| 1. |
- Almqvist, Catarina, et al.
(author)
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Heredity, pet ownership, and confounding control in a population-based birth cohort
- 2003
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In: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Elsevier. - 0091-6749 .- 1097-6825. ; 111, s. 800-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The association between pet ownership in childhood and subsequent allergic disease is controversial. Bias related to selection of pet exposure has been suggested as a reason for contradictory study results.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate how pet exposure depends on family history of allergic disease, smoking, and socioeconomic factors in a prospective birth cohort.METHODS: Parents of 4089 two-month-old children answered a questionnaire that included detailed questions about family history of asthma (maternal, paternal, and sibling), rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome, pollen and pet allergy, smoking habits, parental occupation, and family pet ownership (cat and dog). Dust samples collected from the mothers' beds were analyzed for Fel d 1 and Can f 1 in a subgroup of the cohort.RESULTS: Cats were less frequently kept in families with parental asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, or pet or pollen allergy (3.5% to 5.8%) than in families without parental allergic disease (10.8% to 11.8%). Dogs were less common in families with (3.3%) than in families without (5.9%) parental atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Families with smoking mothers and those with low socioeconomic index kept cats and dogs more frequently. Cat allergen levels were lower in homes with than in homes without maternal pet allergy, and this tended to hold true even for homes without a cat. Cat ownership decreased from birth to 2 years of age, especially in families with parental history of allergic diseases.CONCLUSION: There seems to be a selection of pet exposure based on parental history of allergy, maternal smoking, and socioeconomic factors. This has to be taken into consideration in evaluations of risk associations between pet exposure and allergic disease in childhood.
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| 2. |
- Bergström, Sten-Erik, et al.
(author)
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Asthma mortality among Swedish children and young adults, a 10-year study
- 2008
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In: Respiratory Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0954-6111 .- 1532-3064. ; 102:9, s. 1335-1341
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Previous reports indicate that morbidity and mortality from asthma have increased during the past decades. Here, the mortality rate associated with asthma and possible risk factors in children and young adults in Sweden during the period 1994-2003 were evaluated. METHODS: The medical profession was asked to report suspected cases of death from asthma in individuals 1-34 years of age. All death certificates containing relevant ICD codes were reviewed. Medical records and autopsy reports were assessed and telephone interviews with next-of-kin performed. RESULTS: During the 10-year period 37 deaths due to asthma were identified. The median age at the time of death was 27 years and 6 of the deceased were younger than 15. The overall incidence of death from asthma decreased from 1.54 deaths per million in 1994 to 0.53 per million in 2003. Common risk factors were under-treatment (23/37), poor adherence to prescribed treatment (17/37) and adverse psychosocial situation (19/37). An alarming finding was that 11 of the 37 deaths were probably caused by food allergy and for 8 subjects death was associated with exposure to pet dander. The death certificates were found to contain inaccuracies with 30% of those for whom asthma was reported as the underlying cause having died from other causes. CONCLUSION: Asthma mortality in children and young adults in Sweden decreased between 1994 and 2003. Food allergy and inadequate treatment were the major risk factors for such a death. Recognition and special care of patients with asthma who have shown signs of non-compliance, denial or severe food allergy must be encouraged.
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| 3. |
- Borres, Nora, et al.
(author)
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Parents' perceptions are that their child's health-related quality of life is more impaired when they have a wheat rather than a grass allergy
- 2017
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In: Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 106:3, s. 478-484
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: It is unknown whether food allergies have greater impact on quality of life than respiratory allergies. This study compared health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children allergic to wheat or grass. Methods: We surveyed 63 children with wheat allergies (median age of five) and 72 with grass allergies (median age 12), with their parents. The Child Health Questionnaires for parents (CHQ-PF28) and children (CHQ-CF87) were applied. Results: The parents of children in the wheat group recorded significantly lower CHQ-PF28 scores for the impact of their child's allergy on general behaviour, general health perceptions, parental impact of emotions and time and family activities, than the parents of children with grass allergies (p values ≤0.001). However, parents in the grass group recorded lower scores for the change in health item than the parents of children with wheat allergies (p = 0.020). In the grass group, children and parents reported similar scores for the different questions, but there was poorer correlation between parents and children in the wheat allergy group. Conclusion: HRQoL was lower in children with wheat than grass allergies according to parental reports, with more consistent perceptions of HRQoL among parents and children in the grass allergy than wheat allergy group.
