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Overview of the JET results
- 2015
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In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 55:10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 2. |
- Romanelli, F, et al.
(author)
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Overview of the JET results
- 2011
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In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 51:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since the last IAEA Conference JET has been in operation for one year with a programmatic focus on the qualification of ITER operating scenarios, the consolidation of ITER design choices and preparation for plasma operation with the ITER-like wall presently being installed in JET. Good progress has been achieved, including stationary ELMy H-mode operation at 4.5 MA. The high confinement hybrid scenario has been extended to high triangularity, lower ρ*and to pulse lengths comparable to the resistive time. The steady-state scenario has also been extended to lower ρ*and ν*and optimized to simultaneously achieve, under stationary conditions, ITER-like values of all other relevant normalized parameters. A dedicated helium campaign has allowed key aspects of plasma control and H-mode operation for the ITER non-activated phase to be evaluated. Effective sawtooth control by fast ions has been demonstrated with3He minority ICRH, a scenario with negligible minority current drive. Edge localized mode (ELM) control studies using external n = 1 and n = 2 perturbation fields have found a resonance effect in ELM frequency for specific q95values. Complete ELM suppression has, however, not been observed, even with an edge Chirikov parameter larger than 1. Pellet ELM pacing has been demonstrated and the minimum pellet size needed to trigger an ELM has been estimated. For both natural and mitigated ELMs a broadening of the divertor ELM-wetted area with increasing ELM size has been found. In disruption studies with massive gas injection up to 50% of the thermal energy could be radiated before, and 20% during, the thermal quench. Halo currents could be reduced by 60% and, using argon/deuterium and neon/deuterium gas mixtures, runaway electron generation could be avoided. Most objectives of the ITER-like ICRH antenna have been demonstrated; matching with closely packed straps, ELM resilience, scattering matrix arc detection and operation at high power density (6.2 MW m-2) and antenna strap voltages (42 kV). Coupling measurements are in very good agreement with TOPICA modelling. © 2011 IAEA, Vienna.
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| 3. |
- Abel, I, et al.
(author)
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Overview of the JET results with the ITER-like wall
- 2013
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In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 53:10, s. 104002-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Following the completion in May 2011 of the shutdown for the installation of the beryllium wall and the tungsten divertor, the first set of JET campaigns have addressed the investigation of the retention properties and the development of operational scenarios with the new plasma-facing materials. The large reduction in the carbon content (more than a factor ten) led to a much lower Z(eff) (1.2-1.4) during L- and H-mode plasmas, and radiation during the burn-through phase of the plasma initiation with the consequence that breakdown failures are almost absent. Gas balance experiments have shown that the fuel retention rate with the new wall is substantially reduced with respect to the C wall. The re-establishment of the baseline H-mode and hybrid scenarios compatible with the new wall has required an optimization of the control of metallic impurity sources and heat loads. Stable type-I ELMy H-mode regimes with H-98,H-y2 close to 1 and beta(N) similar to 1.6 have been achieved using gas injection. ELM frequency is a key factor for the control of the metallic impurity accumulation. Pedestal temperatures tend to be lower with the new wall, leading to reduced confinement, but nitrogen seeding restores high pedestal temperatures and confinement. Compared with the carbon wall, major disruptions with the new wall show a lower radiated power and a slower current quench. The higher heat loads on Be wall plasma-facing components due to lower radiation made the routine use of massive gas injection for disruption mitigation essential.
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| 4. |
- Giroud, C., et al.
(author)
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Integration of a radiative divertor for heat load control into JET high triangularity ELMy H-mode plasmas
- 2012
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In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 52:6, s. 063022-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Experiments on JET with a carbon-fibre composite wall have explored the reduction of steady-state power load in an ELMy H-mode scenario at high Greenwald fraction similar to 0.8, constant power and close to the L to H transition. This paper reports a systematic study of power load reduction due to the effect of fuelling in combination with seeding over a wide range of pedestal density ((4-8) x 10(19) m(-3)) with detailed documentation of divertor, pedestal and main plasma conditions, as well as a comparative study of two extrinsic impurity nitrogen and neon. It also reports the impact of steady-state power load reduction on the overall plasma behaviour, as well as possible control parameters to increase fuel purity. Conditions from attached to fully detached divertor were obtained during this study. These experiments provide reference plasmas for comparison with a future JET Be first wall and an all W divertor where the power load reduction is mandatory for operation.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Solano, Emilia R., et al.
(author)
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Axisymmetric oscillations at L-H transitions in JET : M-mode
- 2017
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In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 57:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- L to H transition studies at JET have revealed an n = 0, m = 1 magnetic oscillation starting immediately at the L to H transition (called M-mode for brevity). While the magnetic oscillation is present a weak ELM-less H-mode regime is obtained, with a clear increase of density and a weak electron temperature pedestal. It is an intermediate state between L and H-mode. In ICRH heated plasmas or low density NBI plasmas the magnetic mode and the pedestal can remain steady (with small oscillations) for the duration of the heating phase, of order 10 s or more. The axisymmetric magnetic oscillation has period similar to 0.5-2 ms, and poloidal mode number m = 1: it looks like a pedestal localised up/down oscillation, although it is clearly a natural oscillation of the plasma, not driven by the position control system. Electron cyclotron emission, interferometry, reflectometry and fast Li beam measurements locate the mode in the pedestal region. Da, fast infrared camera and Langmuir probe measurements show that the mode modulates heat and particle fluxes to the target. The mode frequency appears to scale with the poloidal Alfven velocity, and not with sound speed (i.e. it is not a geodesic acoustic mode). A heuristic model is proposed for the frequency scaling of the mode. We discuss the relationship between the M-mode and other related observations near the L-H transition.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Joffrin, E., et al.
