| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Liu, Zhigang, et al.
(author)
-
Gut microbiota mediates intermittent-fasting alleviation of diabetes-induced cognitive impairment
- 2020
-
In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723 .- 2041-1723. ; 11:1, s. 855-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cognitive decline is one of the complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Intermittent fasting (IF) is a promising dietary intervention for alleviating T2D symptoms, but its protective effect on diabetes-driven cognitive dysfunction remains elusive. Here, we find that a 28-day IF regimen for diabetic mice improves behavioral impairment via a microbiota-metabolites-brain axis: IF enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism gene expression in hippocampus, re-structures the gut microbiota, and improves microbial metabolites that are related to cognitive function. Moreover, strong connections are observed between IF affected genes, microbiota and metabolites, as assessed by integrative modelling. Removing gut microbiota with antibiotics partly abolishes the neuroprotective effects of IF. Administration of 3-indolepropionic acid, serotonin, short chain fatty acids or tauroursodeoxycholic acid shows a similar effect to IF in terms of improving cognitive function. Together, our study purports the microbiota-metabolites-brain axis as a mechanism that can enable therapeutic strategies against metabolism-implicated cognitive pathophysiologies.
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| 3. |
- Song, Yang, et al.
(author)
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Contact Wire Irregularity Stochastics and Effect on High-Speed Railway Pantograph-Catenary Interactions
- 2020
-
In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 0018-9456 .- 1557-9662. ; 69:10, s. 8196-8206
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In high-speed rail operations, contact wire irregularity (CWI) in a catenary is a common disturbance to the pantograph-catenary interaction performance, which directly affects the quality of current collection. To describe the pointwise stochastics of CWI, the power spectral density (PSD) function for CWI is proposed, and its effect on the pantograph-catenary interaction is investigated. First, a preprocessing procedure is proposed to eliminate the redundant information in the measured irregularities based on the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). Then, the upper envelope of the irregularity, which contains all the information regarding the dropper positions on the contact wire, is extracted. A form of the PSD function is suggested for contact wire irregularities. A methodology is proposed to include the effect of random irregularities in the assessment of the interaction performance of a pantograph-catenary. A developed target configuration under dead load (TCUD) method is used to calculate the initial configuration of the catenary, in which the dropper points on the contact wire are placed on their exact positions. Finally, the effect of the random contact wire irregularities on the contact force is investigated through 500 numerical simulations at each operating speed. The present results indicate that random irregularities have a direct impact on the pantograph-catenary contact, including an increment in the dispersion of the contact force statistics. The stochastic analysis shows that over 70% of the results with irregularities are worse than the ideal result without irregularities.
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| 4. |
- Wang, Zhigang, et al.
(author)
-
Decreased Splenic CD4(+) T-Lymphocytes in Apolipoprotein M Gene Deficient Mice
- 2015
-
In: BioMed Research International. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2314-6133 .- 2314-6141.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Spleen T-lymphocytes, especially CD4(+) T-cells, have been demonstrated to be involved in broad immunomodulation and host-defense activity in vivo. Apolipoprotein M gene (apoM) may have an important role in the regulation of immunoprocess and inflammation, which could be hypothesized to the apoM containing sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). In the present study we demonstrate that the splenic CD4(+) T-lymphocytes were obviously decreased in the apoM gene deficient (apoM(-/-)) mice compared to the wild type (apoM(+/+)). Moreover, these mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and it was found that even more pronounced decreasing CD4(+) T-lymphocytes occurred in the spleen compared to the apoM(+/+) mice. The similar phenomena were found in the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-lymphocytes. After administration of LPS, the hepatic mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were markedly increased; however, there were no statistical differences observed between apoM(+/+) mice and apoM(-/-) mice. The present study demonstrated that apoM might facilitate the maintenance of CD4(+) T-lymphocytes or could modify the T-lymphocytes subgroups in murine spleen, which may further explore the importance of apoM in the regulation of the host immunomodulation, although the detailed mechanism needs continuing investigation.