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| 4. |
- Brand, Paul L P, et al.
(author)
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Classification and pharmacological treatment of preschool wheezing: changes since 2008.
- 2014
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In: The European respiratory journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 1399-3003 .- 0903-1936. ; 43:4, s. 1172-1177
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since the publication of the European Respiratory Society Task Force report in 2008, significant new evidence has become available on the classification and management of preschool wheezing disorders. In this report, an international consensus group reviews this new evidence and proposes some modifications to the recommendations made in 2008. Specifically, the consensus group acknowledges that wheeze patterns in young children vary over time and with treatment, rendering the distinction between episodic viral wheeze and multiple-trigger wheeze unclear in many patients. Inhaled corticosteroids remain first-line treatment for multiple-trigger wheeze, but may also be considered in patients with episodic viral wheeze with frequent or severe episodes, or when the clinician suspects that interval symptoms are being under reported. Any controller therapy should be viewed as a treatment trial, with scheduled close follow-up to monitor treatment effect. The group recommends discontinuing treatment if there is no benefit and taking favourable natural history into account when making decisions about long-term therapy. Oral corticosteroids are not indicated in mild-to-moderate acute wheeze episodes and should be reserved for severe exacerbations in hospitalised patients. Future research should focus on better clinical and genetic markers, as well as biomarkers, of disease severity.
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| 5. |
- Croner, Stefan, 1944-
(author)
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Development of atopic disease from birth to adolescence : Relation to family history and cord blood IgE
- 1991
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In a cohort of 1701 consecutively born children, 32.5% developed obvious atopic disease up to 11 yr. The predictive capacity of cord blood IgE and a family history (FH) of atopic disease have been studied. Questionnaire (Q) data at 1.5, 7 and 11 yr showed a prevalence of obvious atopic disease of 4.5, 11.5 and 23.7 % respectively. The prevalence of asthma was 0.5, 2.4 and 3.0 %, a slight increase in comparison with figures from the 50's. A high cord blood IgE (~ 0.9 kUJI), identified most children with early, multiple and continuous symptoms as well as an earlier asthma start. The capacity of cord blood IgE to predict the severity of asthma and the IgE levels at 11 yr was low. The sensitivity of the test to detect atopic disease decreased from 77 % at 1.5 yr to 26 % at 11 yr. The sensitivity for obvious allergy of a FH was 49 % at 1.5 yr and 45 % at 11 yr. The specificity of cord blood IgE was 94 % at 11 yr and of the FH 74 %. Cord blood IgE determination alone can not, without modifications, be recommended as a general screening method for atopy. Children with high cord blood IgE, born during peak pollen exposure seem to be at special risk to develop atopic disease. Sensitization to timothy was more common among children born in May as compared to November. The reliability of the Q used at 7 and 11 yr was evaluated by examination of 133 randomly selected children at 11 yr. The Q was found adequate for establishing the prevalence but less so for the cumulative incidence of atopic disease since parents tend to forget symptoms (25%) that their children had some years earlier. The natural history of asthma (AB) was studied in all 89 children and adolescents reporting symptoms of asthma. Fifty-nine were available for clinical examination at 11.5-14.5 yr. AB was found more often in children born during August-October. Inadequate medication, undiagnosed chest deformity and wheezing at examination was found in several children emphasizing the need for more regular control of adolescents having AB. Animal danders and pollens were the most common offending allergens. Sensitivity to mites was more common compared to earlier Swedish studies. A "total asthma score" including both days with impact of AB during last year and present medication was found useful for classification of these children with AB.
