| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Abro, Shahid, hussain, et al.
(author)
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Characterization and analysis of the full-length genome of a strain of the European QX-like genotype of infectious bronchitis virus
- 2012
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In: Archives of Virology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0304-8608 .- 1432-8798. ; 157, s. 1211-1215
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent years, strains of infectious bronchitis virus belonging to the QX-like genotype have been causing huge economic losses in commercial chicken flocks in different countries in Europe. In order to expand the knowledge of the molecular features of these viruses, we have sequenced and characterized the complete genome of European QX-like IBV strain CK/SWE/0658946/10, which was isolated in 2010 in Sweden. The genome is 27664 nucleotides in length, comprising six genes and 5' and 3' untranslated regions. The ORF1a, spike and nucleocapsid genes were under strong positive selective pressure that resulted in genetic diversity in relation to classical IBV isolates. The full-length genome of the CK/SWE/0658946/10 strain has the highest nucleotide sequence identity (93.18%) to ITA/90254/2005 and the lowest nucleotide identity (89.10%) to strain CQ04-1. Phylogenetic analysis of partial S1 gene sequences of IBV strains showed that the European QX-like genotype comprises strains that have been predominantly circulating in this continent for the past decade.
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| 3. |
- Abro, Shahid, hussain, et al.
(author)
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Emergence of novel strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Sweden
- 2012
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In: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 155, s. 237-246
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes avian infectious bronchitis, an important disease that produces severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Recent IBV infections in Sweden have been associated with poor growth in broilers, drop in egg production and thin egg shells in layers. The complete spike gene of selected isolates from IBV cases was amplified and sequenced using conventional RT-PCR. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons have shown that the recent isolates bear 98.97% genetic similarity with strains of the QX-like genotype. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains predominant in the nineties, which were of the Massachusetts type, have been replaced by D388/QX-Iike strains, however the evolutionary link could not be established. The homology between the two genotypes was 79 and 81%. Remarkably, a strong positive selection pressure was determined, mostly involving the S1 subunit of the S gene. This strong selective pressure resulted in recombination events, insertions and deletions in the S gene. Two new isolates generated from recombination were found with nucleotide sequence diverging 1.7-2.4% from the D388/QX-Iike branch, indicating the emergence of a new lineage. The study demonstrates a constant evolution of IBV that might be in relation to increased poultry farming, trade and vaccine pressure. The findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring to control spread of infections, as well as to timely adjust diagnostic methods, molecular epidemiological studies, development and use of vaccines that are adapted to the changing disease scenario. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Bálint, Adám, et al.
(author)
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Characterisation of the nucleic acid binding features of the PRRSV 7ap and its ability to induce antinuclear antibodies
- 2017
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In: Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. - : Akademiai Kiado Zrt.. - 0236-6290 .- 1588-2705. ; 65, s. 124-134
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A short alternative open reading frame named ORF7a has recently been discovered within the nucleocapsid gene of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) genome. Proteins (7ap) translated from the ORF7a of two divergent strains - a type I and a type II - are able to completely reduce the motility of nucleic acids at relatively high molar charge ratios in gel retardation assays indicating strong dsDNA-and ssRNA-binding capability. Conserved RNA-and DNA-binding properties suggest that nucleic acid binding is a functional property of the divergent 7aps, and not an arbitrary consequence of their net positive charge. Sera from Hu7ap-immunised pigs and mice did not react with Hu7ap or Hu7ap-GFP; however, antinuclear antibodies were detected in the sera of the immunised animals, suggesting an ability of Hu7ap to interact with or mimic autoantigenic macromolecules.
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| 5. |
- Bálint, Adám, et al.
