SwePub - search: WFRF:(Litnovsky A.)

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1.	Litnovsky, A., et al. (author) Diagnostic mirrors for ITER : A material choice and the impact of erosion and deposition on their performance 2007 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 363, s. 1395-1402 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Metal mirrors will be implemented in about half of the ITER diagnostics. Mirrors in ITER will have to withstand radiation loads, erosion by charge-exchange neutrals, deposition of impurities, particle implantation and neutron irradiation. It is believed that the optical properties of diagnostic mirrors will be primarily influenced by erosion and deposition. A solution is needed for optimal performance of mirrors in ITER throughout the entire lifetime of the machine. A multi-machine research on diagnostic mirrors is currently underway in fusion facilities at several institutions and laboratories worldwide. Among others, dedicated investigations of ITER-candidate mirror materials are ongoing in Tore-Supra, TEXTOR, DIII-D, TCV, T-10 and JET. Laboratory studies are underway at IPP Kharkov (Ukraine), Kurchatov Institute (Russia) and the University of Basel (Switzerland). An overview of current research on diagnostic mirrors along with an outlook on future investigations is the subject of this paper.
2.	Litnovsky, A., et al. (author) Diagnostic mirrors for ITER : research in the frame of International Tokamak Physics Activity 2019 In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 59:6 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Mirrors will be used as first plasma-viewing elements in optical and laser-based diagnostics in ITER. Deterioration of the mirror performance due to e.g. sputtering of the mirror surface by plasma particles or deposition of impurities will hamper the entire performance of the affected diagnostic and thus affect ITER operation. The Specialists Working Group on First Mirrors (FM SWG) in the Topical Group on Diagnostics of the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) plays an important role in finding solutions for diagnostic first mirrors. Sound progress in research and development of diagnostic mirrors in ITER was achieved since the last overview in 2009. Single crystal (SC) rhodium (Rh) mirrors became available. SC rhodium and molybdenum (Mo) mirrors survived in conditions corresponding to similar to 200 cleaning cycles with a negligible degradation of reflectivity. These results are important for a mirror cleaning system which is presently under development. The cleaning system is based on sputtering of contaminants by plasma. Repetitive cleaning was tested on several mirror materials. Experiments comprised contamination/cleaning cycles. The reflectivity SC Mo and Rh mirrors has changed insignificantly after 80 cycles. First in situ cleaning using radiofrequency (RF) plasma was conducted in EAST tokamak with a mock-up plate of ITER edge Thomson Scattering (ETS) with five inserted mirrors. Contaminants from the mirrors were removed. Physics of cleaning discharge was studied both experimentally and by modeling. Mirror contamination can also be mitigated by protecting diagnostic ducts. A deposition mitigation (DeMi) duct system was exposed in KSTAR. The real-time measurement of deposition in the diagnostic duct was pioneered during this experiment. Results evidenced the dominating effect of the wall conditioning and baking on contamination inside the duct. A baffled cassette with mirrors was exposed at the main wall of JET for 23,6 plasma hours. No significant degradation of reflectivity was measured on mirrors located in the ducts. Predictive modeling was further advanced. A model for the particle transport, deposition and erosion at the port-plug was used in selecting an optical layout of several ITER diagnostics. These achievements contributed to the focusing of the first mirror research thus accelerating the diagnostic development. Modeling requires more efforts. Remaining crucial issues will be in a focus of the future work of the FM SWG.
3.	Litnovsky, A., et al. (author) Overview of material migration and mixing, fuel retention and cleaning of ITER-like castellated structures in TEXTOR 2011 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 415:1, s. S289-S292 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Plasma-facing components (PFCs) in ITER will be castellated by splitting them into small-size blocks to maintain the thermo-mechanical stability. However, there are concerns in particular on retention of codeposited radioactive fuel in the gaps. An R&D program is underway in TEXTOR addressing this acute issue of castellation. Material migration and fuel inventory are investigated using long- and short-term discharge-resolved experiments with castellated structures in TEXTOR. Significant impurity transport to the gaps was detected and results were in part quantitatively reproduced with 3D-GAPS code. Deposits containing up to 70 at.% of tungsten on the gap areas closest to the plasma were detected in recent experiments. Deposition in the gaps accompanied by metal mixing demand for development of effective cleaning techniques. In experiments with ITER-like castellation, the gaps were cleaned from carbonaceous deposits using oxygen plasmas at 350 degrees C. This contribution contains an overview of experimental and modeling results along with recommendations for PFCs in ITER.
