| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Sara-Linnea, et al.
(author)
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Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles as Regulating Power Providers - Case Studies of Sweden and Germany
- 2010
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In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 38:6, s. 2751-2762
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigates plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) as providers of regulating power in the form of primary, secondary and tertiary frequency control. Previous studies have shown that PHEVs could generate substantial profits while providing ancillary services. This study investigates under what conditions PHEVs can generate revenues using actual market data, i.e. prices and activations of regulating power, from Sweden and Germany from four months in 2008. PHEV market participation is modelled for individual vehicles in a fleet subject to a simulated movement pattern. Costs for infrastructure and vehicle-to-grid equipment are not included in the analysis. The simulation results indicate that maximum average profits generated on the German markets are in the range 30–80 h per vehicle and month whereas the Swedish regulating power markets give no profit.In addition, an analysis is performed to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of PHEVs as regulating power providers. Based on the simulation results and the SWOT analysis, characteristics for an ideal regulating power market for PHEVs are presented.
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| 3. |
- Brockwell, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(author)
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Spatial analysis of water quality and income in Europe
- 2021
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In: Water Resources and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4284. ; 35
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between water quality and income within the European Union, considering spatial interdependences across countries. To this end, we apply a spatial econometrics framework using panel data, at the national level, for twenty EU countries across seventeen years, 1998 to 2014. Furthermore, we account for the role of human and livestock population size, institutional quality and economic openness for water quality. Results show that a significant EKC relationship is seen with an inverted N-shaped relationship between income and water quality. Water quality is decreasing in income for low income levels, increasing in income when GDP per capita for medium income levels, and deteriorating for high income levels. Eight out of twenty countries have income levels associated with a declining water quality. Spatial spillovers between countries are significant. Higher livestock density levels are associated with lower levels of water quality, while institutional quality and openness to trade are positively associated with water quality
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| 4. |
- Brockwell, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(author)
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The role of water quality for local environmental policy implementation
- 2020
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In: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. - : Routledge. - 0964-0568 .- 1360-0559. ; 63:6, s. 1001-1021
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this study is to examine the role of surface water quality for the decisions by Swedish municipalities to adopt environmental targets and action plans, as well as allocating these decisions to a responsible authority. To this end, we assess how environmental, socioeconomic, and political factors, as well as the availability of environmental expertise, affect these municipal decisions. Questionnaire data from the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, in combination with environmental monitoring data and official statistics, are used for the econometric analysis. Results show that: (i) municipalities with bad water quality, greater coastal length, and higher income are more inclined to adopt local policies; (ii) collaboration with interest groups increases the likelihood of adopting local policies; and (iii) municipalities with high Center Party representation tend to set responsibility for environmental policy with the municipal council board.
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| 5. |
- Czajkowski, Mikołaj, et al.
(author)
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Increasing the cost-effectiveness of nutrient reduction targets using different spatial scales
- 2021
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 790
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we investigate the potential gains in cost-effectiveness from changing the spatial scale at which nutrient reduction targets are set for the Baltic Sea, with particular focus on nutrient loadings from agriculture. The costs of achieving loading reductions are compared across five levels of spatial scale, namely the entire Baltic Sea; the marine basin level; the country level; the watershed level; and the grid square level. A novel highly-disaggregated model, which represents decreases in agricultural profits, changes in root zone N concentrations and transport to the Baltic Sea is used. The model includes 14 Baltic Sea marine basins, 14 countries, 117 watersheds and 19,023 10-by-10 km grid squares. The main result which emerges is that there is a large variation in the total cost of the program depending on the spatial scale of targeting: for example, for a 40% reduction in loads, the costs of a Baltic Sea-wide target is nearly three times lower than targets set at the smallest level of spatial scale (grid square). These results have important implications for both domestic and international policy design for achieving water quality improvements where non-point pollution is a key stressor of water quality.
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| 6. |
- Ek, Claes, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Which policy instrument do citizens and civil servants prefer? A choice experiment on Swedish marine policy
- 2022
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In: Q Open. - : Oxford University Press. - 2633-9048. ; 2:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the choice between alternative environmental policy instruments, economists tend to favor policies capable of attaining cost-efficiency, but other considerations may be more important to stakeholders. We perform a choice experiment modeled on Swedish water and marine policy to estimate preferences for different policy instruments among citizens and municipal civil servants. Both the modal citizen and the modal civil servant prefer direct regulation and subsidies to nutrient trading. Moreover, nutrient trading is unlikely to deliver sufficiently large cost savings for civil servants to prefer it to other instruments. These results are consistent with the apparent reluctance to adopt water quality trading in Europe.
