| 1. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(author)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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In: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 2. |
- Luo, Yifei, et al.
(author)
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Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors
- 2023
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In: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society. - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 17:6, s. 5211-5295
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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| 3. |
- Zhang, Xiaoyun, et al.
(author)
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Metal–Support Interaction of Carbon–Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
- 2023
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In: nanoenergy advances. - : MDPI AG. - 2673-706X. ; 3:1, s. 48-72
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Metal–support interaction (MSI) is considered a key effect of electronic and geometric structures of catalysts on tuning catalytic performance. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a crucial process during energy conversion and storage. However, the OER process requires the help of noble metal catalysts to reduce the reaction overpotential, enhance reactivity with intermediates, and maintain good operating stability. Carbon–supported metal catalysts have been considered candidates for noble metal catalysts for OER. MSI occurs at the interface of carbon supports and metals, affecting the catalytic performance through electronic and geometric modulation. MSI can influence the catalytic performance and change reaction pathways from charge redistribution, electron transfer, chemical coordination and bonding, and steric effect. Connecting MSI effects with the OER mechanism can provide theoretical guidance and a practical approach to the design of efficient catalysts, including the modulation of particle size, morphology, heteroatom doping, defect engineering, and coordination atom and number. Advantage can be taken of MSI modulation between metal compounds and carbon supports to provide guidance for catalyst design.
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| 4. |
- Bao, Qinye, et al.
(author)
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Effects of ultraviolet soaking on surface electronic structures of solution processed ZnO nanoparticle films in polymer solar cells
- 2014
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In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7488. ; 2:41, s. 17676-17682
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We systematically show the effect of UV-light soaking on surface electronic structures and chemical states of solution processed ZnO nanoparticle (ZnONP) films in UHV, dry air and UV-ozone. UV exposure in UHV induces a slight decrease in work function and surface-desorption of chemisorbed oxygen, whereas UV exposure in the presence of oxygen causes an increase in work function due to oxygen atom vacancy filling in the ZnO matrix. We demonstrate that UV-light soaking in combination with vacuum or oxygen can tune the work function of the ZnONP films over a range exceeding 1 eV. Based on photovoltaic performance and diode measurements, we conclude that the oxygen atom vacancy filling occurs mainly at the surface of the ZnONP films and that the films consequently retain their n-type behavior despite a significant increase in the measured work function.
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| 5. |
- Bao, Zijia, et al.
(author)
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A bimetallic 3D interconnected metal–organic framework with 2D morphology and its derived electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction
- 2023
-
In: CrystEngComm. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1466-8033. ; 25:13, s. 1869-1873
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are widely used as precursors to generate derivatives for electrocatalysis. However, two-dimensional (2D) MOFs often suffer from the collapse of their 2D structures after being treated at high temperature. Herein, we used the dense ZIF-EC1 as a precursor and doped Co as a secondary metal. The content of Co in ZIF-EC1 can be tuned without changing the crystalline structure. After pyrolysis, the derived carbon-based material maintains the 2D morphology from the parental precursor. The derived ZIF-EC1(ZnCo)-20-900 exhibits the best activity toward the ORR, which is even better than that of Pt/C. This work demonstrates the potential of using a nonporous dense MOF as a precursor and optimizing electrocatalytic ORR activity by tuning the Co content.
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| 6. |
- Cao, Shun, et al.
(author)
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Strong Coupling between a Single Quantum Emitter and a Plasmonic Nanoantenna on a Metallic Film
- 2022
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In: Nanomaterials. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-4991. ; 12:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The strong coupling between single quantum emitters and resonant optical micro/nanocavities is beneficial for understanding light and matter interactions. Here, we propose a plasmonic nanoantenna placed on a metal film to achieve an ultra-high electric field enhancement in the nanogap and an ultra-small optical mode volume. The strong coupling between a single quantum dot (QD) and the designed structure is investigated in detail by both numerical simulations and theoretical calculations. When a single QD is inserted into the nanogap of the silver nanoantenna, the scattering spectra show a remarkably large splitting and anticrossing behavior of the vacuum Rabi splitting, which can be achieved in the scattering spectra by optimizing the nanoantenna thickness. Our work shows another way to enhance the light/matter interaction at a single quantum emitter limit, which can be useful for many nanophotonic and quantum applications.
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| 7. |
- Deng, Nan, et al.