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| 5. |
- An, Hongbin, et al.
(author)
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A method of manufacturing microfluidic contact lenses by using irreversible bonding and thermoforming
- 2018
-
In: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0960-1317 .- 1361-6439. ; 28:10
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we present the development of microfluidic contact lenses, which is based on the advantages of wearable microfluidics and can have great potential in the ophthalmology healthcare field. The development consists of two parts; the manufacturing process and the usability tests of the devices. In the manufacturing process, we firstly extended silane coupling and surface modification to irreversibly bond plastic membranes with microchannel-molded silicone rubber, to form the plastic-PDMS plane assemblies, and then molded the plane into a contact lens by thermoforming. We systematically investigated the effects of thermoforming factors, heating temperatures and the terrace die's sphere radius on channels by using the factorial experiment design. In addition, various tests were conducted to verify the usability of the devices. Through blockage and leakage tests, the devices were proved to be feasible, with no channel-blockages and could stand high pressures. Through a wearing test, the contact lenses were confirmed to be harmless on the living body. Furthermore, by performing the manipulating test, the device was proved to be liquid-controllable. These works provide a foundation for the applications of microfluidic contact lenses in ophthalmology.
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| 6. |
- An, Hongbin, et al.
(author)
-
Microfluidic contact lenses for unpowered, continuous and non-invasive intraocular pressure monitoring
- 2019
-
In: Sensors and Actuators A-Physical. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-4247 .- 1873-3069. ; 295, s. 177-187
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Intraocular pressure (IOP) is a crucial physiological indicator of the visual system and play a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. However, the current handheld single measurement tools for IOP sensing cannot meet the future demands for glaucoma management. Thus, here we present the microfluidic contact lens sensors that could provide unpowered, continuous and non-invasive IOP monitoring. The microfluidic contact lens is comprised of a sensing layer of the micropatterned soft-elastomer and a hard plastic reference layer. The devices use the annular sensing chamber filled with the dyed liquid and a sensing microchannel as the IOP transducer. Resulting from the volume variance of the sensing chamber and caused by the deformation of the sensing layer under pressure, the IOP signal is detected as the displacement change of the dyed liquid's interface in the sensing channel, and in which, the displacement change can be optically observed by using the smart-phone camera. Based on the silicone rubber model eyeball, the sensing mechanism of the devices with different design parameters (the position of the sensing chambers and the dimension of the sensing channels) are explored by using the theoretical analyses and experimental investigations. The characteristics of these microfluidic contact lens sensors are tested, in which, the maximum sensitivity of the device (with the sensing chamber of 8.5 mm in diameter and the sensing channel of 100 x 40 um in size) can be achieved to 0.708 mm/mmHg in a working range of 0 (4) over tilde0 mmHg. Also, cyclical tests were conducted and indicated that the devices had a good reversibility and Long-term stability. Furthermore, the device (with the sensing chamber of 5.0 mm in diameter and the sensing channel of 150 x 40 urn in size) was test on the porcine eyes ex vivo, showing a sensitivity of 0.2832 mm/mmHg in a range of 8 (3) over tilde2 mmHg and, the device had a good reproducibility to its IOP change. This work provides a promising approach for unpowered, continuous and non-invasive monitoring of IOP.
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| 7. |
- Chen, Peilin, et al.
(author)
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Fabrication of a silver nanoparticle-coated collagen membrane with anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities for guided bone regeneration
- 2018
-
In: Biomedical materials. - 1748-6041. ; 13:6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Alveolar bone loss is a common problem that affects dental implant placement. A barrier between the bone substitute and gingiva that can prevent fibro-tissue ingrowth, bacterial infection and induce bone formation is a key factor in improving the success of alveolar ridge reconstruction. This study aims to develop a bioactive collagen barrier material for guided bone regeneration, that is coupled with anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. We have evaluated two silver coating methods and found controllable and precise coating achieved by sonication compared with sputtering. The optimized AgNP-coated collagen membrane exhibited excellent anti-bacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) with limited cellular toxicity. It also displayed effective anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression and release of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Additionally, AgNP-coated collagen membranes were able to induce osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells that guide bone regeneration. These findings demonstrate the potential application of AgNP-coated collagen membranes to prevent infection after bone graft introduction in alveolar ridge reconstruction.