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| 7. |
- Elofsson, Anna Katarina, 1983
(author)
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Climate Policy for Aviation - Analyses of measures at multiple levels
- 2019
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aviation sector is affected by local, national, multinational (EU) and/or global climate policies targeting domestic, intra-European and intercontinental flights in different and partly overlapping ways. The aim of this thesis is to strengthen further knowledge on climate policy for aviation at multiple governance levels and by doing so contribute to a more informed policy process. This work is done by analysing climate policy, by both qualitative document analysis and energy-economic modelling, concerning aviation. Our results show that actions to reduce aviation emissions are taken at all geographical levels of governance. On the local level, a surprisingly large share, more than a quarter, of the cities studied are taking policy initiatives to reduce aviation. Moreover, we have recognized that cities tend to choose the system boundary (consumption or territorial perspective) that results in the lowest reported emissions. The major perceived conflict of interest at the local level is economic growth vs reduced air travel. With limited authority within the local setting, such as in the case of aviation emissions, governing by ‘agenda setting’ can be an important channel for cities to express their concerns and support change at higher levels. On the national level, some countries have policies such as passenger taxes, biofuel blending mandates (from 2020 in Norway) and carbon taxes on jet fuel. National policies in a country within the European Economic Area (EEA) will overlap fully with CORSIA and/or the EU ETS, which adds challenges regarding additionality of the emissions said to be reduced due by the different policies. Further, there is a potential for national policies to be spread and thereby achieve cumulative emissions reduction.
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| 8. |
- Elofsson, Anna Katarina, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Local Governance of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Air Travel
- 2018
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In: Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning. - 1523-908X .- 1522-7200. ; 20:5, s. 578-594
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Global greenhouse gas emissions from air travel (GHG-A) are on the rise, and projections point towards a rapid growth in the coming decades. This study aims to examine how local government (cities), addresses GHG-A in their Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAP). To fulfil this aim, over 200 SEAPs were analysed focusing on three issues: (1) Treatment of GHG-A in local emissions inventories; (2) Policy initiatives within this domain; and (3) The cities’ perceptions of the conflicts of interests. Results showed that more than half of the cities acknowledge the challenge of GHG-A, around one third include GHG-A in their emissions inventories, and more than one quarter have initiated policy interventions. To categorise these interventions, we have added a mode ‘governing by agenda setting’ to an existing analytical framework, ‘Modes of governing’. With their authority limited to the local setting, this mode of governing is a common channel for cities to push changes at higher levels.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(author)
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Climate change and regulation of nitrogen loads under moral hazard
- 2014
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In: European Review of Agricultural Economics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0165-1587 .- 1464-3618. ; 41:2, s. 327-351
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Within the European Union, it is agreed that watershed-based management of water quality problems is more efficient than centralised arrangements. In this study, a mechanism for allocating international funds to watershed authorities for nitrogen abatement in the presence of moral hazard is investigated. The results show that when there is a risk of climate change, the cost of moral hazard to the international funding agency can be high if there is a moderate likelihood of climate change and the watershed authority is guaranteed a high minimum compensation.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(author)
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Cost-effectiveness of the Baltic Sea Action Plan
- 2010
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In: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 34, s. 1043-1050
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The governments around the Baltic Sea have agreed on a new set of targets for nutrient load reductions. The major motive for this is new and better knowledge about the link between nutrient loads and water transparency in different parts of the sea. The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) defines target for transparency in different marine basins, the load reductions necessary to meet transparency targets and a scheme for the distribution of the abatement burden between countries adjacent to the sea.Using a spatially disaggregated cost-effectiveness model, this paper analyzes the environmental effects of a cost-effective policy for meeting BSAP targets under joint costs of reducing nitrogen and phosphorus loads. The marginal cost of nutrient reductions to different parts of the Baltic Sea is derived and the potential cost savings from basin-wide nutrient load permit trade are investigated.The results show that cost-effective fulfillment of BSAP's load targets can imply that water transparency is improved beyond the target levels due to joint reductions of nitrogen and phosphorus. This suggests that costs could be saved through an adjustment of the basin-wise load reduction targets, while still meeting targets for water transparency. The analysis shows that well-functioning load permit trade can reduce the total annual cost of meeting the BSAP's basin targets by 16%, corresponding to 724 million (sic) per year. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Cost-efficient climate policies for interdependent and uncertain carbon pools
- 2014
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate policy instruments for interdependent carbon pools and how they can be applied in the EU climate policy to 2050. Cost-effective policy instruments for forest products which are adjusted for the impact on carbon pools are identified. A numerical, dynamic, chance-constrained model including the EU-27 countries shows that inclusion of only one forest carbon pool can reduce costs and increase emission reductions. Results also suggest that decentralized policy instruments for both carbon pools are less costly than uniform instruments at the EU level.
