| 1. |
- Abelev, Betty, et al.
(author)
-
Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p-Pb collisions at root S-NN=5.02 TeV
- 2013
-
In: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 719:1-3, s. 29-41
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Angular correlations between charged trigger and associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV for transverse momentum ranges within 0.5 < P-T,P-assoc < P-T,P-trig < 4 GeV/c. The correlations are measured over two units of pseudorapidity and full azimuthal angle in different intervals of event multiplicity, and expressed as associated yield per trigger particle. Two long-range ridge-like structures, one on the near side and one on the away side, are observed when the per-trigger yield obtained in low-multiplicity events is subtracted from the one in high-multiplicity events. The excess on the near-side is qualitatively similar to that recently reported by the CMS Collaboration, while the excess on the away-side is reported for the first time. The two-ridge structure projected onto azimuthal angle is quantified with the second and third Fourier coefficients as well as by near-side and away-side yields and widths. The yields on the near side and on the away side are equal within the uncertainties for all studied event multiplicity and p(T) bins, and the widths show no significant evolution with event multiplicity or p(T). These findings suggest that the near-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially identical away-side ridge. (c) 2013 CERN. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Abelev, Betty, et al.
(author)
-
Measurement of prompt J/psi and beauty hadron production cross sections at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV
- 2012
-
In: Journal of High Energy Physics. - 1029-8479. ; :11
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The ALICE experiment at the LHC has studied J/psi production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV through its electron pair decay on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity L-int = 5.6 nb(-1). The fraction of J/psi from the decay of long-lived beauty hadrons was determined for J/psi candidates with transverse momentum p(t) > 1,3 GeV/c and rapidity vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9. The cross section for prompt J/psi mesons, i.e. directly produced J/psi and prompt decays of heavier charmonium states such as the psi(2S) and chi(c) resonances, is sigma(prompt J/psi) (p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c, vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9) = 8.3 +/- 0.8(stat.) +/- 1.1 (syst.)(-1.4)(+1.5) (syst. pol.) mu b. The cross section for the production of b-hadrons decaying to J/psi with p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c and vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9 is a sigma(J/psi <- hB) (p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c, vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9) = 1.46 +/- 0.38 (stat.)(-0.32)(+0.26) (syst.) mu b. The results are compared to QCD model predictions. The shape of the p(t) and y distributions of b-quarks predicted by perturbative QCD model calculations are used to extrapolate the measured cross section to derive the b (b) over bar pair total cross section and d sigma/dy at mid-rapidity.
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| 3. |
- Abelev, Betty, et al.
(author)
-
Underlying Event measurements in pp collisions at root s=0.9 and 7 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC
- 2012
-
In: Journal of High Energy Physics. - 1029-8479. ; :7
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present measurements of Underlying Event observables in pp collisions at root s = 0 : 9 and 7 TeV. The analysis is performed as a function of the highest charged-particle transverse momentum p(T),L-T in the event. Different regions are defined with respect to the azimuthal direction of the leading (highest transverse momentum) track: Toward, Transverse and Away. The Toward and Away regions collect the fragmentation products of the hardest partonic interaction. The Transverse region is expected to be most sensitive to the Underlying Event activity. The study is performed with charged particles above three different p(T) thresholds: 0.15, 0.5 and 1.0 GeV/c. In the Transverse region we observe an increase in the multiplicity of a factor 2-3 between the lower and higher collision energies, depending on the track p(T) threshold considered. Data are compared to PYTHIA 6.4, PYTHIA 8.1 and PHOJET. On average, all models considered underestimate the multiplicity and summed p(T) in the Transverse region by about 10-30%.
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| 4. |
- Axelsson, Agnes, 1992-, et al.
(author)
-
Robots in autonomous buses: Who hosts when no human is there?
- 2024
-
In: HRI 2024 Companion - Companion of the 2024 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ; , s. 1278-1280
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In mid-2023, we performed an experiment in autonomous buses in Stockholm, Sweden, to evaluate the role that social robots might have in such settings, and their effects on passengers' feeling of safety and security, given the absence of human drivers or clerks. To address the situations that may occur in autonomous public transit (APT), we compared an embodied agent to a disembodied agent. In this video publication, we showcase some of the things that worked with the interactions we created, and some problematic issues that we had not anticipated.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, et al.
