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| 4. |
- Hyde, K. D., et al.
(author)
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Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa
- 2023
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In: MYCOSPHERE. - : Mushroom Research Foundation. - 2077-7000 .- 2077-7019. ; 14:1, s. 1960-2012
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa is an international initiative of more than 550 mycologists to develop an electronic structure for the classification of these organisms. The members of the Consortium originate from 55 countries/regions worldwide, from a wide range of disciplines, and include senior, mid-career and early-career mycologists and plant pathologists. The Consortium will publish a biannual update of the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, to act as an international scheme for other scientists. Notes on all newly published taxa at or above the level of species will be prepared and published online on the Outline of Fungi website (https://www.outlineoffungi.org/), and these will be finally published in the biannual edition of the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Comments on recent important taxonomic opinions on controversial topics will be included in the biannual outline. For example, 'to promote a more stable taxonomy in Fusarium given the divergences over its generic delimitation', or 'are there too many genera in the Boletales?' and even more importantly, 'what should be done with the tremendously diverse 'dark fungal taxa?' There are undeniable differences in mycologists' perceptions and opinions regarding species classification as well as the establishment of new species. Given the pluralistic nature of fungal taxonomy and its implications for species concepts and the nature of species, this consortium aims to provide a platform to better refine and stabilise fungal classification, taking into consideration views from different parties. In the future, a confidential voting system will be set up to gauge the opinions of all mycologists in the Consortium on important topics. The results of such surveys will be presented to the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) and the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) with opinions and percentages of votes for and against. Criticisms based on scientific evidence with regards to nomenclature, classifications, and taxonomic concepts will be welcomed, and any recommendations on specific taxonomic issues will also be encouraged; however, we will encourage professionally and ethically responsible criticisms of others' work. This biannual ongoing project will provide an outlet for advances in various topics of fungal classification, nomenclature, and taxonomic concepts and lead to a community-agreed classification scheme for the fungi and fungus-like taxa. Interested parties should contact the lead author if they would like to be involved in future outlines.
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| 6. |
- Burstein, R., et al.
(author)
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Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017
- 2019
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In: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 574:7778, s. 353-358
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations. © 2019, The Author(s).
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| 7. |
- Fitzmauric, C., et al.
(author)
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Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived with Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017 : A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
- 2019
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In: JAMA Oncology. - : American Medical Association. - 2374-2437 .- 2374-2445. ; 5:12, s. 1749-1768
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning.Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence.Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs).Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(author)
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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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In: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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| 11. |
- Abbafati, Cristiana, et al.
(author)
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- 2020
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 12. |
- Graetz, N, et al.
(author)
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Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries
- 2020
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 577:77917789, s. 235-238
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1–3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4–6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9–11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12–14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.
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| 13. |
- Driscoll, T, et al.
(author)
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Global and regional burden of disease and injury in 2016 arising from occupational exposures: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- 2020
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In: Occupational and environmental medicine. - : BMJ. - 1470-7926 .- 1351-0711. ; 77:3, s. 133-141
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study provides an overview of the influence of occupational risk factors on the global burden of disease as estimated by the occupational component of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 study.MethodsThe GBD 2016 study estimated the burden in terms of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) arising from the effects of occupational risk factors (carcinogens; asthmagens; particulate matter, gases and fumes (PMGF); secondhand smoke (SHS); noise; ergonomic risk factors for low back pain; risk factors for injury). A population attributable fraction (PAF) approach was used for most risk factors.ResultsIn 2016, globally, an estimated 1.53 (95% uncertainty interval 1.39–1.68) million deaths and 76.1 (66.3–86.3) million DALYs were attributable to the included occupational risk factors, accounting for 2.8% of deaths and 3.2% of DALYs from all causes. Most deaths were attributable to PMGF, carcinogens (particularly asbestos), injury risk factors and SHS. Most DALYs were attributable to injury risk factors and ergonomic exposures. Men and persons 55 years or older were most affected. PAFs ranged from 26.8% for low back pain from ergonomic risk factors and 19.6% for hearing loss from noise to 3.4% for carcinogens. DALYs per capita were highest in Oceania, Southeast Asia and Central sub-Saharan Africa. On a per capita basis, between 1990 and 2016 there was an overall decrease of about 31% in deaths and 25% in DALYs.ConclusionsOccupational exposures continue to cause an important health burden worldwide, justifying the need for ongoing prevention and control initiatives.