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| 15. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Cost-efficient climate policies for interdependent carbon pools
- 2018
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In: Environmental Modelling & Software. - : Elsevier. - 1364-8152 .- 1873-6726. ; 101, s. 86-101
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate cost-effective climate policy instruments for bioenergy and timber, adapted to the impacts on interdependent forest carbon pools, and applied in the EU climate policy to 2050. We develop a discrete time dynamic model including forest carbon pools in biomass, soil, and products, as well as fossil fuel consumption. The analytical results show that the optimal taxes on forest products depend on the growth in the respective carbon pool. The application to the EU 2050 climate policy for emission trading shows that total costs for target achievement can be reduced by 33 percent if all carbon pools are included, and the carbon tax on fossil fuel can be reduced by 50 percent. Optimal taxes on forest products differ among countries and over time depending on the potential for increased carbon sequestration over the planning period. (C) 2017 The Authors.
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| 16. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(author)
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Delegation of Decision-Rights for Wetlands
- 2011
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In: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 50, s. 285-303
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Different nutrient abatement activities jointly determine water quality. Policies are determined by governments at central and local level, implying that decisions can be affected by strategic considerations. In this article, decentralization of wetland policies is analyzed with regard to the environmental and economic consequences. A two-stage game is used to investigate strategic abatement decisions regarding nitrogen fertilizer reductions, waste water treatment plant phosphorus reductions and wetlands, assuming that wetland decision can be decentralized. It is shown that under particular circumstances, strategic consideration may imply that a central government undertakes more abatement than socially optimal, but in most cases the opposite is likely to occur. Decentralization of wetland decisions is advantageous to the central government but only benefits the local government if its wetland technology is considerably more efficient that the central government’s. This paper explains why local governments often hesitate to take on additional responsibilities for environmental management, and identifies conditions under which local governments make smaller losses or even gain from delegation. The results also contribute to understanding how strategically optimal matching grants are chosen when governments only take into account their own direct costs of abatement and the central government needs to satisfy the local government’s participation constraint
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| 17. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(author)
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Distributional Assumptions in Chance Constrained Programming Models of Stochastic Water Pollution
- 2009
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In: Environmental Modeling and Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1420-2026 .- 1573-2967. ; 15, s. 1-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the water management literature both the normal and log-normal distribution are commonly used to model stochastic water pollution. The normality assumption is usually motivated by the central limit theorem, while the log-normality assumption is often motivated by the need to avoid the possibility of negative pollution loads. We utilize the truncated normal distribution as an alternative to these distributions. Using probabilistic constraints in a cost-minimization model for the Baltic Sea, we show that the distribution assumption bias is between 1% and 60%. Simulations show that a greater difference is to be expected for data with a higher degree of truncation. Using the normal distribution instead of the truncated normal distribution leads to an underestimation of the true cost. On the contrary, the difference in cost when using the normal versus the log-normal can be positive as well as negative.
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| 18. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Ecological compensation of stochastic wetland biodiversity : National or regional policy schemes?
- 2023
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In: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 204
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study is to compare policy schemes for ecological compensation applied at national and regional levels, using exploited inland wetlands as an example. We study whether uncertainty, due to natural variability and measurement difficulties, motivates compensation that is carried out in the same region as that of the exploited site, or whether it rather motivates nationwide compensation schemes. For this purpose, we develop an empirical, chance-constrained programming model of cost-effective wetland management. The model is spatially differentiated and accounts for heterogeneity in wetland quality across wetland types and regions. Wetland quality is defined by three alternative biodiversity indices: species richness, population-weighted species richness, and red-listed species richness, estimated from voluntarily reported data on breeding bird species observations. Results show that regional schemes are more expensive, in particular if the policy maker dislikes uncertainty and wants to prioritize uncommon species. Contrary to expectations from the theoretical analysis, regional schemes would lead to a higher risk-adjusted level of biodiversity at the national level. However, regionalization also implies that targets cannot be achieved if a high safety margin is imposed. Trading ratios are robust to the choice of wetland quality index.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Got green milk? : A field experimental trial of consumer demand for a climate label
- 2014
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A majority of consumers claim to prefer climate-labelled food over non-labelled alternatives. However, there is limited empirical evidence that such labels actually influence consumer behaviour when shopping.The purpose of this study is to investigate whether qualitative information aboutavoluntary climate labelling schemeaffects the demand for milk in the short run.In arandomized field experiment conducted in 17 retail stores in Sweden, the effects of a climate label on milk demand was measured. Results suggest that climate labelling increased demand for medium-fat climate labelled milk by approximately 7%.The response is significantly smaller than suggested by consumer surveys but larger than that observed in earlier studies of actual purchasing behaviour where quantitative information on climate impact was provided.