(author)
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Characterization of two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in Hungary in 2007
- 2010
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In: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 145, s. 142-147
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus strains, A/mallard/Hungary/19616/07 (H3N8) and A/mute swan/Hungary/5973/07 (H7N7), isolated as part of the National Surveillance Program in Hungary, were fully sequenced and characterized. The two viruses showed the closest phylogenetic relationship regarding their acidic polymerase genes. The H7N7 Hungarian virus and some H5N2 influenza viruses isolated from Korean pigs appeared to have their basic polymerase gene 1 from a relatively recent common ancestor. The matrix gene nucleotide sequence of each Hungarian virus showed close relationship with contemporaneous Czech H3N8 mallard isolates, which belonged to distinct phylogenetic branches. The non-structural protein genes belonged to different alleles, rendering a peculiar characteristic to the H7N7 isolate compared to the so far analyzed Eurasian H7 viruses. The surface glycoprotein genes of the H3N8 isolate showed a close phylogenetic relationship and high nucleotide identities to H3N8 subtype isolates from Northern Europe collected in 2003-2006, and to an H3N2 isolate in Italy in 2006, extending the perceptions of this HA subtype across Northern and Southern Europe close to this period. These findings provide further data to the diversity of influenza viruses found in wild migratory birds and present useful information for large scale studies on influenza virus evolution. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bálint, Adám, et al.
(author)
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IMMUNOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF 7ap, A SHORT PROTEIN TRANSLATED FROM AN ALTERNATIVE FRAME OF ORF7 OF PRRSV
- 2016
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In: Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. - : Akademiai Kiado Zrt.. - 0236-6290 .- 1588-2705. ; 64, s. 273-287
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sequence analysis revealed a short alternative open reading frame (ORF) named ORF7a within the nucleocapsid gene of genetically divergent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) genomes. Alignment of the corresponding protein sequences (named 7ap) revealed substantial heterogeneity among 7aps of different genotypes, though all of them are predicted to be positively charged. Green fluorescent protein and FLAG fusion constructs of ORF7a of the HU-14432/2011 PRRSV demonstrated that 7ap is expressed. 7ap of HU-14432/2011 (Hu7ap) was synthesised chemically, and ELISA experiments revealed that Hu7ap binds strongly to mammalian IgGs. Protein-protein gel retardation assays and complement fixation inhibition suggest that 7aps bind to the CH2 domain of the IgG(Fc) fragment. Cellular localisation and immunological characteristics of PRRSV 7ap may indicate multiple functions including nuclear and cytoplasmic over-tuning of normal cellular processes and immunosuppression.
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| 8. |
- Bálint, Adám, et al.
(author)
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Molecular Characterization of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Strain DF-2 and Studies of the Role of ORF3abc in Viral Cell Tropism
- 2012
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In: Journal of Virology. - 0022-538X .- 1098-5514. ; 86, s. 6258-6267
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The full-length genome of the highly lethal feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) strain DF-2 was sequenced and cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) to study the role of ORF3abc in the FIPV-feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) transition. The reverse genetic system allowed the replacement of the truncated ORF3abc of the original FIPV DF-2 genome with the intact ORF3abc of the canine coronavirus (CCoV) reference strain Elmo/02. The in vitro replication kinetics of these two viruses was studied in CrFK and FCWF-4 cell lines, as well as in feline peripheral blood monocytes. Both viruses showed similar replication kinetics in established cell lines. However, the strain with a full-length ORF3 showed markedly lower replication of more than 2 log(10) titers in feline peripheral blood monocytes. Our results suggest that the truncated ORF3abc plays an important role in the efficient macrophage/monocyte tropism of type II FIPV.
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| 9. |
- Bálint, Adám, et al.
(author)
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Recombination Events Shape the Genomic Evolution of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Europe
- 2021
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In: Viruses. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4915. ; 13
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Infectious bronchitis of chicken is a high morbidity and mortality viral disease affecting the poultry industry worldwide; therefore, a better understanding of this pathogen is of utmost importance. The primary aim of this study was to obtain a deeper insight into the genomic diversity of field infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains using phylogenetic and recombination analysis. We sequenced the genome of 20 randomly selected strains from seven European countries. After sequencing, we created a genome sequence data set that contained 36 European origin field isolates and 33 vaccine strains. When analyzing these 69 IBV genome sequences, we identified 215 recombination events highlighting that some strains had multiple recombination breaking points. Recombination hot spots were identified mostly in the regions coding for non-structural proteins, and multiple recombination hot spots were identified in the nsp2, nsp3, nsp8, and nsp12 coding regions. Recombination occurred among different IBV genotypes and involved both field and vaccine IBV strains. Ninety percent of field strains and nearly half of vaccine strains showed evidence of recombination. Despite the low number and the scattered geographical and temporal origin of whole-genome sequence data collected from European Gammacoronaviruses, this study underlines the importance of recombination as a major evolutionary mechanism of IBVs.