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| 6. |
- Eber, Ernst, et al.
(author)
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Paediatrics in amsterdam.
- 2012
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In: The European respiratory journal : official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 1399-3003 .- 0903-1936. ; 40:1, s. 215-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this update is to describe the paediatric highlights from the 2011 European Respiratory Society (ERS) Annual Congress in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Abstracts from all seven groups of the ERS Paediatric Assembly (Paediatric Respiratory Physiology, Paediatric Asthma and Allergy, Cystic Fibrosis, Paediatric Respiratory Infection and Immunology, Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Paediatric Respiratory Epidemiology, and Paediatric Bronchology) are presented in the context of current literature.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Hammar, Katarina Stenberg, et al.
(author)
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Subnormal levels of vitamin D are associated with acute wheeze in young children
- 2014
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In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 103:8, s. 856-861
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: This study evaluated risk factors for acute wheeze in preschool children and investigated whether subnormal levels of vitamin D were associated with increased risk for acute wheeze, atopy or viral/bacterial respiratory infections. Methods: We recruited 130 children with acute wheeze, aged 6 months to 4 years, from paediatric emergency departments in Stockholm, Sweden, and 101 age-matched controls with no history of wheeze or sensitisation to airborne allergens. Parents answered standardised questionnaires, and blood samples were analysed for specific IgE to airborne and food allergens and levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Nasopharyngeal virus samples were collected during the emergency department visit in the group of children with wheeze, and a subset were also tested for bacteria. Results: Vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D < 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL)) was associated with an odds ratio of 2.7 (95% confidence interval 1.1-6.2) for acute wheeze. However, no association was found between vitamin D insufficiency and atopy, presence of virus or bacteria or recurrent infections. Children older than 24 months were particularly at risk of subnormal vitamin D levels, irrespective of wheezing history. Conclusion: Our findings support the hypothesis that subnormal levels of vitamin D are associated with acute wheeze in young children.
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| 11. |
- Hedlin, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Astma
- 1992
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In: Allergi och astma hos barn. - Lund : Draco Läkemedel AB. - 9186058320
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 12. |
- Hedlin, Gunilla, 1948, et al.
(author)
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Astma
- 1998
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In: Allergi och astma hos barn, Andra upplagan. - Lund : Svenska Barnläkarföreningens sektion för Barn- och ungdomsallergologi och Draco Läkemedel AB. - 9186058622 ; , s. 213-277
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 13. |
- Hedlin, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Astma och KOL
- 2005
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In: Läkemedelsboken. - Stockholm : Apoteket AB. - 918557452X ; , s. 543-565
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Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Hedlin, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Immunmodulerande behandling
- 2009
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In: Allergi och astma. Hedlin G & Larsson K, red. Studentlitteratur. - 9789144029962 ; , s. 287-300
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Hedlin, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Preschool student teachers, technology, and gender : positive expectations despite mixed experiences from their own school days
- 2014
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In: Early Child Development and Care. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0300-4430 .- 1476-8275. ; 184:12, s. 1948-1959
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Swedish preschool curriculum emphasises preschool teachers' task to stimulate children's interest in science and technology. Technology education, however, has not always had a given place in Swedish early childhood education, and this has been associated with female preschool teachers' fear of technology. This qualitative study explores how students training to be teachers in Swedish preschool view both the technology education they themselves received during their school days and their future task of teaching technology in preschool. The study's empirical material is an assignment that the students did within their Preschool Teacher Programme. Seventy-nine students, including 77 women and 2 men, described their experiences in writing. Many students describe a boring technology education which made them, as girls, feel marginalised. However, there were also those who felt quite at ease with their technology classes. Nevertheless, the students, regardless of their former experiences, have a positive attitude towards the task of teaching technology. Technology education in preschool is viewed as something quite different from the technology education they themselves had in school. The students stress that technology in early childhood education should be something that children and preschool teachers explore together.
