| 1. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(author)
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Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies
- 2021
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In: Nature Communications. - : Nature Research. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about peoples preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in peoples perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.
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| 2. |
- Jonason, Peter K., et al.
(author)
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Country-level correlates of the Dark Triad traits in 49 countries
- 2020
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In: Journal of personality. - : Wiley. - 0022-3506 .- 1467-6494. ; 88:6, s. 1252-1267
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism) capture individual differences in aversive personality to complement work on other taxonomies, such as the Big Five traits. However, the literature on the Dark Triad traits relies mostly on samples from English-speaking (i.e., Westernized) countries. We broadened the scope of this literature by sampling from a wider array of countries.Method: We drew on data from 49 countries (N = 11,723; 65.8% female;Age(Mean) = 21.53) to examine how an extensive net of country-level variables in economic status (e.g., Human Development Index), social relations (e.g., gender equality), political orientations (e.g., democracy), and cultural values (e.g., embeddedness) relate to country-level rates of the Dark Triad traits, as well as variance in the magnitude of sex differences in them.Results: Narcissism was especially sensitive to country-level variables. Countries with more embedded and hierarchical cultural systems weremorenarcissistic. Also, sex differences in narcissism werelargerinmoredeveloped societies: Women were less likely to be narcissistic in developed (vs. less developed) countries.Conclusions: We discuss the results based on evolutionary and social role models of personality and sex differences. That higher country-level narcissism was more common in less developed countries, whereas sex differences in narcissism were larger in more developed countries, is more consistent with evolutionary than social role models.
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| 3. |
- Rogoza, Radoslaw, et al.
(author)
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Structure of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen Across Eight World Regions
- 2021
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In: Assessment (Odessa, Fla.). - : SAGE Publications. - 1073-1911 .- 1552-3489. ; 28:4, s. 1125-1135
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism) has garnered intense attention over the past 15 years. We examined the structure of these traits' measure-the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD)-in a sample of 11,488 participants from three W.E.I.R.D. (i.e., North America, Oceania, Western Europe) and five non-W.E.I.R.D. (i.e., Asia, Middle East, non-Western Europe, South America, sub-Saharan Africa) world regions. The results confirmed the measurement invariance of the DTDD across participants' sex in all world regions, with men scoring higher than women on all traits (except for psychopathy in Asia, where the difference was not significant). We found evidence for metric (and partial scalar) measurement invariance within and between W.E.I.R.D. and non-W.E.I.R.D. world regions. The results generally support the structure of the DTDD.
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| 4. |
- Sundh, Stellan, 1956-, et al.
(author)
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Organizing sustainable professional teacher training at the regional level : examples from Sweden and Latvia
- 2021
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In: EDULEARN21 Proceedings. - : IATED. - 9788409312672 ; , s. 3043-3049
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Educational reforms at a central and governmental level have great impact on the realization of the stipulated educational goals at schools. Teachers need to be aware of these national reforms and receive support in their professional development of their everyday work. From the national level, the state authorities work out strategies and laws which then the local authorities are to apply at the regional level, sometimes in terms of professional development activities for teachers. At the same time, teachers are to deal with an overwhelming number of new issues and local school authorities are to work out guidelines and effective organization in order to have successful continuous professional training for teachers.Teachers’ active engagement in professional development activities promotes a growth of teachers’ mindset and encourages them to build their practice as more efficient and sustainable. The present article will focus on the organization and the structure of continuous professional development in two regions of Latvia and Sweden. The research questions are the following: What are the typical ways of organizing professional training in a region in Latvia and in Sweden? What are the major similarities and differences? What are the factors that are influential in the organization at the regional level?The study presents the legislation of and framework for teachers’ professional training. In this way, the results will show the cases of good practice and how to build teacher professional development practice to be more sustainable which are valuable and useful for the international readership.
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| 5. |
- Zemojtel-Piotrowska, Magdalena A., et al.
(author)
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Measurement of Psychological Entitlement in 28 Countries
- 2017
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In: European Journal of Psychological Assessment. - : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 1015-5759 .- 2151-2426. ; 33:3, s. 207-217
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article presents the cross-cultural validation of the Entitlement Attitudes Questionnaire, a tool designed to measure three facets of psychological entitlement: active, passive, and revenge entitlement. Active entitlement was defined as the tendency to protect individual rights based on self-worthiness. Passive entitlement was defined as the belief in obligations to and expectations toward other people and institutions for the fulfillment of the individual's needs. Revenge entitlement was defined as the tendency to protect one's individual rights when violated by others and the tendency to reciprocate insults. The 15-item EAQ was validated in a series of three studies: the first one on a general Polish sample (N = 1,900), the second one on a sample of Polish students (N = 199), and the third one on student samples from 28 countries (N = 5,979). A three-factor solution was confirmed across all samples. Examination of measurement equivalence indicated partial metric invariance of EAQ for all national samples. Discriminant and convergent validity of the EAQ was also confirmed.
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