4.	Pegourie, B., et al. (author) Deuterium inventory in Tore Supra : Coupled carbon-deuterium balance 2013 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 438:Suppl., s. S120-S125 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper presents an analysis of the carbon-deuterium circulation and the resulting balance in Tore Supra over the period 2002-2007. Carbon balance combines the estimation of carbon gross erosion from spectroscopy, net erosion and deposition using confocal microscopy, lock-in thermography and SEM, and a measure of the amount of deposits collected in the vacuum chamber. Fuel retention is determined from post-mortem (PM) analyses and gas balance (GB) measurements. Special attention was paid to the deuterium outgassed during the nights and weekends of the experimental campaign (vessel under vacuum, Plasma Facing Components at 120 degrees C) and during vents (vessel at atmospheric pressure, PFCs at room temperature). It is shown that this outgassing is the main process reconciling the PM and GB estimations of fuel retention, closing the coupled carbon-deuterium balance. In particular, it explains why the deuterium concentration in deposits decreases with increasing depth.
5.	Sergienko, G., et al. (author) Erosion of a tungsten limiter under high heat flux in TEXTOR 2007 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 363, s. 96-100 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Erosion characteristics of a tungsten plate heated up in TEXTOR by the plasma load have been investigated at temperatures extending to the melting point. No enhancement of atomic release exceeding physical sputtering and normal thermal sublimation for temperatures below 3700 K was observed. The liquid tungsten moved fast along the plate in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. The motion is caused by the Lorentz force due to the thermoelectron current emitted from the hot tungsten surface. The motion of liquid tungsten caused a material loss of 2.85 g during two discharges. The material redistribution due to the melt layer motion is compared with a MEMOS-1.5D simulation.
6.	Tsitrone, E., et al. (author) Multi machine scaling of fuel retention in 4 carbon dominated tokamaks 2011 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 415:1, s. S735-S739 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In order to benchmark predictions for the in vessel tritium inventory in ITER, a survey of fuel retention measured in 4 carbon dominated tokamaks (TEXTOR, ASDEX Upgrade in the 2002-2003 carbon configuration, Tore Supra and JET) was performed, showing retention rates from similar to 1 g D/h in TEXTOR (L mode, limiter machine) up to similar to 6-12 g D/h in AUG (H mode, divertor machine). A simple scaling used for ITER predictions is applied for comparison with experimental values: (1) estimate of wall fluxes, (2) estimate of the gross carbon erosion, (3) estimate of the net erosion/redeposition assuming a redeposition fraction and (4) estimate of the retention rate using D/C ratio scalings. The validity of each step is discussed, showing that this approach yields the right order of magnitude, but tends to underestimate the experimental values unless a high wall flux, a low local redeposition fraction and/or a high D/C ratio are used.
7.	Fellinger, Joris, et al. (author) Tungsten based divertor development for Wendelstein 7-X 2023 In: Nuclear Materials and Energy. - 2352-1791. ; 37 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Wendelstein 7-X, the worldâ€™s largest superconducting stellarator in Greifswald (Germany), started plasma experiments with a water-cooled plasma-facing wall in 2022, allowing for long pulse operation. In parallel, a project was launched in 2021 to develop a W based divertor, replacing the current CFC divertor, to demonstrate plasma performance of a stellarator with a reactor relevant plasma facing materials with low tritium retention. The project consists of two tasks: Based on experience from the previous experimental campaigns and improved physics modelling, the geometry of the plasma-facing surface of the divertor and baffles is optimized to prevent overloads and to improve exhaust. In parallel, the manufacturing technology for a W based target module is qualified. This paper gives a status update of project. It focusses on the conceptual design of a W based target module, the manufacturing technology and its qualification, which is conducted in the framework of the EUROfusion funded WPDIV program. A flat tile design in which a target module is made of a single target element is pursued. The technology must allow for moderate curvatures of the plasma-facing surface to follow the magnetic field lines. The target element is designed for steady state heat loads of 10Â MW/m2 (as for the CFC divertor). Target modules of a similar size and weight as for the CFC divertor are assumed (approx.Â <Â 0.25Â m2 andÂ <Â 60Â kg) using the existing water cooling infrastructure providing 5Â l/s and roughly maximum 15Â bar pressure drop per module. The main technology under qualification is based on a CuCrZr heat sink made either by additive manufacturing using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) or by uniaxial diffusion welding of pre-machined forged CuCrZr plates. After heat treatment, the plasma-facing side of the heat sink is covered by W or if feasible by the more ductile WNiFe, preferably by coating or alternatively by hot isostatic pressing W based tiles with a soft OFE-Cu interlayer. Last step is a final machining of the plasma-exposed surface and the interfaces to the water supply lines and supports to correct manufacturing deformations.