(author)
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Significance of Photosynthetic Characters in the Evolution of Asian Gnetum (Gnetales)
- 2019
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In: Frontiers in Plant Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-462X. ; 10
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Gnetum is a genus in the Gnetales that has a unique but ambiguous placement within seed plant phylogeny. Previous studies have shown that Gnetum has lower values of photosynthetic characters than those of other seed plants, but few Gnetum species have been studied, and those that have been studied are restricted to narrow taxonomic and geographic ranges. In addition, the mechanism underlying the lower values of photosynthetic characters in Gnetum remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the photosynthetic characters of a Chinese lianoid species, i.e., Gnetum parvifolium, and co-occurring woody angiosperms growing in the wild, as well as seedlings of five Chinese Gnetum species cultivated in a greenhouse. The five Gnetum species had considerably lower values for photosynthesis parameters (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and stomatal conductance) than those of other seed plant representatives. Interrelated analyses revealed that the low photosynthetic capacity may be an intrinsic property of Gnetum, and may be associated with its evolutionary history. Comparison of the chloroplast genomes (cpDNAs) of Gnetum with those of other seed plant representatives revealed that 17 coding genes are absent from the cpDNAs of all species of Gnetum. This lack of multiple functional genes from the cpDNAs probably leads to the low photosynthetic rates of Gnetum. Our results provide a new perspective on the evolutionary history of the Gnetales, and on the ecophysiological and genomic attributes of tropical biomes in general. These results could also be useful for the breeding and cultivation of Gnetum.
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| 8. |
- Elfwing, Anders, et al.
(author)
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DNA Based Hybrid Material for Interface Engineering in Polymer Solar Cells
- 2018
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In: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 10:11, s. 9579-9586
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A new solution processable electron transport material (ETM) is introduced for use in photovoltaic devices, which consists of a metallic conjugated polyelectrolyte, poly(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]-[1,4]dioxin-2-yl-methoxy)-1-butanesulfonic acid (PEDOT-S), and surfactant-functionalized deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (named DNA:CTMA:PEDOT-S). This ETM is demonstrated to effectively work for bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices (OPV) based on different electron acceptor materials. The fill factor, the open circuit voltage, and the overall power conversion efficiency of the solar cells with a DNA:CTMA:PEDOT-S modified cathode are comparable to those of devices with a traditional lithium fluoride/aluminum cathode. The new electron transport layer has high optical transmittance, desired work function and selective electron transport. A dipole effect induced by the use of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMA) is responsible for lowering the electrode work function. The DNA:CTMA complex works as an optical absorption dilutor, while PEDOT-S provides the conducting pathway for electron transport, and allows thicker layer to be used, enabling printing. This materials design opens a new pathway to harness and optimize the electronic and optical properties of printable interface materials.
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| 9. |
- Fan, Qunping, 1989, et al.
(author)
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Over 14% efficiency all-polymer solar cells enabled by a low bandgap polymer acceptor with low energy loss and efficient charge separation
- 2020
-
In: Energy & Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 13:12, s. 5017-5027
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Obtaining both high open-circuit voltage (V-oc) and short-circuit current density (J(sc)) has been a major challenge for efficient all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). Herein, we developed a polymer acceptor PF5-Y5 with excellent optical absorption capability (onset extending to similar to 880 nm and maximum absorption coefficient exceeding 105 cm(-1) in a film), high electron mobility (3.18 x 10(3) cm(2) V-1 s(-1)) and high LUMO level (-3.84 eV) to address such a challenge. As a result, the PBDB-T:PF5-Y5-based all-PSCs achieved a high power conversion efficiency of up to 14.45% with both a high Voc (0.946 V) and a high Jsc (20.65 mA cm(-2)), due to the high and broad absorption coverage, small energy loss (0.57 eV) and efficient charge separation and transport in the device, which are among the best values in the all-PSC field. In addition, the all-PSC shows a similar to 15% improvement in PCE compared to its counterpart small molecule acceptor (Y5)-based device. Our results suggest that PF5-Y5 is a very promising polymer acceptor candidate for applications in efficient all-PSCs.
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| 10. |
- Fu, Yifeng, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Templated Growth of Covalently Bonded Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube Networks Originated from Graphene
- 2012
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In: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 24:12, s. 1576-1581
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A template-assisted method that enables the growth of covalently bonded three-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) originating from graphene at a large scale is demonstrated. Atomic force microscopy-based mechanical tests show that the covalently bonded CNT structure can effectively distribute external loading throughout the network to improve the mechanical strength of the material.