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| 10. |
- Bálint, Adám, et al.
(author)
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Swine influenza viruses isolated in 1983, 2002 and 2009 in Sweden exemplify different lineages
- 2010
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In: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 52, s. 1-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Swine influenza virus isolates originating from outbreaks in Sweden from 1983, 2002 and 2009 were subjected to nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The aim of the studies was to obtain an overview on their potential relatedness as well as to provide data for broader scale studies on swine influenza epidemiology. Nonetheless, analyzing archive isolates is justified by the efforts directed to the comprehension of the appearance of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Interestingly, this study illustrates the evolution of swine influenza viruses in Europe, because the earliest isolate belonged to 'classical' swine H1N1, the subsequent ones to Eurasian 'avian-like' swine H1N1 and reassortant 'avian-like' swine H1N2 lineages, respectively. The latter two showed close genetic relatedness regarding their PB2, HA, NP, and NS genes, suggesting common ancestry. The study substantiates the importance of molecular surveillance for swine influenza viruses.
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| 11. |
- Bálint, Adám, et al.
(author)
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The first Swedish H1N2 swine influenza virus isolate represents an uncommon reassortant
- 2009
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In: Virology Journal. - 1743-422X. ; 6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The European swine influenza viruses (SIVs) show considerable diversity comprising different types of H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 strains. The intensifying full genome sequencing efforts reveal further reassortants within these subtypes. Here we report the identification of an uncommon reassortant variant of H1N2 subtype influenza virus isolated from a pig in a multisite herd where H1N2 swine influenza was diagnosed for the first time in Sweden during the winter of 2008-2009. The majority of the European H1N2 swine influenza viruses described so far possess haemagglutinin (HA) of the human-like H1N2 SIV viruses and the neuraminidase (NA) of either the European H1N2 or H3N2 SIV-like viruses. The Swedish isolate has an avian-like SIV HA and a H3N2 SIV-like NA, which is phylogenetically more closely related to H3N2 SIV NAs from isolates collected in the early '80s than to the NA of H3N2 origin of the H1N2 viruses isolated during the last decade, as depicted by some German strains, indicative of independent acquisition of the NA genes for these two types of reassortants. The internal genes proved to be entirely of avian-like SIV H1N1 origin. The prevalence of this SIV variant in pig populations needs to be determined, as well as the suitability of the routinely used laboratory reagents to analyze this strain.The description of this H1N2 SIV adds further information to influenza epidemiology and supports the necessity of surveillance for influenza viruses in pigs.
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| 12. |
- Banér, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Microarray-based molecular detection of foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and swine vesicular disease viruses, using padlock probes
- 2007
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In: Journal of Virological Methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-0934 .- 1879-0984. ; 143:2, s. 200-206
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties, OIE) includes the diseases caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), as "Diseases Notifiable to the OIE". Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks have severe economical as well as social effects and cannot be differentiated from the diseases caused by the other two viruses on the basis of clinical symptoms. Efficient laboratory techniques are therefore required for detection and identification of the viruses causing similar vesicular symptoms in swine. A rapid method is described using padlock probes and microarrays to detect simultaneously and differentiate the three viruses in a single reaction, as well as providing serotype information in cases of VSV infection. The padlock probe/microarray assay detected successfully and identified 39 cDNA samples of different origin representing the three viruses. The results were in complete agreement with identities and serotypes determined previously. This novel virus detection method is discussed in terms of usefulness and further development.
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| 13. |
- Belak, Sandor, et al.
(author)
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Advances in viral disease diagnostic and molecular epidemiological technologies
- 2009
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In: Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. - 1473-7159 .- 1744-8352. ; 9, s. 367-381
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The early and rapid detection and characterization of specific nucleic acids of medico-veterinary pathogens have proven invaluable for diagnostic purposes. The integration of amplification and signal detection systems, including online real-time devices, have increased speed and sensitivity and greatly facilitated the quantification of target nucleic acids. They have also allowed for sequence characterization using melting or hybridization curves. The newer-generation molecular diagnostic technologies offer, hitherto, unparalleled detection and discrimination methodologies, which are vital for the positive detection and identification of pathogenic agents, as well as the effects of the pathogens on the production of antibodies. The development phase of the novel technologies entails a thorough understanding of accurate diagnosis and discrimination of present and emerging diseases. The development of novel technologies can only be successful if they are transferred and used in the field with a sustainable quality-assured application to allow for the optimal detection and effective control of diseases. The aim of these new tools is to detect the presence of a pathogen agent before the onset of disease. This manuscript focuses mainly on the experiences of two World Organisation for Animal Health collaborating centers in context to molecular diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of transboundary and endemic animal diseases of viral origin, food safety and zoonoses.