(author)
-
Evaluation of robot body movements supporting communication : Towards HRI on the move
- 2011
-
In: New Frontiers in Human–Robot Interaction. - Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027204554 ; , s. 185-210
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In designing socially interactive robots we have focused on robot movement and its role in multi-modal human-robot communication. In this chapter we describe design and evaluation of robot body movements supporting communication, investigating the idea of using speed and orientation adjustments as design elements in human-robot interaction. The scenario studied includes a robotic shopping trolley that offers products via speech and GUI to the user while both are moving in a supermarket-like environment. Our results show that if the robot slows down while making such offers, users are more prone to react upon them and to take the product. However, even from our early pre-study with mock-up robots we observed that users tended not to mention the robot’s slow-down movements, even if these movements were shown several times to them during a video-based debriefing. This phenomenon, that users react implicitly on the robot’s movements without being consciously aware of them, was confirmed during an experimental study with a fully integrated robot prototype. We discuss our results by reflecting on human-robot interaction design methods, and we draw implications from the lessons learned in the study of the design of robot behaviours. In particular, we list a whole set of challenges for HRI when both the user and the robot are moving.
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| 7. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, et al.
(author)
-
FingerPrint : supporting social awareness in a translucent sensor- mediated cue-based environment
- 2004
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on a pilot study that is part of an ongoing project which investigates social awareness support for project groups made of students who may choose to work at the university, at home or at part-time job offices. The study involved the design and early evaluation of a prototype which augments a cooperative application with various sensorial and computational cues about co-worker presence. The sensing devices were installed and annotated by the users themselves. Based on this experience and inspired by "technomethodology", we suggest implications for design of awareness support and context-enabled devices.
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| 8. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, et al.
(author)
-
Generating an Abstract User Interface from a Discourse Model Inspired by Human Communication
- 2008
-
In: Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. ; , s. 36-46
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Inspired by Human Communication Cristian Bogdan, Jürgen Falb, Hermann Kaindl, Sevan Kavaldjian, Roman Popp, Helmut Horacek, Edin Arnautovic and Alexander Szep Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Computer Technology A 1040 Vienna, Austria {bogdan, falb, kaindl, kavaldjian, popp, horacek, arnautovic, szep}@ict.tuwien.ac.at Abstract Programming user interfaces is hard, error-prone and expensive, but recent advances allow generating them from interaction design models. We present an approach for modeling interaction design that is inspired by human com- munication. Our interaction design models are discourse models, more precisely models of dialogues. They are based on theories of human communication and should, therefore, be more understandable to humans than programs imple- menting user interfaces. The main ingredients of our mod- els are communicative acts (Speech Act Theory), which are connected as adjacency pairs (Conversation Analysis) and via RST relations (Rhetorical Structure Theory). While RST provides useful means for modeling discourse in the sense of monologue, a dialogue results from connecting monologues via adjacency pairs. This paper presents a new metamodel that integrates these approaches. Based on it, we show how abstract user interfaces can be generated from such dis- course models. In a nutshell, we generate finite-state ma- chinery and employ rules devised by us to map parts of a discourse model to abstract widgets.
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| 9. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, 1971-
(author)
-
IT Design for Amateur Communities
- 2003
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The concept of community is receiving increasing attentionacross organizations and throughout the entire society.Voluntary association, creation of value, and solidarity incommunity contexts get more and more appreciated and nurturedwithin companies and other organizations. At the same time,lack of community is raised lately by Western sociologists as amajor source of alarm while the large participationpossibilities provided by the Internet are seen as a hope forremedy.This thesis aims to contribute in the area of technologydesign for communities by seeking to gain understanding ofvoluntary community work and to design artefacts in support forsuch work. Community work is studied through anethnographically-inspired approach for empirical observation ofcommunity activity and the artefacts that support it. Fieldstudy of‘voluntary working order’was conducted inseveral voluntary communities: amateur radio and three studentorganisations. In studying such working order, one mustrenounce a set of assumptions that are commonly made aboutwork, starting with the very idea of remuneration as a basicmotivation. Instead, challenge as a major motivation isproposed for work in voluntary communities. To draw inspirationfor future design, an examination is made of the way thismotivation is reflected in the features of technology createdby the communities for their own use, in the working contextsof the field settings.Lessons learned about amateur work are then used and refinedwhile reflecting on amateur-work-oriented design of ITartefacts conducted within a student organisation, with aparticular interest in self-sustainability of participatorydesign practices in such settings. Practices of participatorydesign are re-considered in the context of voluntary work, theabsence of the employer-employee conflict, the challenges andlearning trajectories of the members. As development is done bymembers of the student community, design interventions forself-sustainability of amateur software development aredescribed and reflected upon. A generic approach is proposedfor action aimed at self-sustainability in amateur settings.The socio-technical features that resemble across thecommunities studied and practices experienced are then groupedunder the generic name of the perspective developed in thisthesis:“Amateur Community”. The perspective isproposed as a point of departure for further study and designintervention in similar communities. Comparisons are madebetween Amateur Community and other approaches such asCommunity of Practice.Keywords:amateur, volunteer, community, work, amateurwork, participatory design, software development, challenge,contingency, pioneering, public, personal development,learning, hands-on learning, selfsustainability
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| 10. |
- Bogdan, Cristian
(author)
-
Longstanding success without awareness support : lessons from a collaborative programming tool
- 2008
-
In: Proceedings of COOP 2008, Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Aix-en-Provence.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The paper is a reflective account of a successful five-year experience with a Web-based collaborative programming environment for nomadic student programmers. While after implementing the basic functionality there were good opportunities for collecting and providing awareness information within the tool, resources did not permit that. Still, the users appreciated the tool and inferred the needed awareness information or provided for it using other channels like instant messaging. This experience suggests that well-designed basic articulation is much more important than awareness for the success of collaborative tools.