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| 21. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(author)
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International knowledge diffusion and its impact on the cost-effective clean-up of the Baltic Sea
- 2014
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper analyzes the implications of international knowledge diffusion for the costs of Baltic-wide policy to reduce nutrient emissions to the Baltic Sea. In particular, the impact on the distribution of abatement and costs over time and space is investigated, and the relative importance of knowledge spillovers between countries and nutrient spillovers between marine basins is examined. Using a spatial and dynamic cost-effectiveness model over the Baltic Sea drainage basin, it is shown that theoretically, the presence of knowledge spillovers could imply that abatement can be cost-effective even if the cost is comparatively high and the impact on water quality is zero. The empirical simulations show that a more likely outcome is that higher knowledge dispersal leads to a further concentration of abatement to countries with large, low-cost abatement opportunities.
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| 22. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Optimal management of invasive species with different reproduction and survival strategies
- 2012
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In: Natural Resource Modeling. - : Wiley. - 0890-8575 .- 1939-7445. ; 25:4, s. 599-628
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, a numerical model is developed for analyzing the role of species life history and age structure for the optimal management of a commercial resident species that is exposed to an invasive species. It is shown that reproduction and mortality characteristics of both species ands age structure of the invader at the time of invasion are important for the costs of invasions when the invader and resident species compete for scarce resources. Commercially harvested species with low juvenile survival and high reproduction are found to be economically more robust against invasions. Species with these life-history traits are also the most damaging as invaders. Properties of the harvesting cost function and the discount rate are shown to be of importance for the development of the invader population over time. Hence, it is possible to identify specific combinations of life-history characteristics and economic conditions under which invasions cause particularly large economic damage.
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| 23. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Optimal management of two ecologically interacting deer speciesreality matters, beliefs don't
- 2017
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In: Natural Resource Modeling. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0890-8575 .- 1939-7445. ; 30:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to analyze the optimal management of two ecologically interdependent, competing species, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). To this end, we develop a numerical stage-structured model, accounting for species-specific life history characteristics, gender, and stage-specific hunting values. Two contrasting management regimes are considered: optimal joint management of the two species and management where the decision maker is ignorant about interspecific competition. Results from our case study show that the presence of interspecific competition reduces roe deer population size and harvest by 30% and 47%, respectively, and reduces the net present value by 9%. High interspecific competition could lead to the exclusion of the roe deer from the area. In contrast, ignorance about the level and consequences of interspecific competition has no impact on harvest decisions and revenues. The explanation is the higher hunting benefits for fallow deer. Summary for Managers Wildlife managers need bioeconomic models for decisions on ecologically interdependent species. This study investigates optimal joint management of roe and fallow deer when the fallow deer exerts a negative impact on roe deer due to interspecific competition. Results show that interspecific competition reduces the net present value of hunting at the study site by 9%. Regulations will not increase the net present value of hunting in a situation where the manager is ignorant of interspecific competition.
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| 24. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(author)
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Optimal strategies for inland and coastal water monitoring
- 2017
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In: Environmental Challenges in the Baltic Region. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783319560076 - 9783319560069 ; , s. 77-104
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Despite the recognition of the eutrophication problem, Baltic-wide environmental targets for nutrient pollution reductions have not been met. Possible factors include inefficiency of environmental policy, and a lack of coordination between environmental policy and policies in other fields like agriculture and energy. The former requires improvements in the design of environmental policy while the latter calls for better coordination of different policies. This chapter reviews studies evaluating nutrient policies in the region, with a focus on economic and cross-disciplinary studies that carry out ex post evaluations of policy instruments. It also investigates optimal monitoring and abatement strategies where both upstream and downstream water quality pose a potential problem, looking at how monitoring and abatement costs, and the regulators’ degree of risk aversion, affect the choice of monitoring strategy.
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| 25. |
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