1. |
- Tran, K. B., et al.
(author)
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The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
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In: Lancet. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10352, s. 563-591
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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- Bryazka, D., et al.
(author)
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Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020
- 2022
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In: Lancet. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10347, s. 185-235
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0.603 (0.400-1.00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0.002 (0-0) and 1.75 (0.698-4.30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0.114 (0-0.403) to 1.87 (0.500-3.30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0.193 (0-0.900) and 6.94 (3.40-8.30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59.1% (54.3-65.4) were aged 15-39 years and 76.9% (7.0-81.3) were male. Interpretation There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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3. |
- Burstein, R., et al.
(author)
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Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017
- 2019
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In: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 574:7778, s. 353-358
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2âto end preventable child deaths by 2030âwe need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000â2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations. © 2019, The Author(s).
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- Sheena, B. S., et al.
(author)
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Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
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In: Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-1253. ; 7:9, s. 796-829
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-ofsample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4 center dot 1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3 center dot 7 to 4 center dot 5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31 center dot 3% (29 center dot 0 to 33 center dot 9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76 center dot 8% (76 center dot 2 to 77 center dot 5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5 center dot 9% [-5 center dot 6 to 19 center dot 2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2 center dot 9% [-5 center dot 9 to 11 center dot 3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination.
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- Menden, MP, et al.
(author)
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Community assessment to advance computational prediction of cancer drug combinations in a pharmacogenomic screen
- 2019
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In: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 10:1, s. 2674-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effectiveness of most cancer targeted therapies is short-lived. Tumors often develop resistance that might be overcome with drug combinations. However, the number of possible combinations is vast, necessitating data-driven approaches to find optimal patient-specific treatments. Here we report AstraZeneca’s large drug combination dataset, consisting of 11,576 experiments from 910 combinations across 85 molecularly characterized cancer cell lines, and results of a DREAM Challenge to evaluate computational strategies for predicting synergistic drug pairs and biomarkers. 160 teams participated to provide a comprehensive methodological development and benchmarking. Winning methods incorporate prior knowledge of drug-target interactions. Synergy is predicted with an accuracy matching biological replicates for >60% of combinations. However, 20% of drug combinations are poorly predicted by all methods. Genomic rationale for synergy predictions are identified, including ADAM17 inhibitor antagonism when combined with PIK3CB/D inhibition contrasting to synergy when combined with other PI3K-pathway inhibitors in PIK3CA mutant cells.
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- Tavakol, M, et al.
(author)
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Diagnostic Approach to the Patients with Suspected Primary Immunodeficiency
- 2020
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In: Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 2212-3873 .- 1871-5303. ; 20:2, s. 157-171
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are a group of more than 350 disorders affecting distinct components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this review, the classic and advanced stepwise approach towards the diagnosis of PIDs are simplified and explained in detail.Results:Susceptibility to recurrent infections is the main hallmark of almost all PIDs. However, noninfectious complications attributable to immune dysregulation presenting with lymphoproliferative and/or autoimmune disorders are not uncommon. Moreover, PIDs could be associated with misleading presentations including allergic manifestations, enteropathies, and malignancies.Conclusion:Timely diagnosis is the most essential element in improving outcome and reducing the morbidity and mortality in PIDs. This wouldn’t be possible unless the physicians keep the diagnosis of PID in mind and be sufficiently aware of the approach to these patients.
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- Bafekry, A., et al.
(author)
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A novel two-dimensional boron-carbon-nitride (BCN) monolayer: A first-principles insight
- 2021
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In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 130:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The optical, electronic, and structural properties of a theoretically predicted new boron-carbon-nitride (BCN) two-dimensional monolayer have been explored using density functional theory calculations. The phonon dispersion, molecular dynamics simulation, the cohesive energy, and the Born criteria of elastic constant calculations of the BCN monolayer confirm its stability. The phonon spectrum illustrates an out-of-plane flexure mode with quadratic dispersion in the long-wavelength limit. The BCN monolayer is a semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 0.9 (1.63) eV determined via the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof) functional. The same electron and hole effective masses and mobility values indicate the high recombination rate of electrons and holes. Meanwhile, the BCN monolayer can absorb ultraviolet radiation more effectively than visible light. Due to its interesting physical properties, the novel BCN monolayer could be a rather good candidate material for electro-optical applications.& nbsp;Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing
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- Bafekry, A., et al.
(author)
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Tunable electronic properties of porous graphitic carbon nitride (C6N7) monolayer by atomic doping and embedding: A first-principle study
- 2022
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In: Applied Surface Science. - : ELSEVIER. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 583
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Motivated by the successful synthesis of the porous graphitic carbon nitride (C6N7) monolayer very recently, we investigate the structural and electronic properties of C6N7 with doped and embedded with various atoms by means of spin-polarized density functional theory calculations. C6N7 monolayers doped with B, N, C, and O atoms have been revealed as stable and predicted to be feasible for experimental fabrication as free-standing monolayers based on the energy and thermal stability. Our computations demonstrate that while the C6N7 is a semiconductor, the doped C6N7 monolayers can be metal, dilute-magnetic semiconductor or half-metal. Further, a non magnetic moment is discovered in three of the doped C6N7 models and their electronic properties are disclosed to depend strongly on the spin configurations. The electronic properties of C6N7 depend on the doping atoms and doping sites. Furthermore, the effect of embedding of common nonmetal atoms such as B, C, N, S, O, Al, Si and P as well as transition metal including Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn atoms on the electronic and magnetic behavior of the C6N7 are studied. The charge transfer analysis shows that all embedded atoms act as electron donors, expect N, O and S atoms which act as electron acceptors when interacting with C6N7. The modification of the electronic band structure of C6N7 as the underlying mechanism for the changes in its electronic properties has been investigated. The intention is to demonstrate how entering the above mentioned impurities changes the nature of C6N7 into a metal, ferromagnetic-metal or dilute-magnetic semiconductor. These findings give not only an insight into the physical properties of doped and embedded C6N7 monolayer by different atoms, but also can serve as a guide to discover future possible applications of this novel material.