8.	Gilbert, M. R., et al. (author) Perspectives on multiscale modelling and experiments to accelerate materials development for fusion 2021 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 554 Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract Prediction of material performance in fusion reactor environments relies on computational modelling, and will continue to do so until the first generation of fusion power plants come on line and allow long-term behaviour to be observed. In the meantime, the modelling is supported by experiments that attempt to replicate some aspects of the eventual operational conditions. In 2019, a group of leading experts met under the umbrella of the IEA to discuss the current position and ongoing challenges in modelling of fusion materials and how advanced experimental characterisation is aiding model improvement. This review draws from the discussions held during that workshop. Topics covering modelling of irradiation-induced defect production and fundamental properties, gas behaviour, clustering and segregation, defect evolution and interactions are discussed, as well as new and novel multiscale simulation approaches, and the latest effort s to link modelling to experiments through advanced observation and characterisation techniques.
9.	Litnovsky, A., et al. (author) Dust investigations in TEXTOR : Impact of dust on plasma-wall interactions and on plasma performance 2013 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 438:Suppl., s. S126-S132 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Dust will have severe impact on ITER performance since the accumulation of tritium in dust represents a safety issue, a possible reaction of dust with air and steam imposes an explosion hazard and the penetration of dust in core plasmas may degrade plasma performance by increasing radiative losses. Investigations were performed in TEXTOR where known amounts of pre-characterized carbon, diamond and tungsten dust were mobilized into plasmas using special dust holders. Mobilization of dust changed a balance between plasma-surface interactions processes, significantly increasing net deposition. Immediately after launch dust was dominating both core and edge plasma parameters. Remarkably, in about 100 ms after the launch, the effect of dust on edge and core plasma parameters was vanished: no increase of carbon and tungsten concentrations in the core plasmas was detected suggesting a prompt transport of dust to the nearby plasma-facing components without further residence in the plasma.
10.	Louche, F., et al. (author) Design of an ICRF system for plasma-wall interactions and RF plasma production studies on TOMAS 2017 In: Fusion engineering and design. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0920-3796 .- 1873-7196. ; 123, s. 317-320 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Ion cyclotron wall conditioning (ICWC) is being developed for ITER and W7-X as a baseline conditioning technique in which the ion cyclotron heating and current drive system will be employed to produce and sustain the currentless conditioning plasma. The TOMAS project (TOroidal MAgnetized System, operated at the FZ-juelich, Germany) proposes to explore several key aspects of ICWC. For this purpose we have designed an ICRF system made of a single strap antenna within a metallic box, connected to a feeding port and a pre-matching system. We discuss the design work of the antenna system with the help of the commercial electromagnetic software CST Microwave Studio (R). The simulation results for a given geometry provide input impedance matrices for the two-port system. These matrices are afterwards inserted into various circuit models to assess the accessibility of the required frequency range. The sensitivity of the matching system to uncertainties on plasma loading and capacitance values is notably addressed. With a choice of three variable capacitors we show that the system can cope with such uncertainties. We also demonstrate that the system can cope as well with the high reflected power levels during the short breakdown phase of the RF discharge, but at the cost of a significantly reduced coupled power.
11.	von Hellermann, M, et al. (author) Pilot experiments for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor active beam spectroscopy diagnostic 2004 In: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 75:10, s. 3458-3461 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Supporting pilot experiments and activities which are currently considered or already performed for the development of the International Thermonuclear Experiment Reactor active beam spectroscopy diagnostic are addressed in this article. Four key issues are presented including optimization of spectral instrumentation, feasibility of a motional Stark effect (MSE) evaluation based on line ratios, "first-mirror" test-bed experiments at the tokamak TEXTOR, and finally the role of integrated data analysis for the conceptual layout of the change exchange recombination spectroscopy and MSE diagnostic.