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| 11. |
- Han, Yi, et al.
(author)
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Abnormal strain in suspended GeSn microstructures
- 2018
-
In: Materials Research Express. - : IOP Publishing. - 2053-1591. ; 5:3
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A suspended GeSn microstructure is realized by a two-step selective wet etching technique with the aim of fully relaxing the compressive strain, promoting the indirect to direct bandgap transition and improving the optical property of GeSn thin films grown on Ge. The compressive strain was found efficiently relaxed, and even unexpected large tensile strain was displayed on regions of the microstructure by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Residual Ge patches under the suspended GeSn microstructure were found by scanning electron microscopy and proved to be the origin of the tensile strain by finite element method simulations. The tensile strain on the surface is beneficial for direct bandgap conversion and carrier accumulation. Significant enhancement of photoluminescence was obtained in the GeSn microstructures than the original thin film.
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| 12. |
- Kong, Xiangrui, et al.
(author)
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Impact of SO2 and light on chemical morphology and hygroscopicity of natural salt aerosols
- 2024
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 322
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The interactions between SO2 and natural salt aerosol particles represent complex and crucial dynamics within atmospheric processes and the broader climate system. This study investigated the SO2 uptake, hygroscopicity, morphology and mixing states of natural salt particles, which are generated from brines sampled from the Chaka salt lake located in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. A comparison with atomized pure NaCl particles is included as reference. The results show that NaCl particles exhibit the lowest SO2 uptake, while Chaka salt particles demonstrate higher uptake due to their complex composition. The hygroscopicity of salt particles is influenced by several factors, including chemical complexity, SO2 exposure and light conditions. In comparison to pure NaCl, Chaka salt displays higher hygroscopicity, which is further enhanced in the presence of SO2. However, when exposed to light, mass growth is suppressed, suggesting the formation of species with lower hygroscopicity, such as Na2SO4. Analysis of particle morphology and mixing states reveals notable distinctions between NaCl crystals and Chaka salt particles, where the Chaka salt particles exhibit rounded shapes with a structure composed of cubic NaCl cores surrounded by sulfate materials as a coating. In addition, the chemical morphology analysis also reveals that the particles show morphological and spectral changes before and after the exposure to SO2, light and high RH. Therefore, this research highlights the intricate interactions between SO2 and natural salt aerosol particles in diverse environmental settings, underscoring their multifaceted impacts on atmospheric processes.
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| 13. |
- Li, Yongxi, et al.
(author)
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Non-fullerene acceptor with low energy loss and high external quantum efficiency: towards high performance polymer solar cells
- 2016
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In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 4:16, s. 5890-5897
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A non-fullerene electron acceptor bearing a fused 10-heterocyclic ring (indacenodithiophenoindacenodithiophene) with a narrow band gap (similar to 1.5 eV) was designed and synthesized. It possesses excellent planarity and enhanced effective conjugation length compared to previously reported fused-ring electron acceptors. When this acceptor was paired with PTB7-Th and applied in polymer solar cells, a power conversion efficiency of 6.5% was achieved with a high open circuit voltage of 0.94 V. More significantly, an energy loss as low as 0.59 eV and an external quantum efficiency as high as 63% were obtained simultaneously.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Lin, Rui, et al.
(author)
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Physical-layer network coding for passive optical interconnect in datacenter networks
- 2017
-
In: Optics Express. - 1094-4087. ; 25:15, s. 17788-17797
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We introduce physical-layer network coding (PLNC) technique in a passive optical interconnect (POI) architecture for datacenter networks. The implementation of the PLNC in the POI at 2.5 Gb/s and 10Gb/s have been experimentally validated while the gains in terms of network layer performances have been investigated by simulation. The results reveal that in order to realize negligible packet drop, the wavelengths usage can be reduced by half while a significant improvement in packet delay especially under high traffic load can be achieved by employing PLNC over POI.
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| 16. |
- Lin, Rui, et al.
(author)
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Physical-layer network coding for passive optical interconnects in datacenter networks
- 2017
-
In: 2017 19th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON). - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781538608586
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We introduce physical-layer network coding for a passive optical interconnect architecture in datacenter networks. Results reveal that half of the wavelengths can be saved to obtain latency in the magnitude of microseconds.
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| 17. |
- Lin, Yuxin, et al.
