issue can be addressed constructively, the complex character of the problem requires consideration of not only management practices for forestry but also current regulatory goals and environmental objectives. The Hg problem represents a class of difficult issues for forestry where stand- or property-based production has an impact on a greater spatial scale. This means that regulating the more direct impacts of forestry needs to be weighed against the implications this regulation may have on the overall issue of ecosystem services.
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| 21. |
- Lundin, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Long-term changes (1990-2015) in the atmospheric deposition and runoff water chemistry of sulphate, inorganic nitrogen and acidity for forested catchments in Europe in relation to changes in emissions and hydrometeorological conditions
- 2018
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 625, s. 1129-1145
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The international Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) encompasses hundreds of long-term research/monitoring sites located in a wide array of ecosystems that can help us understand environmental change across the globe. We evaluated long-term trends (1990-2015) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry and fluxes, and climatic variables 10 25 forested catchments in Europe belonging to the UNECE International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems (ICP IM). Many of the IM sites form part of the monitoring infrastructures of this larger ILTER network. Trends were evaluated for monthly concentrations of non-marine (anthropogenic fraction, denoted as x) sulphate (xSO(4)) and base cations x(Ca + Mg), hydrogen ion (H+), inorganic N (NO3 and NH4) and ANC (Acid Neutralising Capacity) and their respective fluxes into and out of the catchments and for monthly precipitation, runoff and air temperature. A significant decrease of xSO(4) deposition resulted in decreases in concentrations and fluxes of xSO(4) in runoff, being significant at 90% and 60% of the sites, respectively. Bulk deposition of NO3 and NH4 decreased significantly at 60-80% (concentrations) and 40-60% (fluxes) of the sites. Concentrations and fluxes of NO3 in runoff decreased at 73% and 63% of the sites, respectively, and NO3 concentrations decreased significantly at 50% of the sites. Thus, the LTER/ICP IM network confirms the positive effects of the emission reductions in Europe. Air temperature increased significantly at 61% of the sites, while trends for precipitation and runoff were rarely significant. The site specific variation of xSO(4) concentrations in runoff was most strongly explained by deposition. Climatic variables and deposition explained the variation of inorganic N concentrations in runoff at single sites poorly, and as yet there are no clear signs of a consistent deposition-driven or climate-driven increase in inorganic N exports in the catchments. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Lundin, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Trends in ecosystem and health responses to long-range transported atmospheric pollutants
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aim of this trend report is to assess the effectiveness of air pollution policies under theConvention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), and to document progress and identifyremaining challenges. Trends in environmental and health responses to long-range transported air pollutionare presented, primarily focusing on 1990 to 2012 and on Europe, with additional data from North Americaand the Arctic region. Air pollutants included in the report are sulphur and nitrogen as acidifying agents,nutrient-nitrogen, ground-level ozone, particulate matter (PM), heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants(POPs). The results are from work done under the bodies of the Working Group on Effects of the LRTAPConvention, i.e. ICP Integrated Monitoring, ICP Forests, ICP Materials, ICP Modelling and Mapping, ICPVegetation, ICP Waters, JEG Dynamic Modelling and the Task Force on Health. The European Monitoringand Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) alsocontributed.
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| 24. |
- Nyberg, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Destructive managerial leadership and psychological well-being among employees in Swedish, Polish, and Italian hotels
- 2011
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In: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 39:3, s. 267-281
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional exploratory study was to investigate destructive managerial leadership in the hotel industry in Sweden, Poland, and Italy in relation to psychological well-being among employees.Methods and Participants: 554 questionnaires were collected from employees in all occupational groups within hotels. The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) measured working conditions, particularly iso-strain or high work demands combined with low control and poor social support, and psychological well-being, defined in terms of mental health, vitality, and behavioural stress. Items adapted from the Global Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program questionnaire measured autocratic, malevolent, and self-centred leadership styles. Differences in ratings between countries were estimated, as well as the relationship between destructive managerial leadership on an organisation level and employee psychological well-being on an individual level. The relationship between destructive leadership and psychological well-being among employees was adjusted for employees' reported iso-strain.Results: Autocratic and malevolent leadership were at the organisation level related to low vitality among employees and self-centred leadership was significantly associated with poormental health, low vitality, and high behavioural stress. Autocratic and malevolent leadership were more strongly related to iso-strain than was self-centred leadership. Variations in leadership practice between countries were seen in autocratic and malevolent leadership.Conclusion: This exploratory study suggests a significant association between destructive managerial leadership on the organisation level and poor psychological well-being among employees on an individual level. Interventions to decrease iso-strain and enhance psychological well-being among employees could be directed at an organisation level.
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| 25. |
- Olsson, Bengt, et al.
(author)
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Does the harvest of logging residues and wood ash application affect the mobilization and bioavailability of trace metals?
- 2017
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In: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 383, s. 61-72
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Residue biomass from conventional forestry, such as slash (i.e., tree tops and branches) and stumps, are used at an increasing rate for energy purposes in Sweden. This review examined current knowledge on how extraction of forest biomass for large-scale energy production, including the practice of ash application for nutrient recycling, influences the mobility and stocks of trace metals in the forest environment at different time scales. The study focussed on Swedish energy production systems and contemporary forest management practices, as well as the heavy metals lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). The historic accumulation of these elements in forest soils has mainly originated from diffuse, long-term atmospheric deposition. There is little conclusive evidence that slash harvest generally increases the risk for mobilization of trace metals from soils during the regeneration phase, compared with stem-only harvesting. However, microbial transformation of mercury into the highly toxic methyl mercury (MeHg) species is facilitated in suboxic soil conditions that may increase during the regeneration,phase. Therefore it has been hypothesized that stump harvest could result in increased mercury methylation and transport to surface waters, owing to stump harvest effects on soil physical conditions and hydrological pathways. The few studies available on the stump harvest effects of Hg showed no consistent difference in runoff from clear felled and stump harvested catchments compared to clear-felled and soil-scarified catchments in terms of concentrations or fluxes of MeHg. Assuming that the highest trace metal concentrations in wood ash recommended by the Swedish Forest Authority are not exceeded, wood ash application does not currently increase metal loads at the national scale, because trace metal export in harvested biomass is much larger than that returned in wood ash. The net load of Pb, Cd, and Cu will not increase at the local scale if ash doses do not greatly exceed the compensation for nutrients exported in harvested biomass. Biomass harvest and ash application have negligible effects on the load of mercury to forest soils. A large number of studies have examined the effects of wood ash on trace metal content in soil, water and biota. Most studies showed no effect of wood ash application. When increased concentrations were found (Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn), this was in soils where concentrations remained well below harmful levels. Relatively fewer reports of increased concentrations are reported for soil water and plants, and no effects were reported for edible berries or fungi.
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