12.	Emmoth, Birger, et al. (author) Fuel removal from bumper limiter tiles by using a pulsed excimer laser 2005 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 337-39:1-3, s. 639-643 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Samples of a limiter tile from the TEXTOR tokamak were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and nuclear reaction analysis both before and after laser heating. SEM images showed spheres and thin flakes covering the surface which are the areas modified by plasma particles striking under grazing angles. Due to roughness of the surface there are shadowed regions between the 'flakes'. Laser pulses did not lead to expected common ablation of the surface. Features that looked like 'melting' of thin surface layers were rather observed. The initial deuterium content in the surface layer of tiles was of the order of 10(18) D atoms per cm(2). After the laser light impact the content decreased with 60-70%; by reducing the deposited power by a factor four, the deuterium content was decreased by 40-50%. We make the interpretation that we approach a threshold of the laser detritiation method in fusion devices.
13.	Emmoth, Birger, et al. (author) In-situ measurements of carbon and deuterium deposition using the fast reciprocating probe in TEXTOR 2009 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 390-91, s. 179-182 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Silicon samples were exposed in the scrape-off layer of the TEXTOR plasma using a fast reciprocating probe, with the aim of studying carbon deposition and deuterium retention during Dynamic Ergodic Divertor (DED) operation. Separate samples were exposed for 300 ms at the flat-top phase of neutral beam heated discharges. The exposure conditions were varied on a shot-to-shot basis by external magnetic perturbations generated by the DED in the m/n = 3/1, DC regime, base configuration. Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) was used to characterise collector sample surfaces after their exposure. Enhanced concentrations of both carbon and deuterium (C 3-10 x 10(16) at./cm(2), D 8-60 x 10(15) at./cm(2)) were found. The D/C ratio was less than unity which indicates that most of the carbon and deuterium were co-deposited. Carbon e-folding lengths of about 2 cm were found on both toroidal sides of the probe independent of DED perturbations.
14.	Kantor, M., et al. (author) Characterization of dust particles in the TEXTOR tokamak with Thomson scattering diagnostic 2013 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 438:Suppl., s. S711-S714 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The presence of dust particles in a fusion plasma is recognized as a serious issue for safe and efficient operation of the ITER tokamak. The paper presents an in situ laser assisted method for characterization of dust from thermal emission of the particles. The method was developed in the TEXTOR tokamak with the use of Thomson scattering (TS). The diagnostic is capable to detect single particles and measure the dust density profile along the laser probing axis, velocity distribution of dust particles along this axis as well as surface temperature and size of the detected particles.
15.	Litnovsky, A., et al. (author) Carbon deposition and fuel accumulation in a castellated limiter exposed under erosion-dominated conditions in the SOL of TEXTOR 2005 In: 32nd EPS Conference on Plasma Physics 2005, EPS 2005, Held with the 8th International Workshop on Fast Ignition of Fusion Targets. - 9781622763320 ; , s. 361-364 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Castellated limiter with ITER-like geometry was exposed under the erosion-dominated conditions in the SOL of TEXTOR. After the exposure, deposits were found in the gaps, with a negligible amount of deposited material that was detected on top surfaces open to the plasma. The thickest deposits are located on plasma shadowed sides of the gaps with maximum thickness up to 0.5 μm on the plasma closest locations as it was measured with SIMS diagnostic. The deposit thickness decrease exponentially with the depth of gaps with e-folding length of 1.7-2 mm as inferred from EPMA measurements. Material intermixing was found to occur in the deposited layers. Deposits are mixed Mo:C:D:O:B:H layers. Gaps contain at least (5÷10)×1016 of D fuel atoms per cm2. This corresponds roughly to 0.02÷0.04 % of total averaged D fluence impinging on the castellation.
16.	Litnovsky, A., et al. (author) Optimization of tungsten castellated structures for the ITER divertor 2015 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 463, s. 174-179 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In ITER, the plasma-facing components (PFCs) of the first wall and the divertor armor will be castellated to improve their thermo-mechanical stability and to limit forces due to induced currents. The fuel accumulation in the gaps may significantly contribute to the in-vessel fuel inventory. Castellation shaping may be the most straightforward way to minimize the fuel inventory and to alleviate the thermal loads onto castellations. A new castellation shape was proposed and comparative modeling of conventional (rectangular) and shaped castellation was performed for ITER conditions. Shaped castellation was predicted to be capable to operate under stationary heat load of 20 MW/m(2). An 11-fold decrease of beryllium (Be) content in the gaps of the shaped cells alone with a 7-fold decrease of carbon content was predicted. In order to validate the predictive capabilities of modeling tools used for ITER conditions, the dedicated modeling with the same codes was made for existing tokamaks and benchmarked with the results of multi-machine experiments. For the castellations exposed in TEXTOR and DIII-D, the carbon amount in the gaps of shaped cells was 1.9-2.3 times smaller than that of rectangular ones. Modeling for TEXTOR conditions yielded to 1.5-fold decrease of carbon content in the gaps of shaped castellation outlining fair agreement with the experiment. At the same time, a number of processes, like enhanced erosion of molten layer yet need to be implemented in the codes in order to increase the accuracy of predictions for ITER.
