| 1. |
- Abdalla, E., et al.
(author)
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Cosmology intertwined : A review of the particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology associated with the cosmological tensions and anomalies
- 2022
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In: Journal of High Energy Astrophysics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-4048 .- 2214-4056. ; 34, s. 49-211
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The standard Λ Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model provides a good description of a wide range of astrophysical and cosmological data. However, there are a few big open questions that make the standard model look like an approximation to a more realistic scenario yet to be found. In this paper, we list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant H0, the σ8–S8 tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model. In this paper, we focus on the 5.0σ tension between the Planck CMB estimate of the Hubble constant H0 and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the H0 evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we list a few interesting new physics models that could alleviate this tension and discuss how the next decade's experiments will be crucial. Moreover, we focus on the tension of the Planck CMB data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density Ωm, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure (σ8,fσ8). We list a few interesting models proposed for alleviating this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit a full array of data with a single model and not just one parameter at a time. Additionally, we present a wide range of other less discussed anomalies at a statistical significance level lower than the H0–S8 tensions which may also constitute hints towards new physics, and we discuss possible generic theoretical approaches that can collectively explain the non-standard nature of these signals. Finally, we give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space missions and facilities on Earth that will be of crucial importance to address all these open questions.
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| 2. |
- Abou-Hamad, Edy, et al.
(author)
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Molecular dynamics and phase transition in one-dimensional crystal of C60 encapsulated inside single wall carbon nanotubes
- 2009
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In: ACS Nano. - Washington, DC 20036 USA : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 3:12, s. 3878-3883
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One-dimensional crystals of 25% 13C-enriched C60 encapsulated inside highly magnetically purified SWNTs were investigated by following the temperature dependence of the 13C NMR line shapes and the relaxation rates from 300 K down to 5 K. High-resolution MAS techniques reveal that 32% of the encapsulated molecules, so-called the C60α, are blocked at room temperature and 68%, labeled C60β, are shown to reversly undergo molecular reorientational dynamics. Contrary to previous NMR studies, spin−lattice relaxation time reveals a phase transition at 100 K associated with the changes in the nature of the C60β dynamics. Above the transition, the C60β exhibits continuous rotational diffusion; below the transition, C60β executes uniaxial hindered rotations most likely along the nanotubes axis and freeze out below 25 K. The associated activation energies of these two dynamical regimes are measured to be 6 times lower than in fcc-C60, suggesting a quiet smooth orientational dependence of the interaction between C60β molecules and the inner surface of the nanotubes.
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| 3. |
- Kim, Y, et al.
(author)
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Nanomagnetic shielding : High-resolution NMR in carbon allotropes
- 2010
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In: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : American Institute of Physics. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 132, s. 021102-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Theunderstanding and control of the magnetic properties of carbon-based materialsis of fundamental relevance in applications in nano- and biosciences.Ring currents do play a basic role in those systems.In particular the inner cavities of nanotubes offer an idealenvironment to investigate the magnetism of synthetic materials at thenanoscale. Here, by means of 13C high resolution NMR ofencapsulated molecules in peapod hybrid materials, we report the largestdiamagnetic shifts (down to −68.3 ppm) ever observed in carbonallotropes, which is connected to the enhancement of the aromaticityof the nanotube envelope upon doping. This diamagnetic shift canbe externally controlled by in situ modifications such as dopingor electrostatic charging. Moreover, defects such as C-vacancies, pentagons, andchemical functionalization of the outer nanotube quench this diamagnetic effectand restore NMR signatures to slightly paramagnetic shifts compared tononencapsulated molecules. The magnetic interactions reported here are robust phenomenaindependent of temperature and proportional to the applied magnetic field.The magnitude, tunability, and stability of the magnetic effects makethe peapod nanomaterials potentially valuable for nanomagnetic shielding in nanoelectronicsand nanobiomedical engineering
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