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| 14. |
- Belak, Sandor
(author)
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Anthropogenic Infection of Cats during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic
- 2021
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In: Viruses. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4915. ; 13
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by a new coronavirus (CoV), SARS-CoV-2, which is closely related to SARS-CoV that jumped the animal-human species barrier and caused a disease outbreak in 2003. SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus that was first described in 2019, unrelated to the commonly occurring feline coronavirus (FCoV) that is an alphacoronavirus associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and has spread globally within a few months, resulting in the current pandemic. Felids have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Particularly in the Western world, many people live in very close contact with their pet cats, and natural infections of cats in COVID-19-positive households have been described in several countries. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European Countries, discusses the current status of SARS-CoV infections in cats. The review examines the host range of SARS-CoV-2 and human-to-animal transmissions, including infections in domestic and non-domestic felids, as well as mink-to-human/-cat transmission. It summarises current data on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in domestic cats and the results of experimental infections of cats and provides expert opinions on the clinical relevance and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats.
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| 15. |
- Belak, Sandor
(author)
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Az RNS-vírusok kvázispecies jellege és önszabályozó mechanizmusa; példák ezek gyakorlati jelentőségére
- 2010
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In: Magyar állatorvosok lapja. - 0025-004X. ; 132, s. 425-438
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The extensive research on infectious diseases has lead to significant achievements in the last decades and at the same time, it presented new challenges. This paper summarizes the findings of the related literature, giving examples of veterinary concerns. The recognition of the existence of RNA viruses as a swarm of slightly different mutant variants, the so-called quasispecies, has begun shaping our understanding of the patomechanism of viral diseases and to reveal its complexity in deeper details. The survival and evolution of the viral quasispecies proposed to rely on the fidelity and processivity of the virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme, which are significantly and dynamically affected by other proteins of the virus, striving to reach equilibrium by a mechanism called replicative homeostasis. The comprehension of this autoregulation process helps to understand better phenomena like revertation of live vaccine viruses, change in tissue tropism, exacerbation of certain disease conditions, etc. For this purpose, it is very important to subject some selected samples/isolates of a given outbreak for deeper sequence analysis, i.e. to have at least the full-length consensus sequence of a given pathogen. The further analysis of the composition of the quasispecies could certainly provide more data, even of predictive value for epidemiological concerns, i.e., indicating the frequency of between animal virus transmission and the duration of infection.
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| 16. |
- Belak, Sandor
(author)
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Body temperature and motion: Evaluation of an online monitoring system in pigs challenged with Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome Virus
- 2017
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In: Research in Veterinary Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0034-5288 .- 1532-2661. ; 114, s. 482-488
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Highly contagious and emerging diseases cause significant losses in the pig producing industry worldwide. Rapid and exact acquisition of real-time data, like body temperature and animal movement from the production facilities would enable early disease detection and facilitate adequate response. In this study, carried out within the European Union research project RAPIDIA FIELD, we tested an online monitoring system on pigs experimentally infected with the East European subtype 3 Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) strain Lena. We linked data from different body temperature measurement methods and the real-time movement of the pigs. The results showed a negative correlation between body temperature and movement of the animals. The correlation was similar with both body temperature obtaining methods, rectal and thermal sensing microchip, suggesting some advantages of body temperature measurement with transponders compared with invasive and laborious rectal measuring. We also found a significant difference between motion values before and after the challenge with a virulent PRRSV strain. The decrease in motion values was noticeable before any clinical sign was recorded. Based on our results the online monitoring system could represent a practical tool in registering early warning signs of health status alterations, both in experimental and commercial production settings.