17.	Moon, Sunwoo, et al. (author) First mirror test in JET for ITER : Complete overview after three ILW campaigns 2019 In: Nuclear Materials and Energy. - : Elsevier. - 2352-1791. ; 19, s. 59-66 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The First Mirror Test for ITER has been carried out in JET with mirrors exposed during: (i) the third ILW campaign (ILW-3, 2015-2016, 23.33 h plasma) and (ii) all three campaigns, i.e. ILW-1 to ILW-3: 2011-2016, 63,52 h in total. All mirrors from main chamber wall show no significant changes of the total reflectivity from the initial value and the diffuse reflectivity does not exceed 3% in the spectral range above 500 nm. The modified layer on surface has very small amount of impurities such as D, Be, C, N, O and Ni. All mirrors from the divertor (inner, outer, base under the bulk W tile) lost reflectivity by 20-80% due to the beryllium-rich deposition also containing D, C, N, O, Ni and W. In the inner divertor N reaches 5 x 10(17) cm(-2), W is up to 4.3 x 10(17) cm(-2), while the content of Ni is the greatest in the outer divertor: 3.8 x 10(17) cm(-2). Oxygen-18 used as the tracer in experiments at the end of ILW-3 has been detected at the level of 1.1 x 10(16) cm(-2). The thickness of deposited layer is in the range of 90 nm to 900 nm. The layer growth rate in the base (2.7 pm s(-1)) and inner divertor is proportional to the exposure time when a single campaign and all three are compared. In a few cases, on mirrors located at the cassette mouth, flaking of deposits and erosion occurred.
18.	Ratynskaia, Svetlana V., et al. (author) Capture by aerogel-characterization of mobile dust in tokamak scrape-off layer plasmas 2009 In: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 49:12 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The aim of this letter is to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of the novel in situ dust diagnostic method-capture by aerogel targets. Aerogel, a highly porous material with a density of a few tens of kg m(-3), allows capturing of dust particles present during the discharge without destroying them. The first exposures in the TEXTOR scrape-off layer plasma showed that such targets are able to capture both slow and fast particles with sizes in the range from submicrometre to similar to 100 mu m. The technique provides information on dust velocity and size distribution as well as dust flux estimates. The composition and texture of the captured dust can also be studied in detail to shed light on dust formation processes.
19.	Shalpegin, A., et al. (author) Fast camera observations of injected and intrinsic dust in TEXTOR 2015 In: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 57:12 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Stereoscopic fast camera observations of pre-characterized carbon and tungsten dust injection in TEXTOR are reported, along with the modelling of tungsten particle trajectories with MIGRAINe. Particle tracking analysis of the video data showed significant differences in dust dynamics: while carbon flakes were prone to agglomeration and explosive destruction, spherical tungsten particles followed quasi-inertial trajectories. Although this inertial nature prevented any validation of the force models used in MIGRAINe, comparisons between the experimental and simulated lifetimes provide a direct evidence of dust temperature overestimation in dust dynamics codes. Furthermore, wide-view observations of the TEXTOR interior revealed the main production mechanism of intrinsic carbon dust, as well as the location of probable dust remobilization sites.
20.	Tolias, Panagiotis, et al. (author) Dust remobilization in fusion plasmas under steady state conditions 2016 In: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 58:2 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The first combined experimental and theoretical studies of dust remobilization by plasma forces are reported. The main theoretical aspects of remobilization in fusion devices under steady state conditions are analyzed. In particular, the dominant role of adhesive forces is highlighted and generic remobilization conditions-direct lift-up, sliding, rolling-are formulated. A novel experimental technique is proposed, based on controlled adhesion of dust grains on tungsten samples combined with detailed mapping of the dust deposition profile prior and post plasma exposure. Proof-of-principle experiments in the TEXTOR tokamak and the EXTRAP-T2R reversed-field pinch are presented. The versatile environment of the linear device Pilot-PSI allowed for experiments with different magnetic field topologies and varying plasma conditions that were complemented with camera observations.