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| 11. |
- Bogdan, Cristian M, 1971-
(author)
-
Affordance-Derived Declarative Interaction Models for Context Adaptation
- 2022
-
In: IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction INTERACT 2021. - Cham : Springer Nature. ; , s. 174-182
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Automatically adapting an interactive application to its use context is highly dependent on the existence of a declarative model. The Model-Based User Interface Development research made important progress in fully declarative specifications on interactive applications. However, the Abstract User Interface declarative models, such as task-based or communication-based models, are unfamiliar to designers and developers. This paper presents early explorations into a research program aimed at achieving fully declarative interactive applications: outlining a static concrete user interface and deriving the interaction from its affordances. The basic assumption is that for a well-designed user interface, the UI function can be derived from its form through affordance mechanisms. As the static aspects like the UI initial form are already being described declaratively in industrial practice, fully declarative interactive applications would result from the new research program.
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| 12. |
- Bogdan, Cristian M, 1971-
(author)
-
Declarative interaction towards evolutionary user interface prototyping
- 2018
-
In: 16th IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, INTERACT 2017. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319920801 ; , s. 83-90
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper examines the potential of describing interactive systems in a declarative manner with concepts familiar to both developers and designers. Such declarative interaction descriptions will enable evolutionary prototyping processes. This new type of design and development processes that can emerge with declarative interaction is described along with benefits for human-centred system design. A few challenges are raised for future research in this area.
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| 13. |
- Bogdan, Cristian M, 1971-, et al.
(author)
-
Programming for Moving Bodies
- 2020
-
In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Movement plays an increasingly important role in interactive systems design, from users' physical engagement, to how designed artefacts can move or be moved, and to the concert between users and artefacts. Designers, as well as programmers, have to engage more and more in physical activities when they want to create appealing experiences involving movement. There is a need for articulating emerging dialogues between designers, developers, and their materials. We will explore such dialogues in a 2-half-day workshop, focusing on data and its challenges, on tools and methods, on sensing and actuation when designing or detecting subtle body movements, and on catering for bodily changes over time.
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| 14. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, et al.
(author)
-
Makumba : the Role of Technology or the Sustainability of Amateur Programming Practice and Community
- 2009
-
In: Proceedings of the Fourth Communities and Technologies Conference.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We address the issue of sustainability of practice, which we regard as crucial for the sustainability of the community at large. In the absence of material reward, sustaining a specialized activity such as programming is not trivial especially when members move often in and out of the community. Our case is the group of voluntary, amateur student programmers from a European-wide student organization. We present this setting as an Amateur Community and as a Community of Practice, and show how such framing helps in understanding sustainability of practice. Although being totally voluntary and managing a large intranet, the group has been thriving for six years. To explain such high practice sustainability we examine the role of the technology framework used by the group during this time. We then propose a more general framework for understanding practice sustainability in the context of amateur communities of practice.
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| 15. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, et al.
(author)
-
Modeling of interaction design by end users through discourse modelling
- 2008
-
In: 13th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces 2008, IUI'08. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. ; , s. 305-308
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- End users of software typically have to let someone else develop it and its user interface, or to learn to design and to program it themselves. Especially user interfaces developed by someone else may not fit well the given task. Designing and programming is hard and takes a lot of effort in general, and even more so for people not especially trained or experienced. Therefore, we propose end-user development of user interfaces through a new approach and interface for discourse modeling. End users may themselves model an interaction design as a discourse (in the sense of a dialogue between human and computer). From such an interaction design, eventually a user interface is to be generated automatically by a tool. As a consequence, end-user development becomes end-user modeling instead of programming.
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| 16. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, et al.