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| 8. |
- Duan, Jinpei, et al.
(author)
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Dual-Circulant Modulation for Modular Multilevel DC/DC Converters With Inherent Balance Capability
- 2023
-
In: IEEE transactions on power electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0885-8993 .- 1941-0107. ; 38:7, s. 7958-7963
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Modular multilevel dc/dc converters (MMDC) have emerged recently for medium-voltage dc applications. Under single-circulant modulation, the submodule (SM) capacitor voltages in MMDC are found to be evenly divided only at some specific modulation coefficients. To obtain the inherent balance capability under all modulation coefficients and expand the application range of circulant modulation, a simple dual-circulant modulation is proposed in this letter. On the basis of single-circulant modulation, the self-balancing of the SM capacitor voltages is realized by using the additional switching patterns generated by a simple circulant permutation method. The theoretical analysis of the proposed method is presented, and the inherent balance capability of MMDC under the dual-circulant modulation method is verified by experiments.
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| 9. |
- Fang, Shan, et al.
(author)
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A Dynamic Transformation Car-Following Model for the Prediction of the Traffic Flow Oscillation
- 2024
-
In: IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine. - 1939-1390 .- 1941-1197. ; 16:1, s. 174-198
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Car-following (CF) behavior is a fundamental of traffic flow modeling; it can be used for the virtual testing of connected and automated vehicles and the simulation of various types of traffic flow, such as free flow and traffic oscillation. Although existing CF models can replicate the free flow well, they are incapable of simulating complicated traffic oscillation, and it is difficult to strike a balance between accuracy and efficiency. This article investigates the error variation when the traffic oscillation is simulated by the intelligent driver model (IDM). Then, it divides the traffic oscillation into four phases (coasting, deceleration, acceleration, and stationary) by using the space headway of multiple steps. To simulate traffic oscillation between multiple human-driven vehicles, a dynamic transformation CF model is proposed, which includes the long-time prediction submodel [modified sequence-to-sequence (Seq2seq)] model, short-time prediction submodel (Transformer), and their dynamic transformation strategy]. The first submodel is utilized to simulate the coasting and stationary phases, while the second submodel is utilized to simulate the acceleration and deceleration phases. The results of experiments indicated that compared to K-nearest neighbors, IDM, and Seq2seq CF models, the dynamic transformation CF model reduces the trajectory error by 60.79–66.69% in microscopic traffic flow simulations, 7.71–29.91% in mesoscopic traffic flow simulations, and 1.59–18.26% in macroscopic traffic flow simulations. Moreover, the runtime of the dynamic transformation CF model (Inference) decreased by 14.43–66.17% when simulating the large-scale traffic flow.
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| 10. |
- Gao, Feng, et al.
(author)
-
Visible-light photocatalytic properties of weak magnetic BiFeO3 nanoparticles
- 2007
-
In: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlag. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 19:19, s. 2889-2892
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Polycrystalline BiFeO3 nanoparticles (size 80-120 nm) are prepared by a simple sol-gel technique. Such nanoparticles are very efficient for photocatalytic decomposition of organic contaminants under irradiation from ultraviolet to visible frequencies. The BiFeO3 nanoparticles also demonstrate weak ferromagnetism of about 0.06 mu(B)/Fe at room temperature, in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
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| 11. |
- Hu, Huiqing, et al.