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| 14. |
- Afshari, Maryam K., et al.
(author)
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Activation of PLAG1 and HMGA2 by gene fusions involving the transcriptional regulator gene NFIB
- 2020
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In: Genes Chromosomes & Cancer. - : Wiley. - 1045-2257 .- 1098-2264. ; 59:11, s. 652-660
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The pleomorphic adenoma (PA), which is the most common salivary gland neoplasm, is a benign tumor characterized by recurrent chromosome rearrangements involving 8q12 and 12q14-15. We have previously shown that thePLAG1andHMGA2oncogenes are the targets of these rearrangements. Here, we have identified previously unrecognized subsets of PAs with ins(9;8)/t(8;9) (n = 5) and ins(9;12)/t(9;12) (n = 8) and breakpoints located in the vicinity of thePLAG1andHMGA2loci. RNA-sequencing and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analyses of a case with an ins(9;8) revealed a novelNFIB-PLAG1fusion in whichNFIBexon 4 is linked toPLAG1exon 3. In contrast to the developmentally regulatedPLAG1gene,NFIBwas highly expressed in normal salivary gland, indicating thatPLAG1in this case, as in other variant fusions, is activated by promoter swapping. RT-PCR analysis of three PAs with t(9;12) revealed two tumors with chimeric transcripts consisting ofHMGA2exon 4 linked toNFIBexons 9 or 3 and one case with a fusion linkingHMGA2exon 3 toNFIBexon 9. TheNFIBfusion events resulted in potent activation ofPLAG1andHMGA2. Analysis of the chromatin landscape surroundingNFIBrevealed several super-enhancers in the 5 '- and 3 '-parts of theNFIBlocus and its flanking sequences. These findings indicate thatPLAG1andHMGA2, similar toMYBin adenoid cystic carcinoma, may be activated by enhancer-hijacking events, in which super-enhancers inNFIBare translocated upstream ofPLAG1or downstream ofHMGA2. Our results further emphasize the role ofNFIBas a fusion partner to multiple oncogenes in histopathologically different types of salivary gland tumors.
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| 15. |
- Andersson, Mattias K, 1979, et al.
(author)
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Targeting the Oncogenic Transcriptional Regulator MYB in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma by Inhibition of IGF1R/AKT Signaling
- 2017
-
In: Jnci-Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 109:9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive cancer with no curative treatment for patients with recurrent/metastatic disease. The MYB-NFIB gene fusion is the main genomic hallmark and a potential therapeutic target. Methods: Oncogenic signaling pathways were studied in cultured cells and/or tumors from 15 ACC patients. Phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) arrays were used to study the activity of RTKs. Effects of RTK inhibition on cell proliferation were analyzed with AlamarBlue, sphere assays, and two ACC xenograft models (n = 4-9 mice per group). The molecular effects of MYB-NFIB knockdown and IGF1R inhibition were studied with quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot, and gene expression microarrays. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: The MYB-NFIB fusion drives proliferation of ACC cells and is crucial for spherogenesis. Intriguingly, the fusion is regulated through AKT-dependent signaling induced by IGF1R overexpression and is downregulated upon IGF1R-inhibition (% expression of control +/- SD = 27.2 +/- 1.3, P < .001). MYB-NFIB regulates genes involved in cell cycle control, DNA replication/repair, and RNA processing. The transcriptional program induced by MYB-NFIB affects critical oncogenic mediators normally controlled by MYC and is reversed by pharmacological inhibition of IGF1R. Co-activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and MET promoted proliferation of ACC cells, and combined targeting of IGFR1/EGFR/MET induced differentiation and synergistically inhibited the growth of patient-derived xenografted ACCs (ACCX5M1, % growth of control +/- SD = 34.9 +/- 20.3, P = .006; ACCX6, % growth of control +/- SD = 24.1 +/- 17.5, P = .04). Conclusions: MYB-NFIB is an oncogenic driver and a key therapeutic target in ACC that is regulated by AKT-dependent IGF1R signaling. Our studies uncover a new strategy to target an oncogenic transcriptional master regulator and provide new important insights into the biology and treatment of ACC.