(author)
-
On a Mission without a Home Base : Conceptualizing Nomadicity in Student Group Work
- 2006
-
In: COOPERATIVE SYSTEMS DESIGN: SEAMLESS INTEGRATION OF ARTIFACTS AND CONVERSATIONS - ENHANCED CONCEPTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COMMUNICATION. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 9781586036041 ; , s. 23-38
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We are observing that the current body of CSCW research is focusing either on stable workplaces with a single cooperative unit or on mobile work, with highly mobile professionals. We are attempting to fill the gap between workplace and mobile with a field study of student work, which we regard as exhibiting a high degree of nomadicity. After comparing student work with centres of coordination and mobility work, we unpack the notion of nomadicity as a work condition, constituted by a complex of discontinuities, leading to work partitioning and re-assembly. We draw design and methodological implications.
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| 17. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, et al.
(author)
-
Reconsidering support for the members of specialized online communities
- 2002
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since its emergence, the topic of online communities attracted large interest from Human-Computer Interaction and sociology researchers alike. The term “online community” has been generally associated with electronic “meeting-points” of various degrees of synchronicity and persistence, provided through a number of technologies. Based on empirical studies of two different types of online communities, this paper attempts to challenge the “meeting-point” centered approach by i) reconsidering individual needs of the members forming the community and by ii) emphasizing the importance of supporting content-complex activities.
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| 18. |
- Bogdan, Cristian
(author)
-
Tailorability as Practice: A Study of Software Shaping in an Organization
- 2001
-
In: IHM-HCI Lille. ; 2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents a long-term experience of tailoring software in an organisation, detailing problems encountered with the toolkit used for tailoring. Against that background, the paper presents a tailoring toolkit design, grounded in the organisation’s circumstances. The paper concludes by proposing a set of criteria that can be used when choosing or designing a tailoring toolkit in a given setting.
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| 19. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, et al.
(author)
-
Towards a framework for design and evaluation of mixed initiative systems : Considering movement as a modality
- 2009
-
In: IHRCMICA-2009 Improving Human-Robot Communication with Mixed-Initiative and Context-Awareness.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We propose a framework for design and evaluation of mixed initiative robotic systems, focusing mostly on the robot initiative in the case of a robotic shopping trolley. Throughout, we consider the implications of the movement modality in the robot initiative and the communication that follows it. We illustrate our considerations with our experience in designing and evaluating mixed-initiative human-robot communication with a mock-up robot and subsequently an actual robot platform.
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| 20. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, et al.
(author)
-
Towards HRI on the Move with Mixed Initiative
- 2010
-
In: Proceeding of New Frontiers in Human-Robot Interaction Symposium of the Convention Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour (AISB) 2010. ; , s. 22-26
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 21. |
- Bogdan, Cristian, et al.
(author)
-
Tuning in : Challenging design for communities through a field study of radio amateurs
- 2007
-
In: Communities and Technologies 2007. - London : Springer London. - 9781846289040 ; , s. 439-461
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As illustrated by the emerging field of Communities and Technologies, the topic of community, whether further qualified by ‘virtual’ (Rheingold 1993), ‘on line’ or ‘networked’ (Schuler 1996), has become a major focus for field study, design, technical infrastructural provision, as well as social, psychological and economic theorising. Let us review some early examples of this ‘turn to community’. (1999) discuss the ‘network communities of SeniorNet’, an organisation that supports people over the age of 50 in the use of computer networking technologies. The SeniorNet study highlights the complex ‘collage’ of participation and interaction styles that community members sustain, many of which go beyond conventional understandings of older people, their practices and relations to technology. While the members of SeniorNet are geographically dispersed, (1996) describe the ‘Blacksburg Electronic Village’, a local community computing initiative centred around Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. As long ago as 1994, (1994) claimed the existence of over 100 such projects in the US with very diverse aims and experiences but all concerned to be responsive to a community’s needs while exploiting the Internet and the technical developments it has made possible. For their part, (2001) offer some generic infrastructural tools for community computing, including support for ‘identity management’.
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| 22. |
- Czegledi, Cristian Bogdan, 1988, et al.
(author)
-
Bandlimited Power-Efficient Signaling and Pulse Design for Intensity Modulation
- 2014
-
In: IEEE Transactions on Communications. - 0090-6778 .- 1558-0857. ; 62:9, s. 3274-3284
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, a new method for power-efficient intersymbol interference-free transmission over the bandlimited intensity-modulation direct-detection channel is proposed. A new time-varying bias signal is added to the transmitted signal to make it nonnegative and provide a more power-efficient transmission than the previously considered constant bias. To exploit the benefits of the new signaling method, Nyquist and root-Nyquist pulses suitable for the use with this kind of bias are designed using two different methods. In the first method, new pulses are obtained by adding Nyquist pulses in the time domain with different combining coefficients, whereas in the second method, the pulses are obtained by the design of their frequency response. Analytical expressions for the asymptotic optical power efficiency and symbol error rate of the proposed schemes are derived and evaluated. At a spectral efficiency of 1~b/s/Hz, using on-off keying modulation and the proposed bias signal and pulses, up to 0.628 dB gains in asymptotic power efficiency can be achieved compared to the previously best known signaling scheme, which is based on squared sinc pulse shaping.