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| 17. |
- Belak, Sandor
(author)
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Bordetella Bronchiseptica Infection in Cats: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
- 2009
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In: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 610-614
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Overview Bordetella bronchiseptica is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonises the respiratory tract of mammals and is considered to be a primary pathogen of domestic cats. It is sensible to consider B bronchiseptica as a rare cause of zoonotic infections. The bacterium is susceptible to common disinfectants. Infection The bacterium is shed in oral and nasal secretions of infected cats. Dogs with respiratory disease are an infection risk for cats. The microorganism colonises the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract of the host, establishing chronic infections. Disease signs A wide range of respiratory signs has been associated with B bronchiseptica infection, from a mild illness with fever, coughing, sneezing, ocular discharge and lymphadenopathy to severe pneumonia with dyspnoea, cyanosis and death. Diagnosis Bacterial culture and PCR lack sensitivity. Samples for isolation can be obtained from the oropharynx (swabs) or via transtracheal wash/ bronchoalveolar lavage. Disease management Antibacterial therapy is indicated, even if the signs are mild. Where sensitivity data are unavailable, tetracyclines are recommended. Doxycycline is the antimicrobial of choice. Cats with severe B bronchiseptica infection require supportive therapy and intensive nursing care. Vaccination recommendations In some European countries an intranasal modified-live virus vaccine is available. The modified-live product is licensed for use as a single vaccination with annual boosters. Cats should not be routinely vaccinated against B bronchiseptica (non-core), since the infection generally causes only a mild disease
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| 18. |
- Belak, Sandor
(author)
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Calicivirus Infection in Cats
- 2022
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In: Viruses. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4915. ; 14
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen in domestic cats that is highly contagious, resistant to many disinfectants and demonstrates a high genetic variability. FCV infection can lead to serious or even fatal diseases. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, presents the current knowledge of FCV infection and fills gaps with expert opinions. FCV infections are particularly problematic in multicat environments. FCV-infected cats often show painful erosions in the mouth and mild upper respiratory disease and, particularly in kittens, even fatal pneumonia. However, infection can be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. Rarely, highly virulent FCV variants can induce severe systemic disease with epizootic spread and high mortality. FCV can best be detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR. However, a negative result does not rule out FCV infection and healthy cats can test positive. All cats should be vaccinated against FCV (core vaccine); however, vaccination protects cats from disease but not from infection. Considering the high variability of FCV, changing to different vaccine strain(s) may be of benefit if disease occurs in fully vaccinated cats. Infection-induced immunity is not life-long and does not protect against all strains; therefore, vaccination of cats that have recovered from caliciviral disease is recommended.
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| 19. |
- Belak, Sandor, et al.
(author)
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Cellular localisation of the proteins of region 3 of feline enteric coronavirus
- 2018
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In: Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. - : Akademiai Kiado Zrt.. - 0236-6290 .- 1588-2705. ; 66, s. 493-508
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Feline enteric coronaviruses have three open reading frames (ORFs) in region 3 (3a, 3b, and 3c). All three ORFs were expressed with C-terminal eGFP and 3xFLAG tags in different cell lines and their localisation was determined. ORF 3a is predicted to contain DNA-binding and transcription activator domains, and it is localised in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. ORF 3b is also predicted to contain DNA-binding and activator domains, and was found to localise in the mitochondrion. Besides that, in some of the non-infected and FIPV-infected cells nucleolar, perinuclear or nuclear membrane accumulation of the eGFP-tagged 3b was observed. The exact compartmental localisation of ORF 3c is yet to be determined. However, based on our co-localisation studies 3c does not seem to be localised in the ER-Golgi network, ERGIC or peroxisomes. The expression of 3c-eGFP is clearly cell type dependent, it is more stable in MARC 145 cells than in Fcwf-4 or CrFK cells, which might reflect in vivo stability differences of 3c in natural target cells (enterocytes vs. monocytes/macrophages).