(author)
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A Simple High-Gain Millimeter-Wave Leaky-Wave Slot Antenna Based on a Bent Corrugated SIW
- 2020
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In: IEEE Access. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 2169-3536. ; 8, s. 91999-92006
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We propose a bent corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (BCSIW) structure that can be used to design a high gain leaky wave antenna (LWA). The design removes the need for a metallic via fabrication process needed for standard substrate integrated waveguides (SIW) and displays superior performance to previously reported structures. We use simulations to compare the performance of the proposed BCSIW LWA to equivalent standard SIW and corrugated SIW (CSIW) structures, as well as experimentally characterize a fabricated BCSIW LWA. Simulation results show that the BCSIW structure can help improve the impedance bandwidth of a slotted LWA by about 14.7 while still maintaining high gain (about 13.217.4 dBi) as compared to an LWA based on a CSIW structure. Measurement results indicate that the proposed BCSIW LWA has a wide impedance bandwidth (32.6) and a high peak gain (1216.2 dBi) throughout a large frequency range from 22 to 29.2 GHz with a large beam angle range from 69 to 10.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Liu, Juanjuan, et al.
(author)
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Electrically injected GaAsBi/GaAs single quantum well laser diodes
- 2017
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In: AIP Advances. - : AIP Publishing. - 2158-3226 .- 2158-3226. ; 7:11, s. Article Number: 115006 -
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present electrically injected GaAs/GaAsBi single quantum well laser diodes (LDs) emitting at a record long wavelength of 1141 nm at room temperature grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The LDs have excellent device performances with internal quantum efficiency of 86%, internal loss of 10 cm-1 and transparency current density of 196 A/cm2. The LDs can operate under continuous-wave mode up to 273 K. The characteristic temperature are extracted to be 125 K in the temperature range of 77?150 K, and reduced to 90 K in the range of 150?273 K. The temperature coefficient of 0.3 nm/K is extracted in the temperature range of 77?273 K.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Ma, Shuwen, et al.
(author)
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CD163 as a Potential Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer for Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Prognosis : A Swedish Study from Tissue Microarrays to Big Data Analyses
- 2022
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In: Cancers. - : MDPI. - 2072-6694. ; 14:24
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Simple Summary: Through the analysis of tissue microarray (TMA) samples from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and bioinformatical analyses of public databases and our clinical dataset, this study identifies the different expressions of CD163 in various tissues, the presence of the receptor in TME, the interaction with other biological processes and a positive correlation between CD163 dysfunction and worse prognosis. Therefore, CD163 can be used as a new biomarker to predict patient prognosis.(1) Background: CD163, a specific macrophage receptor, affects the progression of malignant tumors. Unfortunately, the regulation and expression of CD163 are poorly understood. In this study, we determined the expressions of CD163 in TMA samples from CRC patients and combined them with patient data from several Swedish hospitals.(2) Methods: The expressions of CD163 in tissue samples from CRC patients were examined. After combining 472 CRC patients' gene expression and 438 CRC patients' clinical data with the TCGA database, 964 cases from the GEO database, and experimental expression data from 1247 Swedish CRC patients, we selected four genes (PCNA, LOX, BCL2, and CD163) and analyzed the tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) and CRC prognosis.(3) Results: Based on histopathological TMA analysis, CD163 was strongly expressed in the stroma of both normal and cancer tissues, and the expressions in normal and cancer cells varied from negative to strong. The results from public databases show decreased expression of CD163 in cancer tissue compared to normal mucosa (|log FC| > 1 and FDR < 0.01), and it is a negative prognostic factor for CRC patients (p-value < 0.05). Through tumor microenvironment (TME) analysis, we found a potential influence of CD163 on immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, the enrichment analysis indicated the possible interaction with other proteins and biological pathways.(4) Conclusions: CD163 is expressed differently in CRC tissue and is a negative prognostic factor. Its expression is associated with the TME and tumor purity of CRC. Considering all results, CD163 has the potential to be a predictive biomarker in the investigation of CRC.
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| 22. |
- Osoegawa, Kazutoyo, et al.