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| 16. |
- Barbateskovic, Marija, et al.
(author)
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A new tool to assess Clinical Diversity In Meta-analyses (CDIM) of interventions
- 2021
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In: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0895-4356 .- 1878-5921. ; 135, s. 29-41
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To develop and validate Clinical Diversity In Meta-analyses (CDIM), a new tool for assessing clinical diversity between trials in meta-analyses of interventions. Study design and setting: The development of CDIM was based on consensus work informed by empirical literature and expertise. We drafted the CDIM tool, refined it, and validated CDIM for interrater scale reliability and agreement in three groups. Results: CDIM measures clinical diversity on a scale that includes four domains with 11 items overall: setting (time of conduct/country development status/units type); population (age, sex, patient inclusion criteria/baseline disease severity, comorbidities); interventions (intervention intensity/strength/duration of intervention, timing, control intervention, cointerventions); and outcome (definition of outcome, timing of outcome assessment). The CDIM is completed in two steps: first two authors independently assess clinical diversity in the four domains. Second, after agreeing upon scores of individual items a consensus score is achieved. Interrater scale reliability and agreement ranged from moderate to almost perfect depending on the type of raters. Conclusion: CDIM is the first tool developed for assessing clinical diversity in meta-analyses of interventions. We found CDIM to be a reliable tool for assessing clinical diversity among trials in meta-analysis.
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| 17. |
- Hober, Sophia, Professor, 1965-, et al.
(author)
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Systematic evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antigens enables a highly specific and sensitive multiplex serological COVID-19 assay
- 2021
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In: Clinical & Translational Immunology. - : Wiley. - 2050-0068. ; 10:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective. The COVID-19 pandemic poses an immense need for accurate, sensitive and high-throughput clinical tests, and serological assays are needed for both overarching epidemiological studies and evaluating vaccines. Here, we present the development and validation of a high-throughput multiplex bead-based serological assay. Methods. More than 100 representations of SARS-CoV-2 proteins were included for initial evaluation, including antigens produced in bacterial and mammalian hosts as well as synthetic peptides. The five best-performing antigens, three representing the spike glycoprotein and two representing the nucleocapsid protein, were further evaluated for detection of IgG antibodies in samples from 331 COVID-19 patients and convalescents, and in 2090 negative controls sampled before 2020. Results. Three antigens were finally selected, represented by a soluble trimeric form and the S1-domain of the spike glycoprotein as well as by the C-terminal domain of the nucleocapsid. The sensitivity for these three antigens individually was found to be 99.7%, 99.1% and 99.7%, and the specificity was found to be 98.1%, 98.7% and 95.7%. The best assay performance was although achieved when utilising two antigens in combination, enabling a sensitivity of up to 99.7% combined with a specificity of 100%. Requiring any two of the three antigens resulted in a sensitivity of 99.7% and a specificity of 99.4%. Conclusion. These observations demonstrate that a serological test based on a combination of several SARS-CoV-2 antigens enables a highly specific and sensitive multiplex serological COVID-19 assay.
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| 18. |
- Afshari, Maryam K.