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| 18. |
- Henckel, Ewa, et al.
(author)
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A novel association between ykl-40, a marker of structural lung disease, and short telomere length in 10-year-old children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- 2021
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In: Children. - : MDPI. - 2227-9067. ; 8:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Extremely preterm infants are born with immature lungs and are exposed to an inflammatory environment as a result of oxidative stress. This may lead to airway remodeling, cellular aging and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Reliable markers that predict the long-term consequences of BPD in infancy are still lacking. We analyzed two biomarkers of cellular aging and lung function, telomere length and YKL-40, respectively, at 10 years of age in children born preterm with a history of BPD (n = 29). For comparison, these markers were also evaluated in sex-and-age-matched children born at term with childhood asthma (n = 28). Relative telomere length (RTL) was measured in whole blood with qPCR and serum YKL-40 with ELISA, and both were studied in relation to gas exchange and the regional ventilation/perfusion ratio using three-dimensional V/Q-scintigraphy (single photon emission computer tomography, SPECT) in children with BPD. Higher levels of YKL-40 were associated with shorter leukocyte RTL (Pearson’s correlation: −0.55, p = 0.002), but were not associated with a lower degree of matching between ventilation and perfusion within the lung. Serum YKL-40 levels were significantly higher in children with BPD compared to children with asthma (17.7 vs. 13.2 ng/mL, p < 0.01). High levels of YKL-40 and short RTLs were associated to the need for ventilatory support more than 1 month in the neonatal period (p < 0.01). The link between enhanced telomere shortening in childhood and structural remodeling of the lung, as observed in children with former BPD but not in children with asthma at the age of 10 years, suggests altered lung development related to prematurity and early life inflammatory exposure. In conclusion, relative telomere length and YKL-40 may serve as biomarkers of altered lung development as a result of early-life inflammation in children with a history of prematurity.
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| 19. |
- Hoel, Sveinung T., et al.
(author)
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Birth mode is associated with development of atopic dermatitis in infancy and early childhood
- 2023
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In: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Global. - : Elsevier BV. - 2772-8293. ; 2:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Birth by caesarean section (CS) is associated with development of allergic diseases, but its role in the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) is less convincing. Objective: Our primary aim was to determine if birth mode was associated with AD in 3-year-olds and secondarily to determine if birth mode was associated with early onset and/or persistent AD in the first 3 years of life. Methods: We included 2129 mother–child pairs from the Scandinavian population-based prospective PreventADALL cohort with information on birth mode including vaginal birth, either traditional (81.3%) or in water (4.0%), and CS before (6.3%) and after (8.5%) onset of labor. We defined early onset AD as eczema at 3 months and AD diagnosis by 3 years of age. Persistent AD was defined as eczema both in the first year and at 3 years of age, together with an AD diagnosis by 3 years of age. Results: AD was diagnosed at 3, 6, 12, 24, and/or 36 months in 531 children (25%). Compared to vaginal delivery, CS was overall associated with increased odds of AD by 3 years of age, with adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.33 (1.02-1.74), and higher odds of early onset AD (1.63, 1.06-2.48). The highest odds for early onset AD were observed in infants born by CS after onset of labor (1.83, 1.09-3.07). Birth mode was not associated with persistent AD. Conclusion: CS was associated with increased odds of AD by 3 years of age, particularly in infants presenting with eczema at 3 months of age.
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| 20. |
- Holmdahl, Idun, et al.