(author)
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Effects of composition on the electrochemical property and cell performance of single layer fuel cell
- 2015
-
In: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 275, s. 476-482
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, the enhanced electrochemical performance of single layer fuel cells (SLFCs) based upon mixed ion and electron conductors is analyzed as a function of composition. We synthesize a series of Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-delta-Li0.3Ni0.6Cu0.07Sr0.03O2-delta (SDC-LNCS) with different weight ratios. The microstructure and morphology of the composite materials are characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Stability of the synthesized samples is evaluated by thermal gravity analysis (TGA). The SLFC with 6SDC-4LNCS exhibits a uniform distribution of the two compositions as well as demonstrates the highest power density of 312 mW cm-2 at 550 mu C. The performance is correlated to the balance of the conduction properties (ionic and electronic) of the functional SLFC layer. The results are a critical contribution to further development of this new energy transfer device.
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| 12. |
- Hu, Huiqing, et al.
(author)
-
Fabrication of electrolyte-free fuel cell with Mg0.4Zn0.6O/Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-delta-Li0.3Ni0.6Cu0.07Sr0.03O2-delta layer
- 2014
-
In: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 248, s. 577-581
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Electrolyte-free fuel cell (EFFC) which holds the similar function with the traditional solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) but possesses a completely different structure, has draw much attention during these years. Herein, we report a complex of MZSDC LNCS (Mg0.4Zn0.6O/Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-delta-Li0.3Ni0.6Cu0.07Sr0.03O2-delta) for EFFC that demonstrates a high electrochemical power output of about 600 mW cm(-2) at 630 degrees C. The co-doped MZSDC is synthesized by a co-precipitation method. Semiconductor material of LNCS is synthesized by direct solid state reaction. The microstructure and morphology of the composite materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive Xray spectrometer (EDS). The performance of the cell with a large size (6 x 6 cm(2)) is comparable or even better than that of the conventional solid oxide fuel cells with large sizes. The maximum power output of 9.28 W is obtained from the large-size cell at 600 degrees C. This paper develops a new functional nanocomposite for EFFC which is conducive to its commercial use.
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| 13. |
- Hu, Huiging, et al.
(author)
-
Time-dependent performance change of single layer fuel cell with Li0.4Mg0.3Zn0.3O/Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-delta composite
- 2014
-
In: International journal of hydrogen energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199 .- 1879-3487. ; 39:20, s. 10718-10723
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A Large-size engineering single layer fuel cell (SLFC) consisting of a nano-structured Li0.4Mg0.3Zn0.3O2-delta/Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-delta (LMZSDC) composite with an active area of 25 cm(2) (6 cm x 6 cm x 0.1 cm) is successfully fabricated. The SLFC is evaluated by testing the cell durability with a time-dependent degradation using an H-2 fuel and an air oxidant at 600 degrees C for over 120 h. A maximum power of 12.8 W (512 mW cm(-2)) is achieved at 600 degrees C. In the initial operation stage around 50 h, the cell's performance decreases from 12.8 to 11.2 W; however, after this point, the performance was consistently stable, and no significant degradation is observed in the current density or the cell performance. The device performed excellently at low temperatures with a delivered power output of more than 250 mW cm(-2) at a temperature as low as 400 degrees C. By curve fitting the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results, the ratio of Ce3+/(Ce3++Ce4+) before and after the long-time operation is analyzed. The ratio increased from 28.2% to 31.4% in the electrolyte which indicates a reduction occurs in the beginning operation that causes an initial performance loss for the device power output and OCV. Electrochemical impedance analyses indicate that the LMZSDC had a high ionic transport, and the device had quick dynamic processes and, thus, a high fuel cell performance. The LMZSDC is a new type of ionic material that has been successfully applied to SLFCs.
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| 14. |
- Hu, Wenping, et al.
(author)
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Advancing conjugated polymers into nanometer-scale devices
- 2006
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In: Pure and Applied Chemistry. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0033-4545 .- 1365-3075. ; 78:10, s. 1803-1822
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this article, we review the possibility of combining conjugated polymers with nanometer-scale devices (nanodevices), in order to introduce the properties associated with conjugated polymers into such nanodevices. This approach envisages combining the highly topical disciplines of polymer electronics and nanoelectronics to engender a new subdirection of polymer nanoelectronics, which can serve as a tool to probe the behavior of polymer molecules at the nanometer/molecular level, and contribute to clarifying transport mechanisms in conjugated polymers. In this study, we exemplify this combination, using a family of linear and conjugated polymers, poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)s (PPEs) with thiolacetate-functionalized end groups.