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- Karimipour, M., et al.
(author)
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Excellent growth of ZnS shell on Ag2S QDs using a photochemical-microwave irradiation approach and fabrication of their indoor QD thin film solar cells
- 2018
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In: Materials technology (New York, N.Y.). - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 1066-7857 .- 1753-5557. ; 33:12, s. 784-792
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this report, a new two pots method using microwave-photochemical approaches was suggested for the fabrication of Ag2S@ZnS core-shells. UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies clearly proved the growth of ZnS shell on Ag2S cores. X-ray diffraction, Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy also indicated the formation of core-shell structure. To identify excellence growth of ZnS shell, Ag2S@ZnS core-shells were implemented for the fabrication of thin film solar cells. The fabricated cells showed a J-V character with 0.4%, 1 mA.cm(-2) and 0.43V and 54% as efficiency, J(SC), V-OC and fill factor, respectively. The cells showed also an increasing efficiency up to 0.8% upon the decrease of incident solar intensity to 10% of its standard. The results proved the cells are stable under sun light illumination that is promising for environmentally friendly fabrication of QD thin film solar cells.
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19. |
- Alinejad, M., et al.
(author)
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Lignin-based polyurethanes : Opportunities for bio-based foams, elastomers, coatings and adhesives
- 2019
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In: Polymers. - : MDPI. - 2073-4360. ; 11:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Polyurethane chemistry can yield diverse sets of polymeric materials exhibiting a widerange of properties for various applications and market segments. Utilizing lignin as a polyol presentsan opportunity to incorporate a currently underutilized renewable aromatic polymer into theseproducts. In this work, we will review the current state of technology for utilizing lignin as a polyolreplacement in different polyurethane products. This will include a discussion of lignin structure,diversity, and modification during chemical pulping and cellulosic biofuels processes, approachesfor lignin extraction, recovery, fractionation, and modification/functionalization. We will discussthe potential of incorporation of lignins into polyurethane products that include rigid and flexiblefoams, adhesives, coatings, and elastomers. Finally, we will discuss challenges in incorporating ligninin polyurethane formulations, potential solutions and approaches that have been taken to resolvethose issues.
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- Bafekry, A., et al.
(author)
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Van der Waals heterostructure of graphene and germanane: tuning the ohmic contact by electrostatic gating and mechanical strain
- 2021
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In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 23:37, s. 21196-21206
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent exciting developments in synthesis and properties study of the Germanane (GeH) monolayer have inspired us to investigate the structural and electronic properties of the van der Waals GeH/Graphene (Gr) heterostructure by the first-principle approach. The stability of the GeH/Gr heterostructure is verified by calculating the phonon dispersion curves as well as by thermodynamic binding energy calculations. According to the band structure calculation, the GeH/Gr interface is n-type Ohmic. The effects of different interlayer distances and strains between the layers and the applied electric field on the interface have been investigated to gain insight into the van der Waals heterostructure modifications. An interlayer distance of 2.11 angstrom and compressive strain of 6% alter the contact from Ohmic to Schottky status, while the electric field can tune the GeH/Gr contact as p- or n-type, Ohmic, or Schottky. The average electrostatic potential of GeH/Gr and the Bader charge analysis have been used to explain the results obtained. Our theoretical study could provide a promising approach for improving the electronic performance of GeH/Gr-based nano-rectifiers.
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24. |
- Bagheri, B., et al.
(author)
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Comparsion study of different simulation codes for positive streamers
- 2017
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In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases (ICPIG).
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- For streamer simulations a range of computational models have been developed by various groups for various purposes. These models differ in dimensionality (2D, 3D), model type (particle, fluid or hybrid approach and further differentiation), their numerical implementation, type of grid and its refinement, and their spatial/temporal discretization. The aim of the present study is to benchmark the results of different simulation codes for axisymmetric single positive streamers in air at 1 bar and 300 K using a fluid model.
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25. |
- Bagheri, Niusha, et al.
(author)
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Change in the emission saturation and kinetics of upconversion nanoparticles under different light irradiations
- 2019
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In: Optical materials (Amsterdam). - : Elsevier. - 0925-3467 .- 1873-1252. ; 97
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nd3+-sensitized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can be excited by both 980 and 808 nm light, which is regarded as a particularly advantageous property of these particles. In this work, we demonstrate that the nanoparticles can exhibit significantly different response when excited at these two excitation wavelengths, showing dependence on the intensity of the excitation light and the way it is distributed in time. Specifically, with 808 nm excitation saturation in the emitted luminescence is more readily reached with increasing excitation intensities than upon 980 nm excitation. This is accompanied by delayed upconversion luminescence (UCL) kinetics and weaker UCL intensities. The different luminescence response at 808 and 980 nm excitation reported in this work is relevant in a manifold of applications using UCNPs as labels and sensors. This could also open new possibilities for multi-wavelength excitable UCNPs for upconversion color display and in laser-scanning microscopy providing selective readouts and sub-sectioning of samples.
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