(author)
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Early Life Wheeze and Risk Factors for Asthma-A Revisit at Age 7 in the GEWAC-Cohort
- 2021
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In: Children. - : MDPI. - 2227-9067. ; 8:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One third of all toddlers are in need of medical care because of acute wheeze and many of these children have persistent asthma at school age. Our aims were to assess risk factors for and the prevalence of asthma at age 7 in a cohort of children suffering from an acute wheezing episode as toddlers. A total of 113 children, included during an acute wheezing episode (cases), and 54 healthy controls were followed prospectively from early pre-school age to 7 years. The protocol included questionnaires, ACT, FeNO, nasopharyngeal virus samples, blood sampling for cell count, vitamin D levels, and IgE to food and airborne allergens. The prevalence of asthma at age 7 was 70.8% among cases and 1.9% among controls (p < 0.001). Acute wheeze caused by rhinovirus (RV) infection at inclusion was more common among cases with asthma at age 7 compared to cases without asthma (p = 0.011) and this association remained significant following adjustment for infection with other viruses (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.4-10.5). Cases with asthma at age 7 had been admitted to hospital more often (p = 0.024) and spent more days admitted (p = 0.01) during the year following inclusion compared to cases without asthma. RV infection stands out as the main associated factor for wheeze evolving to persistent asthma. Cases who developed asthma also had an increased need of hospital time and care for wheeze during the year after inclusion.
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| 21. |
- Holmdahl, Idun, et al.
(author)
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Inflammatory related plasma proteins involved in acute preschool wheeze
- 2023
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In: Clinical and Translational Allergy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2045-7022. ; 13:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BackgroundPreschool wheeze is a risk factor for asthma development. However, the molecular mechanism behind a wheezing episode is not well understood.ObjectiveOur aims were to assess the association of plasma proteins with acute preschool wheeze and to study the proteins with differential expression at the acute phase at revisit after 3 months. Additionally, to investigate the relationship between protein expression and clinical parameters.MethodWe measured 92 inflammatory proteins in plasma and clinical parameters from 145 children during an episode of preschool wheeze (PW) and at the revisit after 3 months (PW-R, n = 113/145) and 101 healthy controls (HC) aged 6–48 months in the GEWAC cohort using the antibody-mediated proximity extension-based assay (Olink Proteomics, Uppsala).ResultsOf the 74 analysed proteins, 52 were differentially expressed between PW and HC. The expression profiles of the top 10 proteins, Oncostatin M (OSM), IL-10, IL-6, Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), AXIN1, CXCL10, SIRT2, TNFSF11, Tumour necrosis factor β (TNF-β) and CASP8, could almost entirely separate PW from HC. Five out of 10 proteins were associated with intake of oral corticosteroids (OCS) 24 h preceding blood sampling (OSM, CASP8, IL-10, TNF-β and CXCL10). No differences in protein expression were seen between PWs with or without OCS in comparison to HC. At the revisit after 3 months, differential protein expressions were still seen between PW-R and HC for three (IL-10, SIRT2 and FGF21) of the 10 proteins.ConclusionOur results contribute to unravelling potential immunopathological pathways shared between preschool wheeze and asthma.
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| 22. |
- Hägglund, Maria, Lektor, 1975-, et al.
(author)
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IntegrIT : Towards Utilizing the Swedish National Health Information Exchange Platform for Clinical Research
- 2017
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In: Informatics for Health. - : IOS Press. ; 235, s. 146-150
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper describes how the Swedish national Health Information Exchange platform can be used to facilitate clinical research in the future. Different e-services for different user groups are being developed using a user-centered design approach. The main user groups are study participants, clinical researchers and healthcare professionals. The different e-services are based on an in-depth analysis of the clinical research process, and the main identified needs relate to recruitment of study participants, access to clinical data from different sources as well as improved tools for patients' self-reporting. The national Swedish HIE platform has the potential to enable a seamless connection between patients/citizens as study participants, health care professionals and everyday clinical work and clinical researchers in both academia and industry.
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| 23. |
- Jonsson, Marina, et al.