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| 15. |
- Jeong, Seung Hee, et al.
(author)
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Mechanically Stretchable and Electrically Insulating Thermal Elastomer Composite by Liquid Alloy Droplet Embedment
- 2015
-
In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 5
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Stretchable electronics and soft robotics have shown unsurpassed features, inheriting remarkable functions from stretchable and soft materials. Electrically conductive and mechanically stretchable materials based on composites have been widely studied for stretchable electronics as electrical conductors using various combinations of materials. However, thermally tunable and stretchable materials, which have high potential in soft and stretchable thermal devices as interface or packaging materials, have not been sufficiently studied. Here, a mechanically stretchable and electrically insulating thermal elastomer composite is demonstrated, which can be easily processed for device fabrication. A liquid alloy is embedded as liquid droplet fillers in an elastomer matrix to achieve softness and stretchability. This new elastomer composite is expected useful to enhance thermal response or efficiency of soft and stretchable thermal devices or systems. The thermal elastomer composites demonstrate advantages such as thermal interface and packaging layers with thermal shrink films in transient and steady-state cases and a stretchable temperature sensor.
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| 16. |
- Jeong, Seung Hee, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Stretchable Thermoelectric Generators Metallized with Liquid Alloy
- 2017
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In: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8252 .- 1944-8244. ; 9:18, s. 15791-15797
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Conventional thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are normally hard, rigid, and flat. However, most objects have curvy surfaces, which require soft and even stretchable TEGs for maximizing efficiency of thermal energy harvesting. Here, soft and stretchable TEGs using conventional rigid Bi2Te3 pellets metallized with a liquid alloy is reported. The fabrication is implemented by means of a tailored layer-by-layer fabrication process. The STEGs exhibit an output power density of 40.6 ?W/cm2 at room temperature. The STEGs are operational after being mechanically stretched-and-released more than 1000 times, thanks to the compliant contact between the liquid alloy interconnects and the rigid pellets. The demonstrated interconnect scheme will provide a new route to the development of soft and stretchable energy-harvesting avenues for a variety of emerging electronic applications.
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| 17. |
- Jeong, Seung Hee, et al.
(author)
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Thermal Elastomer Composites for Soft Transducers
- 2015
-
In: 2015 Transducers - 2015 18th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, TRANSDUCERS 2015. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781479989553 ; , s. 1873-1876
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a need for thermal elastomer composites (TEC) which are stretchable, electrically insulating and easily processablefor soft and stretchable sensor or actuator systems as a thermal conductor or heat spreader at an interface or in a package.A novel TEC was made by embedding a gallium based liquid alloy (Galinstan) as a droplet in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS,Elastosil RT 601) matrix with a high speed mechanical mixing process.
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| 18. |
- Liu, Zhenhua, et al.
(author)
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A Rapid Prototyping Technique for Microfluidics with High Robustness and Flexibility
- 2016
-
In: Micromachines. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-666X. ; 7:11
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In microfluidic device prototyping, master fabrication by traditional photolithography is expensive and time-consuming, especially when the design requires being repeatedly modified to achieve a satisfactory performance. By introducing a high-performance/cost-ratio laser to the traditional soft lithography, this paper describes a flexible and rapid prototyping technique for microfluidics. An ultraviolet (UV) laser directly writes on the photoresist without a photomask, which is suitable for master fabrication. By eliminating the constraints of fixed patterns in the traditional photomask when the masters are made, this prototyping technique gives designers/researchers the convenience to revise or modify their designs iteratively. A device fabricated by this method is tested for particle separation and demonstrates good properties. This technique provides a flexible and rapid solution to fabricating microfluidic devices for non-professionals at relatively low cost.
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| 19. |
- Lu, Qian, et al.