(author)
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Quality control project of NGS HLA genotyping for the 17th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop
- 2019
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In: Human Immunology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 0198-8859 .- 1879-1166. ; 80:4, s. 228-236
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The 17th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop (IHIW) organizers conducted a Pilot Study (PS) in which 13 laboratories (15 groups) participated to assess the performance of the various sequencing library preparation protocols, NGS platforms and software in use prior to the workshop. The organizers sent 50 cell lines to each of the 15 groups, scored the 15 independently generated sets of NGS HLA genotyping data, and generated "consensus" HLA genotypes for each of the 50 cell lines. Proficiency Testing (PT) was subsequently organized using four sets of 24 cell lines, selected from 48 of 50 PS cell lines, to validate the quality of NGS HLA typing data from the 34 participating IHIW laboratories. Completion of the PT program with a minimum score of 95% concordance at the HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 loci satisfied the requirements to submit NGS HLA typing data for the 17th IHIW projects. Together, these PS and PT efforts constituted the 17th IHIW Quality Control project. Overall PT concordance rates for HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DRB4 and HLA-DRB5 were 98.1%, 97.0% and 98.1%, 99.0%, 98.6%, 98.8%, 97.6%, 96.0%, 99.1%, 90.0% and 91.7%, respectively. Across all loci, the majority of the discordance was due to allele dropout. The high cost of NGS HLA genotyping per experiment likely prevented the retyping of initially failed HLA loci. Despite the high HLA genotype concordance rates of the software, there remains room for improvement in the assembly of more accurate consensus DNA sequences by NGS HLA genotyping software.
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| 23. |
- Wang, Shu Min, 1963, et al.
(author)
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Electrically pumped GaAsBi laser diodes
- 2017
-
In: International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks. - 2162-7339. - 9781538608586
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we present electrically pumped GaAsBi quantum well (QW) laser diodes (LDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The LDs reveal a record long lasing wavelength of 1.14 μm at 300 K and can be operated under CW excitation up to 273 K. They also show high performance with an internal quantum efficiency of 86% and an internal optical loss of 10 cm-1. The characteristic temperature is 79 K in the temperature range of 225-350 K and the temperature coefficient of the lasing wavelength is 0.26 nm/K at 77 - 350 K, much smaller than 0.35 - 0.40 nm/K for InGaAs and InGaAsP QW LDs. These results suggest that GaAsBi LDs are attractive candidates for uncooled near infrared lasers on GaAs.
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| 24. |
- Wang, Ying, et al.
(author)
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A tri-level programming-based frequency regulation market equilibrium under cyber attacks
- 2023
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In: Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems. - : Springer Nature. - 2367-2617 .- 2367-0983. ; 8:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Owing to their flexibility and rapid response, grid-connected distributed energy resources (DERs) are wielding growing influence in frequency regulation markets (FRMs). Nevertheless, compared with conventional large-scale generators, small-scale DERs are usually weakly shielded by cyber security measures. This offers attackers the opportunity of disrupting the clearing and settlement of FRMs by manipulating the bid information of DERs. In this paper, the frequency regulation market equilibrium is studied considering the dynamic gaming between attackers and defenders, both of which need the knowledge of FRMs for their interventions. Specifically, a tri-level programming model characterizing the attacker–defender–operator (ADO) interdiction problem in FRMs is developed and then analyzed using a column and constraint generation algorithm, thereby achieving market equilibrium representing the defender's best response to the attacker. The defense strategy in the market equilibrium can attenuate the negative influence of cyber attacks upon the FRMs to the maximum extent. Finally, based on the operating rules of the California Independent System Operator, the FRM process considering the ADO interdiction is simulated and the numerical equilibrium results are presented.
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| 25. |
- Yao, Nannan, et al.
(author)
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In Situ Study the Dynamics of Blade-Coated All-Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Formation and Impact on Photovoltaic Performance of Solar Cells
- 2023
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In: Solar RRL. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2367-198X. ; , s. 1-8
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) have achieved impressive progress by employing acceptors polymerized from well performing small-molecule non-fullerene acceptors. Herein, the device performance and morphology evolution in blade-coated all-PSCs based on PBDBT:PF5–Y5 blends prepared from two different solvents, chlorobenzene (CB), and ortho-xylene (o-XY) are studied. The absorption spectra in CB solution indicate more ordered conformation for PF5–Y5. The drying process of PBDBT:PF5–Y5 blends is monitored by in situ multifunctional spectroscopy and the final film morphology is characterized with ex situ techniques. Finer-mixed donor/acceptor nanostructures are obtained in CB-cast film than that in o-XY-cast ones, corresponding to more efficient charge generation in the solar cells. More importantly, the conformation of polymers in solution determines the overall film morphology and the device performance. The relatively more ordered structure in CB-cast films is beneficial for charge transport and reduced non-radiative energy loss. Therefore, to achieve high-performance all-PSCs with small energy loss, it is crucial to gain favorable aggregation in the initial stage in solution.
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