(author)
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Adherence to national guidelines for children with asthma at primary health centres in Sweden : potential for improvement
- 2012
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In: Primary Care Respiratory Journal. - : Elsevier. - 1471-4418 .- 1475-1534. ; 21:3, s. 276-282
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Although asthma is the most common chronic paediatric disease in Western Europe, the extent of adherence to guidelines for primary care management of paediatric asthma remains unclear. AIMS: To evaluate adherence to national guidelines for primary care management of children with asthma. METHODS: This survey involved 18 primary healthcare centres in Stockholm, Sweden. The medical records of 647 children aged 6 months to 16 years with a diagnosis of asthma, obstructive bronchitis, or cough were selected and scrutinised. 223 children with obstructive bronchitis or cough not fulfilling the evidence-based criteria for asthma were excluded, yielding a total of 424 subjects. Documentation of the most important indicators of quality as stipulated in national guidelines (i.e., tobacco smoke, spirometry, pharmacological treatment, patient education, and demonstration of inhalation technique) was examined. RESULTS: Only 22% (n=49) of the children 6 years of age or older had ever undergone a spirometry test, but the frequency was greater when patients had access to an asthma nurse (p=0.003). Although 58% (n=246) of the total study population were treated with inhaled steroids, documented patient education and demonstration of inhalation technique was present in 14% (n=59). Exposure to tobacco smoke was documented in 14% (n=58). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a substantial gap between the actual care provided for paediatric asthma and the recommendations formulated in national guidelines.
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| 24. |
- Jonsson, Marina, et al.
(author)
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Asthma during adolescence impairs health-related quality of life
- 2016
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In: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-2198 .- 2213-2201. ; 4:1, s. 144-146
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Clinical ImplicationsAsthma during adolescence impairs health-related quality of life, especially if the asthma is uncontrolled. To use questions about health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and markers associated with asthma control in the clinic can identify adolescents with an increased risk for impaired HRQoL.
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| 25. |
- Kolmert, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Urinary Leukotriene E-4 and Prostaglandin D-2 Metabolites Increase in Adult and Childhood Severe Asthma Characterized by Type 2 Inflammation A Clinical Observational Study
- 2021
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In: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. - NEW YORK, USA : AMER THORACIC SOC. - 1073-449X .- 1535-4970. ; 203:1, s. 37-53
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Rationale: New approaches are needed to guide personalized treatment of asthma. Objectives: To test if urinary eicosanoid metabolites can direct asthma phenotyping. Methods: Urinary metabolites of prostaglandins (PGs), cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), and isoprostanes were quantified in the U-BIOPRED (Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Diseases Outcomes) study including 86 adults with mild-to-moderate asthma (MMA), 411 with severe asthma (SA), and 100 healthy control participants. Validation was performed internally in 302 participants with SA followed up after 12-18 months and externally in 95 adolescents with asthma. Measurement and Main Results: Metabolite concentrations in healthy control participants were unrelated to age, body mass index, and sex, except for the PGE(2) pathway. Eicosanoid concentrations were generally greater in participants with MMA relative to healthy control participants, with further elevations in participants with SA. However, PGE(2) metabolite concentrations were either the same or lower in male nonsmokers with asthma than in healthy control participants. Metabolite concentrations were unchanged in those with asthma who adhered to oral corticosteroid treatment as documented by urinary prednisolone detection, whereas those with SA treated with omalizumab had lower concentrations of LTE4 and the PGD(2) metabolite 2,3-dinor-11 beta-PGF(2 alpha). High concentrations of LTE4 and PGD(2) metabolites were associated with lower lung function and increased amounts of exhaled nitric oxide and eosinophil markers in blood, sputum, and urine in U-BIOARED participants and in adolescents with asthma. These type 2 (T2) asthma associations were reproduced in the follow-up visit of the U-BIOPRED study and were found to be as sensitive to detect T2 inflammation as the established biomarkers. Conclusions: Monitoring of urinary eicosanoids can identify T2 asthma and introduces a new noninvasive approach for molecular phenotyping of adult and adolescent asthma.
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