(author)
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Pricing strategy research in the dual-channel pharmaceutical supply chain considering service
- 2024
-
In: Frontiers In Public Health. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2565. ; 12
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the context of developing a new era, the pharmaceutical supply chain market has gradually transformed from a seller’s market to a buyer’s market. The closer the consumers are, the greater the market pricing power, so the pharmaceutical market power of manufacturers and retailers has also changed. This study considers the effect of service on the pricing strategy of the pharmaceutical platform supply chain. The study aimed to coordinate optimization, and the coordination strategy of the pharmaceutical platform supply chain of complementary products is discussed mainly by researching the price and service factors. Various situations are studied by hypothesis and model solving. This study uses Stackelberg game decision-making. Manufacturers are at the forefront of platform supply chain decisions. The research found that the price was lower under centralized decision-making than under decentralized decision-making. Coordination between price and service levels needs attention in the pharmaceutical platform supply chain of complementary products, and the service level should be controlled within a certain range. Only by improving the service level can enterprises maximize profits, providing a theoretical basis for pharmaceutical supply chain pricing strategy research. Supply chain members must strive to improve service levels to improve medical supply consumers’ (patients) psychological satisfaction level. Service levels do not fully mitigate channel conflict. Therefore, pharmaceutical complements have become a way to alleviate the conflicts in the pharmaceutical platform supply chain.
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| 20. |
- Mat, Mahmut D., et al.
(author)
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Development of cathodes for methanol and ethanol fuelled low temperature (300-600 degrees C) solid oxide fuel cells
- 2007
-
In: International journal of hydrogen energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199 .- 1879-3487. ; 32:7, s. 796-801
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have made extensive efforts to develop various compatible cathode materials for the ceria-carbonate composite (CCC) electrolytes to be used in direct alcohol fuelled solid oxide fuel cells (DLFC). The following cathode materials were mainly investigated: (i) BSCF (BaSrCoFeO) perovskite oxide; (ii) LFN (LaFeO-based oxides, e.g. LaFe0.8Ni0.2O3) perovskite oxides; (iii) bi- or tri-phase metal oxides with or without lithiation. A number of copper- and nickel-based anode composites were also developed for methanol and ethanol with maximum catalytic activity. The tri-metal oxide (CuNiOx-ZnO) cathode produced the maximum power density output of 500 mW/cm(-2) at 580 degrees C for DLFC with methanol operation.
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| 21. |
- Qin, Haiying, et al.
(author)
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Direct biofuel low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells
- 2011
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In: ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 4:4, s. 1273-1276
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell system was developed to use bioethanol and glycerol as fuels directly. This system achieved a maximum power density of 215 mW cm(-2) by using glycerol at 580 degrees C and produced a great impact on sustainable energy and the environment.
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| 22. |
- Sun, Shiguo, et al.
(author)
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Synthesis and DNA photocleavage study of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-(CH2)(n)-MV2+ complexes
- 2010
-
In: Dalton Transactions. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1477-9226 .- 1477-9234. ; 39:18, s. 4411-4416
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A series of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-(CH2)(n)-MV2+ complexes (1, n = 3, 4, 7) used for DNA photocleavage have been designed and synthesized. Under the irradiation of visible light, complexes 1 can cleave supercoiled plasmid DNA (pBR322) both in air and under Ar atmosphere. Radical species such as O2(-center dot), (OH)-O-center dot and the light-induced charge-separated (CS) oxidation state Ru(bpy)(3)(3+)-(CH2)(n)-MV+center dot are responsible for the cleavage. The longer the carbon chain linkage, the higher the DNA photocleavage efficiency. It is noted that backwards intramolecular electron transfer (ET) that exist in complexes 1 can lead to some decreasing effect on the cleavage result, while inclusion of complexes 1 with cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) inhibits the backwards ET to some extent, thereby increasing photocleavage efficiency.
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| 23. |
- Tesfamhret, Yonas, et al.