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| 20. |
- Belak, Sandor
(author)
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Chlamydophila felis infection ABCD guidelines on prevention and management
- 2009
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In: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 605-609
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Overview Chlamydophila felis is a Gram-negative bacterium and its primary target is the conjunctiva. The bacterium does not survive outside the host. Infection Transmission requires close contact between cats; ocular secretions are probably the most important body fluid for infection. Most cases occur in cats under 1 year of age. Chlamydophila felis is the infectious organism most frequently associated with conjunctivitis. Disease signs Unilateral ocular disease generally progresses to become bilateral. There can be intense conjunctivitis with extreme hyperaemia of the nictitating membrane, blepharospasm and ocular discomfort. Transient fever, inappetence and weight loss may occur shortly after infection, although most cats remain well and continue to eat. Diagnosis PCR techniques are now preferred for diagnosing C felis infection. Ocular swabs are generally used. In unvaccinated cats, antibody detection can be used to indicate infection. Disease management Tetracyclines are generally regarded as the antibiotics of choice. Doxycycline has the advantage of requiring only single daily administration and is given at a dose of 10 mg/kg orally. Vaccination should be considered if there is a history of confirmed chlamydial disease in a shelter. Single housing and routine hygiene measures should suffice to avoid cross-infection. Cats maintained together for longer terms should be vaccinated regularly. In breeding catteries where C felis infection is endemic, the first step should be to treat all cats with doxycycline for at least 4 weeks. Once clinical signs have been controlled, the cats should be vaccinated. Vaccination recommendations Vaccination should be considered for cats at risk of exposure to infection. Vaccination generally begins at 8–10 weeks of age, with a second injection 3–4 weeks later. Annual boosters are recommended for cats at continued risk of exposure
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| 21. |
- Belak, Sandor
(author)
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Coding-complete genome sequencing suggests that Newcastle disease virus challenge strain Herts'33 (IVMP) may represent a distinct genotype
- 2020
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In: Archives of Virology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0304-8608 .- 1432-8798. ; 165, s. 245-248
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We determined the genomic sequence of a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) line obtained directly from the first NDV isolate, named Herts'33. This strain shared <= 90% nucleotide sequence identity with the NDV sequences available in the GenBank database, and formed a distinct branch in a phylogenetic tree. This branch may be considered to represent a separate NDV genotype. Our study indicates that investigation of the genomic sequences of old NDV strains that originated from the early outbreaks of Newcastle disease may alter the phylogenetic grouping of the NDV strains and provide data on the evolution of viral genomes over time.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Belak, Sandor, et al.
(author)
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Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification for visual detection of the HCLV vaccine against classical swine fever in China
- 2011
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In: Journal of Virological Methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-0934 .- 1879-0984. ; 171, s. 200-205
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and evaluated for the rapid and specific detection of HCLV vaccine strain against classical swine fever. Four primers were designed for amplification of NS5B gene region with Bst DNA polymerase at a constant temperature of 65 degrees C. The products showed ladder-like pattern on 2% agarose gel, and can be visualised after addition of SYBR Green I dye. The detection limit of the assay was 5 copies of the HCLV genome per reaction. No cross-reaction with other porcine viruses including different wild-type CSFV strains and the bovine viral diarrhoea virus was observed. The agreement between the LAMP and TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assays was 94.4% for the detection of 72 batches of HCLV vaccine. The assay provides a rapid tool for the control of vaccine quality and can be an accompanying assay of the LAMP for wild-type CSFV described previously for differential diagnosis. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 24. |
- Belak, Sandor
(author)
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Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay based on primer-probe energy transfer for the detection of all serotypes of bluetongue virus
- 2010
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In: Journal of Virological Methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-0934 .- 1879-0984. ; 167, s. 165-171
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A real-nine RT-PCR assay based on the primer-probe energy transfer (PriProET) was developed to detect all 24 serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV causes serious disease, primarily in sheep, but in other ruminants as well A distinguishing characteristic of the assay is its tolerance toward mutations in the probe region. Furthermore, melting curve analysis following immediately PCR confirms specific probe hybridization and can reveal mutations in the probe region by showing a difference in the melting point The assay sensitivity was in the range of 10-100 target copies and the specificity tests showed no positive results for heterologous pathogens The assay was tested on clinical samples from BTV 8 outbreaks in Sweden and Denmark in 2008 The lowest detection limit for that serotype, determined with PCR standards, was 57 genome copies The assay sensitivity for some other serotypes that circulate currently in Europe was also determined BTV 2, 4, 9 and 16 were tested on available cell culture samples and the detection limits were 109, 12, 13 and 24 copies, respectively. This assay provides an important tool for early and rapid detection of a wide range of BTV strains, including emerging strains (C) 2010 Elsevier B V. All rights reserved
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| 25. |
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