21.	Bergsåker, Henric, et al. (author) Studies of mobile dust in scrape-off layer plasmas using silica aerogel collectors 2011 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 415:1, s. S1089-S1093 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Dust capture with ultralow density silica aerogel collectors is a new method, which allows time resolved in situ capture of dust particles in the scrape-off layers of fusion devices, without substantially damaging the particles. Particle composition and morphology, particle flux densities and particle velocity distributions can be determined through appropriate analysis of the aerogel surfaces after exposure. The method has been applied in comparative studies of intrinsic dust in the TEXTOR tokamak and in the Extrap T2R reversed field pinch. The analysis methods have been mainly optical microscopy and SEM. The method is shown to be applicable in both devices and the results are tentatively compared between the two plasma devices, which are very different in terms of edge plasma conditions, time scale, geometry and wall materials.
22.	Bykov, Igor, et al. (author) Time resolved collection and characterization of dust particles moving in the TEXTOR scrape-off layer 2013 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 438:Suppl., s. S681-S685 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Moving dust has been collected in the SOL of TEXTOR in a time-resolved way with silica aerogel collectors [1-3]. The collectors were exposed to the toroidal particle flux in NBI heated discharges during the startup and flat top phase. Intrinsic dust was collected in several discharges. Other discharges were accompanied with injection of known amounts of pre-characterized dust (W, C flakes and C microspheres) from a position toroidally 120° away from the collector. Particle flux, composition and dust size distribution have been determined with SEM and EDX. Calibration allowed particle velocity estimates to be made. Upper limits for the deuterium content of individual dust grains have been determined by NRA.
23.	De Temmerman, G., et al. (author) Interactions of diamond surfaces with fusion relevant plasmas 2009 In: Physica scripta. T. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0281-1847 .- 0031-8949 .- 1402-4896. ; T138, s. 014013- Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The outstanding thermal properties of diamond and its low reactivity towards hydrogen may make it an attractive plasma-facing material for fusion and calls for a proper evaluation of its behaviour under exposure to fusion-relevant plasma conditions. Micro and nanocrystalline diamond layers, deposited on Mo and Si substrates by hot filament chemical vapour deposition (CVD), have been exposed both in tokamaks and in linear plasma devices to measure the erosion rate of diamond and study the modification of the surface properties induced by particle bombardment. Experiments in Pilot-PSI and PISCES-B have shown that the sputtering yield of diamond (both physical and chemical) was a factor of 2 lower than that of graphite. Exposure to detached plasma conditions in the DIII-D tokamak have evidenced a strong resistance of diamond against erosion under those conditions.
24.	Litnovsky, Andrey, et al. (author) Carbon transport, deposition and fuel accumulation in castellated structures exposed in TEXTOR 2007 In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 367, s. 1481-1486 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In order to maintain the thermo-mechanical durability of ITER it is proposed to castellate the interior surface of the first wall and divertor by splitting them into small-size cells [W. Daener et a]., Fusion Eng. Des. 61&62 (2002) 61]. A concern is the accumulation of fuel in the gaps of the castellation. In TEXTOR, molybdenum limiters were exposed in the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma to assess fuel accumulation. The first limiter was exposed under deposition-dominated conditions. Carbon deposits were formed both on top surfaces and in the gaps. About 0.12% of the impinging D-fluence was found in the gaps. Another castellated limiter was exposed under erosion-dominated conditions. Deposited layers were found only on the plasma shadowed areas of the gaps. A significant amount of molybdenum from the limiter was found intermixed in the deposit. The gaps contained similar to 0.03% of the impinging D-fluence. Modeling was performed to simulate carbon transport into the gaps.
25.	Litnovsky, A., et al. (author) Direct comparative test of single crystal and polycrystalline diagnostic mirrors exposed in TEXTOR in erosion conditions 2005 In: 32nd EPS Conference on Plasma Physics 2005, EPS 2005, Held with the 8th International Workshop on Fast Ignition of Fusion Targets. - 9781622763320 ; , s. 1726-1729 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract First direct comparative test of single crystal and polycrystalline diagnostic mirror materials under erosion conditions has been made in TEXTOR. Before exposure in TEXTOR, glow discharge cleaning has efficiently restored the reflectivity of initially oxidized mirrors. After the exposure, no significant changes in total reflectivity were observed. Drastic increase of diffuse reflectivity was measured for polycrystalline molybdenum mirror, but not for the single crystal. Thus, specular reflectivity of single crystal is significantly higher than of polycrystalline one. The most affected wavelength range is 250-1000 nm, no significant changes of reflectivity was noticed in the range 1000-2000 nm. No or negligible effect of erosion on polarization characteristics of mirrors was measured.

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