(author)
-
Transcriptomic and functional studies of fusion oncogene-driven salivary gland tumors
- 2020
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Fusion genes are potent oncogenic drivers resulting from exchange of regulatory/coding sequences between two genes. They were originally identified in leukemias but are now recognized as key oncogenic events also in many solid tumors, including salivary gland tumors (SGTs). Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a highly malignant SGT with no effective treatment for patients with recurrent and/or metastatic disease. The MYB-NFIB fusion is the main genomic hallmark of ACC and a po- tential therapeutic target. Here, oncogenic signaling pathways as well as the molecular consequences and regulation of MYB-NFIB were assessed in cultured ACC cells and in ACC surgical samples. A combination of molecular and functional assays was used including RNAi, qPCR, western blot, phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) arrays, proliferation/apoptosis/sphere assays, and gene expression microarrays. ACC patient- derived xenografts (PDX) were used to study the effects of RTK-inhibition on tumor growth. MYB-NFIB was shown to promote proliferation and spherogenesis of ACC cells. The fusion regulated expression of genes involved in DNA replication/repair, cell cycle, and RNA processing, and induced an MYC-like transcriptional program. MYB-NFIB was shown to be regulated by IGF1R through IGF2-activated AKT-signaling and phar- macological inhibition of IGF1R partially reversed the transcriptional program induced by MYB-NFIB. Moreover, IGF1R, EGFR, and MET were co-activated in ACC cells. Combined inhibition of these receptors in ACC cells and PDX-models induced differentiation and synergistic growth inhibition. The results provide new insights about the function and regulation of MYB-NFIB and are the first to show that a druggable cell surface receptor can regulate a fusion oncogene encoding a transcription factor. Importantly, the results also highlight novel potential treatment strategies for ACC patients. Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common SGT. Although it is a benign tumor, treatment may be complicated by recurrence and/or malignant transformation. Previous studies of PA have revealed recurrent chromosomal rearrangements that activate the key oncogenes PLAG1 and HMGA2 by gene fusion events. Here, detailed studies of previously uncharacterized subsets of PAs with 8;9- or 9;12-rearrangements revealed breakpoints within or in the proximity of either PLAG1 or HMGA2, and NFIB. Further analyses using RNA- seq, RT-PCR, qPCR, and arrayCGH revealed a novel NFIB-PLAG1 fusion in a PA with an ins(9;8) and HMGA2-NFIB fusions in cases with t(9;12). These findings highlight the role of NFIB as a fusion partner gene in both benign and malignant SGTs and indicate that NFIB can activate both PLAG1 and HMGA2 by gene fusion/enhancer hijacking events in PA. Furthermore, RNA-seq based transcriptomic analysis of PAs revealed a high frequency of PLAG1 and HMGA2 fusions (≈80% of the cases) and multiple novel fusion partner genes. The findings indicate that gene fusions are more common in PA than previously documented. Global gene expression and pathway analyses revealed several activated oncogenic signaling pathways and showed that the expression profile reflects certain morphological features typical of PA. Finally, the results showed that PLAG1 and HMGA2 drive tumorigenesis via shared signaling pathways. The results provide further insights into the pathogenesis of PA and reveal new potential therapeutic targets.
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| 19. |
- Orpana, Heather M., et al.
(author)
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Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016 : Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- 2019
-
In: BMJ (Online). - : BMJ. - 1756-1833 .- 0959-8138. ; 364
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives To use the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 to describe patterns of suicide mortality globally, regionally, and for 195 countries and territories by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index, and to describe temporal trends between 1990 and 2016. Design Systematic analysis. Main outcome measures Crude and age standardised rates from suicide mortality and years of life lost were compared across regions and countries, and by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index (a composite measure of fertility, income, and education). Results The total number of deaths from suicide increased by 6.7% (95% uncertainty interval 0.4% to 15.6%) globally over the 27 year study period to 817 000 (762 000 to 884 000) deaths in 2016. However, the age standardised mortality rate for suicide decreased by 32.7% (27.2% to 36.6%) worldwide between 1990 and 2016, similar to the decline in the global age standardised mortality rate of 30.6%. Suicide was the leading cause of age standardised years of life lost in the Global Burden of Disease region of high income Asia Pacific and was among the top 10 leading causes in eastern Europe, central Europe, western Europe, central Asia, Australasia, southern Latin America, and high income North America. Rates for men were higher than for women across regions, countries, and age groups, except for the 15 to 19 age group. There was variation in the female to male ratio, with higher ratios at lower levels of Socio-demographic index. Women experienced greater decreases in mortality rates (49.0%, 95% uncertainty interval 42.6% to 54.6%) than men (23.8%, 15.6% to 32.7%). Conclusions Age standardised mortality rates for suicide have greatly reduced since 1990, but suicide remains an important contributor to mortality worldwide. Suicide mortality was variable across locations, between sexes, and between age groups. Suicide prevention strategies can be targeted towards vulnerable populations if they are informed by variations in mortality rates.