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| 23. |
- Czegledi, Cristian Bogdan, 1988, et al.
(author)
-
Bandlimited Power-Efficient Signaling for Intensity Modulation
- 2014
-
In: European Conference on Optical Communication, ECOC 2014; Cannes; France; 21 September 2014 through 25 September 2014. - 9782954944401
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A new, power-efficient signaling method for intersymbol interference-free transmission over the bandlimited intensity-modulation direct-detection channel is proposed. The method utilizes pulse-amplitude modulation with a sinusoidal bias function and is more power-efficient than previously known methods.
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| 24. |
- Czegledi, Cristian Bogdan, 1988, et al.
(author)
-
Digital backpropagation accounting for polarization-mode dispersion
- 2017
-
In: Optics Express. - 1094-4087 .- 1094-4087. ; 25:3, s. 1903-1915
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Digital backpropagation (DBP) is a promising digital-domain technique to mitigate Kerr-induced nonlinear interference. While it successfully removes deterministic signal-signal interactions, the performance of ideal DBP is limited by stochastic effects, such as polarizationmode dispersion (PMD). In this paper, we consider an ideal full-field DBP implementation and modify it to additionally account for PMD; reversing the PMD effects in the backward propagation by passing the reverse propagated signal also through PMD sections, which concatenated equal the inverse of the PMD in the forward propagation. These PMD sections are calculated analytically at the receiver based on the total accumulated PMD of the link estimated from channel equalizers. Numerical simulations show that, accounting for nonlinear polarization-related interactions in the modified DBP algorithm, additional signal-to-noise ratio gains of 1.1 dB are obtained for transmission over 1000 km.
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| 25. |
- Czegledi, Cristian Bogdan, 1988
(author)
-
Modeling and Compensation of Polarization Effects in Fiber-Optic Communication Systems
- 2018
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Optical communication systems that exploit the orthogonality between two polarizations of light convey information over optical fibers by modulating data over the two polarizations. In an idealized scenario, the two polarizations propagate through the fiber without interfering. However, this is not the case for practical fibers, which suffer from various imperfections that lead to polarization-related interference between the two polarizations. This thesis is concerned with polarization effects that arise in communication systems over optical fibers. In particular, we consider modeling and compensation of such effects, and their impact on and improvement of nonlinearity mitigation algorithms. The impact of an impairment on the performance of a transmission system can be understood via a channel model, which should describe the behavior of the channel as accurately as possible. A theoretical framework is introduced to model the stochastic nature of the state of polarization during transmission. The model generalizes the one-dimensional carrier phase noise random walk to higher dimensions, modeling the phase noise and state of polarization drift jointly as rotations of the electric field and it has been successfully verified using experimental data. Thereafter, the model is extended to account for polarization-mode dispersion and its temporal random fluctuations. Such models will be increasingly important in simulating and optimizing future systems, where sophisticated digital signal processing will be natural parts. The typical digital signal processing solution to mitigate phase noise and drift of the state of polarization consists of two separate blocks that track each phenomenon independently and have been developed without taking into account mathematical models describing the impairments. Based on the proposed model for the state of polarization, we study a blind tracking algorithm to compensate for these impairments. The algorithm dynamically recovers the carrier phase and state of polarization jointly for an arbitrary modulation format. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, having a fast convergence rate and an excellent tolerance to phase and polarization noise. The optical fiber is a nonlinear medium with respect to the intensity of the incident light. This effect leads to nonlinear interference as the intensity of light increases, which made nonlinear interference mitigation techniques to be an intensively studied topic. Typically, these techniques do not take into account polarization-mode dispersion, which becomes detrimental as the nonlinear effects interact with polarization-mode dispersion. We study digital-domain nonlinear interference mitigation algorithms that take into account polarization-mode dispersion by i) reversing the polarization effects concurrently with reversing the nonlinear effects and by ii) mitigating only the polarization-insensitive nonlinear contributions. These algorithms will be increasingly important in future optical systems capable of performing large bandwidth nonlinear interference mitigation, where even small amounts of polarization-mode dispersion become a limiting factor.
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