(author)
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On the Manganese Dissolution Process from LiMn2O4 Cathode Materials
- 2021
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In: ChemElectroChem. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2196-0216. ; 8:8, s. 1516-1523
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Transition metal (TM) dissolution is a process experienced by most cathode materials based on lithium transition metal oxides. Spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) is the best-known cathode material that suffers from TM dissolution. Therefore, LMO is selected here to understand the dissolution process and derive an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method for quantifying dissolved metal ions. Furthermore, the LMO powder is coated with thin Al2O3 films of different thicknesses using atomic layer deposition (ALD) in an attempt to suppress the dissolution of Mn. Two different types of counter electrodes, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and Li-metal, were used to investigate the role of the counter electrode on Mn dissolution. HF is identified as the lead cause of Mn dissolution, through comparisons of cells containing LiPF6 or LiClO4 based electrolytes. The results show that Li-metal counter electrode effectively minimizes the dissolution process via likely consuming HF and H2O impurity. In contradiction to the purpose of the protective Al2O3 thin film coating, surface coated LMO showed higher dissolution of Mn compared to pristine LMO, both in LFP||LMO and Li||LMO configurations. Al2O3 is proposed to generate H2O when reacts with HF. H2O could have the possibility to migrate back in the electrolyte and participate in the hydrolysis of LiPF6, resulting in more HF and thereby more Mn dissolution.
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| 24. |
- Wei, Ting, et al.
(author)
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Developed and developing world responsibilities for historical climate change and CO2 mitigation
- 2012
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In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 109:32, s. 12911-12915
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference in Cancun, in November 2010, the Heads of State reached an agreement on the aim of limiting the global temperature rise to 2 degrees C relative to preindustrial levels. They recognized that long-term future warming is primarily constrained by cumulative anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, that deep cuts in global emissions are required, and that action based on equity must be taken to meet this objective. However, negotiations on emission reduction among countries are increasingly fraught with difficulty, partly because of arguments about the responsibility for the ongoing temperature rise. Simulations with two earth-system models (NCAR/CESM and BNU-ESM) demonstrate that developed countries had contributed about 60-80%, developing countries about 20-40%, to the global temperature rise, upper ocean warming, and sea-ice reduction by 2005. Enacting pledges made at Cancun with continuation to 2100 leads to a reduction in global temperature rise relative to business as usual with a 1/3-2/3 (CESM 33-67%, BNU-ESM 35-65%) contribution from developed and developing countries, respectively. To prevent a temperature rise by 2 degrees C or more in 2100, it is necessary to fill the gap with more ambitious mitigation efforts.
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| 25. |
- Wu, Zhigang, et al.
(author)
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Microfluidic continuous particle/cell separation via electroosmotic-flow-tuned hydrodynamic spreading
- 2007
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In: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. - : IOP Publishing. - 0960-1317 .- 1361-6439. ; 17:10, s. 1992-1999
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Among the microfluidic separation methods, hydrodynamic spreading is a simple and high-throughput continuous separation technique based on the difference in size. However, it is difficult to adjust tiny pressure differences accurately in microfluidic devices. In this study, a combination of electroosmotic flow (EOF) and hydrodynamic flow spreading was employed to tune the size separation of particles. A stream with different kinds of particle suspensions was driven co-fluently with a particle-free carrier stream under both mechanical external and electroosmotic pressure in a microchannel. The EOF-tuned hydrodynamic spreading behaviour was investigated experimentally and modelled through an electric equivalent model and numerical simulation. When the magnitudes of the mechanically and electroosmotically induced pressures were similar, the EOF tuning on the pressure-driven flow became significant. Hence, the hydrodynamic spreading could be easily adjusted by a tuned power supply. The separation was studied in more detail with 1.9 and 9.9 µm fluorescent polystyrene particles. Moreover, separation of E. coli and yeast cells was accomplished. In conclusion, this technique has the advantages of good stability of mechanical-pressure-driven flow and precise tuning of the EOF, and provides a robust method for size-based separation of particles and cells.
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