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- Covacu, R, et al.
(author)
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Effects of Neuroinflammation on Neural Stem Cells
- 2017
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In: The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry. - : SAGE Publications. - 1089-4098. ; 23:1, s. 27-39
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) are present in different locations in the central nervous system. In the subgranular zone (SGZ) there is a constant generation of new neurons under normal conditions. New neurons are also formed from the subventricular zone (SVZ) NSCs, and they migrate anteriorly as neuroblast to the olfactory bulb in rodents, whereas in humans migration is directed toward striatum. Most CNS injuries elicit proliferation and migration of the NSCs toward the injury site, indicating the activation of a regenerative response. However, regeneration from NSC is incomplete, and this could be due to detrimental cues encountered during inflammation. Different CNS diseases and trauma cause activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses that influence the NSCs. Furthermore, NSCs in the brain react differently to inflammatory cues than their counterparts in the spinal cord. In this review, we have summarized the effects of inflammation on NSCs in relation to their origin and briefly described the NSC activity during different neurological diseases or experimental models.
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- Covacu, R, et al.
(author)
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TLR activation induces TNF-alpha production from adult neural stem/progenitor cells
- 2009
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In: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). - : The American Association of Immunologists. - 1550-6606 .- 0022-1767. ; 182:11, s. 6889-6895
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) are believed to facilitate CNS repair and tissue regeneration. However, it is not yet clear how these cells are influenced when the cellular environment is modified during neurotrauma or neuroinflammatory conditions. In this study, we determine how different proinflammatory cytokines modulate the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in NSCs and how these cells respond to TLR2 and TLR4 agonists. Primary cultures of neural stem/progenitor cells isolated from the subventricular zone of brains from adult Dark Agouti rats were exposed to 1) supernatants from activated macrophages; 2) proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, or both; and 3) agonists for TLR2 and TLR4. Both TLR2 and TLR4 were expressed during basal conditions and their mRNA levels were further increased following cytokine exposure. TLR4 was up-regulated by IFN-γ and this effect was reversed by TNF-α. TLR2 expression was increased by supernatants from activated macrophages and by TNF-α, which synergized with IFN-γ. TLR agonists induced the expression of TNF-α mRNA. Importantly, TNF-α could be translated into protein and released into the supernatants where it was quantified by cytokine ELISA. In conclusion, we demonstrate that NSCs constitutively express TLR2 and TLR4 and that their expression is increased as a consequence of exposure to proinflammatory mediators. Additionally, activation of these receptors can induce production of proinflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that NSCs may be primed to participate in cytokine production during neuroinflammatory or traumatic conditions.
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