(author)
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Impact of divertor geometry on H-mode confinement in the JET metallic wall
- 2017
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In: Nuclear Fusion. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 57:8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent experiments with the ITER-like wall have demonstrated that changes in divertor strike point position are correlated with strong modification of the global energy confinement. The impact on energy confinement is observable both on the pedestal confinement and core normalised gradients. The corner configuration shows an increased core density gradient length and ion pressure indicating a better ion confinement. The study of neutral re-circulation indicates the neutral pressure in the main chamber varies inversely with the energy confinement and a correlation between the pedestal total pressure and the neutral pressure in the main chamber can be established. It does not appear that charge exchange losses nor momentum losses could explain this effect, but it may be that changes in edge electric potential are playing a role at the plasma edge. This study emphasizes the importance of the scrape-off layer (SOL) conditions on the pedestal and core confinement.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Frassinetti, Lorenzo, et al.
(author)
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Effect of nitrogen seeding on the energy losses and on the time scales of the electron temperature and density collapse of type-I ELMs in JET with the ITER-like wall
- 2015
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In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 55:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The baseline type-I ELMy H-mode scenario has been re-established in JET with the new tungsten MKII-HD divertor and beryllium on the main wall (hereafter called the ITER-like wall, JET-ILW). The first JET-ILW results show that the confinement is degraded by 20-30% in the baseline scenarios compared to the previous carbon wall JET (JET-C) plasmas. The degradation is mainly driven by the reduction in the pedestal temperature. Stored energies and pedestal temperature comparable to the JET-C have been obtained to date in JET-ILW baseline plasmas only in the high triangularity shape using N-2 seeding. This work compares the energy losses during ELMs and the corresponding time scales of the temperature and density collapse in JET-ILWbaseline plasmas with and without N-2 seeding with similar JET-C baseline plasmas. ELMs in the JET-ILW differ from those with the carbon wall both in terms of time scales and energy losses. The ELM time scale, defined as the time to reach the minimum pedestal temperature soon after the ELM collapse, is similar to 2ms in the JET-ILW and lower than 1 ms in the JET-C. The energy losses are in the range Delta W-ELM/W-ped approximate to 7-12% in the JET-ILWand Delta W-ELM/W-ped approximate to 10-20% in JET-C, and fit relatively well with earlier multi-machine empirical scalings of Delta W-ELM/W-ped with collisionality. The time scale of the ELM collapse seems to be related to the pedestal collisionality. Most of the non-seeded JET-ILW ELMs are followed by a further energy drop characterized by a slower time scale similar to 8-10 ms (hereafter called slow transport events), that can lead to losses in the range Delta W-slow/W-ped approximate to 15-22%, slightly larger than the losses in JET-C. The N-2 seeding in JET-ILW significantly affects the ELMs. The JET-ILW plasmas with N-2 seeding are characterized by ELM energy losses and time scales similar to the JET-C and by the absence of the slow transport events.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Webster, A. J., et al.
(author)
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Time-resonant tokamak plasma edge instabilities?
- 2014
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In: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 56:7, s. 075017-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- For a two week period during the Joint European Torus 2012 experimental campaign, the same high confinement plasma was repeated 151 times. The dataset was analysed to produce a probability density function (pdf) for the waiting times between edge-localized plasma instabilities (ELMs). The result was entirely unexpected. Instead of a smooth single peaked pdf, a succession of 4-5 sharp maxima and minima uniformly separated by 7-8 ms intervals was found. Here we explore the causes of this newly observed phenomenon, and conclude that it is either due to a naturally occurring self-organized plasma phenomenon or an interaction between the plasma and a real-time control system. If the maxima are a result of 'resonant' frequencies at which ELMs can be triggered more easily, then future ELM control techniques can, and probably will, use them. Either way, these results demand a deeper understanding of the ELM process.
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| 15. |
- Wellhöner, P., et al.
(author)
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Laser-Doppler flowmetry reveals rapid perfusion changes in adipose tissue of lean and obese females
- 2006
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In: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM. - : American Physiological Society. - 0193-1849 .- 1522-1555. ; 291:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study aimed to evaluate adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) by means of laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in humans. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and straining known to affect epidermal blood flow through the autonomic nervous system were performed in 11 lean and 11 obese female volunteers. ATBF changes were compared between both groups and also discriminated from skin blood flow (SBF) responses of the immediate vicinity. Additionally, LDF measurements were compared with flow measurements using 133xenon washout in 10 lean subjects during whole body cooling. LDF estimations of SBF and ATBF showed a positive correlation to 133Xe during cooling. SBF and ATBF were reduced to the same extent in both lean and obese subjects during LBNP. Straining induced divergent changes in SBF and ATBF: initially SBF decreased while ATBF increased, but toward the end of straining SBF increased above baseline and ATBF returned down to baseline level. Those changes were similar in both weight groups. Interestingly, only in obese subjects, both LBNP and straining were followed by ATBF augmentation, while SBF levels remained stable. In conclusion, LDF compares with 133Xe washout in monitoring ATBF during tonic perfusion changes. Its strength, however, lies in the detection of rapid flow alterations within the subcutaneous tissue, allowing the evaluation of reflex responses of the subcutaneous microcirculation. Interestingly, those rapid changes in SBF and ATBF can be both concordant and discordant. With regard to ATBF, vasoconstrictor components of the reflex responses were similar in lean and obese subjects, whereas vasodilatory responses were more pronounced in obese volunteers.
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