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| 20. |
- Pourmohamadiyan, P., et al.
(author)
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A new automatic spark generation system for gasoline engines
- 2016
-
In: Proceedings, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT) : the Howard Plaza Hotel Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, 14-17 March, 2016. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781467380751 ; , s. 1016-1021
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents a new automatic spark system for gasoline engines by reshaping the electric field in the combustion chamber through repositioning high voltage electrodes and applying changes in the electrodes geometry. This system provides better and wider discharge resulting in higher efficiency and ignition rate. Furthermore, a much simpler timing system, relying exclusively on built in control parameters, i.e. chamber pressure, temperature and piston position is needed. Numerical simulation of this newly-proposed design is conducted using a time-dependent solver. In particular, electrical field is investigated along the course line of a single piston. It has been observed that ignition is easier to control at the right piston position and crank angle which will obviously lead to better fuel economy and environmental protection.
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| 21. |
- Sorooshian, Shahryar, 1980, et al.
(author)
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Toward a Modern Last-Mile Delivery: Consequences and Obstacles of Intelligent Technology
- 2022
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In: Applied System Innovation. - : MDPI AG. - 2571-5577. ; 5:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Last-mile delivery (LMD) is essential in supply chains, and providers of logistics services are aware that they must adapt to changing customer and society expectations, competition challenges, and modern technologies. In light of the importance of artificial intelligence (AI) in modern technologies, this article employed a narrative literature review to recognize impacts of AI-powered technologies that aid in optimizing the LMD component. For this study, two possible classes of technologies were considered: tangible technologies, such as robots, drones, and autonomous vehicles, and intangible technologies, such as decision support tools and operating systems. Thus, this article frames potential developments in modern LMD, taking into account the fact that technological advancement brings both opportunities and challenges. According to this literature review, the modern version of LMD is capable of providing services that are both more productive and more sustainable, thus satisfying demands for better services. Last but not least, another goal of this article was to look into the challenges that limit the benefits of modern LMDs. Finally, suggestions are provided as a resource for practitioners and policymakers working in the supply chain to improve performance.
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| 22. |
- Widar, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
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Incidence and risk factors predisposing plate removal following orthognathic surgery
- 2017
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In: Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4403. ; 124:3, s. 231-239
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and reasons for titanium fixation plate removal following orthognathic surgery, identify risk factors predisposing removal, and explore if discomfort was reduced postoperatively. Study Design. Medical records of 404 consecutive cases were retrospectively reviewed. All patients received a questionnaire for follow-up, and 323 patients answered the questionnaire, thus forming the sample group. Results. Of all the responding patients, 15% had plates removed, and 92% of these patients experienced relief from discomfort after removal of the plates. Infection was the most common reason for plate removal (10%). Smoking (hazard ratio 2.74) and surgery performed in the mandible (hazard ratio 2.40) increased the need for plate removal. For each plate added in the mandible, the risk for removal increased by 34%. Conclusions. Smoking, osteotomies, and additional numbers of plates in the mandible resulted in a higher incidence of plate removal. Most of the patients experienced relief from discomfort after plate removal.
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