| 1. |
- Kronsell, Annica, et al.
(author)
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Single Policy Study : Three Variations in Design
- 2015
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In: Research Methods in European Union Studies. - London : Palgrave Macmillan UK. - 9780230363052 - 9781137316967 ; , s. 86-101
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Single policy studies are the most common form of EU research. They are widely used to understand the role of the EU in a wide variety of sectors, together with its development over time, and often offer public policy prescriptions. The main aim of this chapter is to discuss the relevance of single policy studies in EU research and give examples of how such research can be carried out and designed. It begins by discussing single policy studies in terms of their potential, but also their weakness and limitations. One clear advantage is that a single policy study entails a choice of method that is not associated with a specific perspective, framework or theory but can be used broadly, for example within rationalist, process oriented, constructivist and critical frameworks (Bacchi, 1999; Hajer and Wagenaar, 2003; Sabatier, 2007). It is not locked into or associated with a specific perspective or theory. After a brief presentation and problematisation of the single policy study as a method in EU research, the chapter will review three different research designs that study different single policies: EU environmental policy, the biofuels directive and the EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The examples are illustrative of how policy study can be designed using three different theoretical approaches in the analysis: multiple streams approach to policy making, comparative hypothesis testing and feminist institutional theory. While there are multiple ways to design a policy study, how it is done is determined by the research question, the perspective and the theoretical approach employed.
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| 2. |
- Bengtsson, Rikard, et al.
(author)
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Det europeiska projektet : Politik och juridik, historia och framtid
- 2013
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Understanding the European Union - where it has its roots and how it works - is not the easiest thing. Nevertheless, it is an absolutely necessary knowledge to acquire in order as an individual to be able to navigate in today's Europe. Understanding the European Union - where it has its roots and how it works - is not the easiest thing. Nevertheless, it is an absolutely necessary knowledge to acquire in order to be able to navigate in today's Europe as an individual.The purpose of this book is to describe, make understandable and analyze the European project - the EU. The book is multidisciplinary in that both historical and legal as well as political science perspectives have guided the layout and presentation. Thanks to these different disciplinary approaches, the book provides a versatile and nuanced picture of the EU's genesis, growth and functioning.The book is divided into four parts covering different aspects of the European Union:- A historical part that gives the European present and the future a foundation to stand on.- A part that describes, analyzes and explains the EU as a political system.- A part with a focus on the EU as a legal system and the EU as a legal system.- A section that addresses and discusses how we should understand the EU's actions in an increasingly globalized world.
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| 3. |
- Bremberg, Niklas, 1978-
(author)
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Exploring the Dynamics of Security Community-Building in the Post-Cold War Era : Spain, Morocco and the European Union
- 2012
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis aims to make a theoretical as well as an empirical contribution to the debate on the security community concept in International Relations (IR) by way of conducting a study of the European Union (EU) as a security community-building institution in the case of Spain and Morocco. The security community concept originally sought to define the conditions under which the threat of inter-state war would be mitigated through social transaction and expectations of peaceful change between societies and states. However, in the post-Cold War era, the challenge is rather to understand how security communities emerge and expand at a time when armed conflicts among states have become less frequent compared to other non-military threats and trans-boundary risks (e.g. terrorism, failed states, organized crime, pandemics, climate change). The argument of this thesis is that the role of international organizations and the changing notion of security need to be taken into account when re-thinking the concept. Drawing on constructivism in IR, especially the notion of communities of practice, the thesis suggests a framework to study how security communities work in the post-Cold War era focusing on the mechanisms of crisis management, transgovernmental networks and multilateral venues. The framework is used to study the EU as a security community-building institution in the case of Spain (member state) and Morocco (non-member), and in the fields of trade, security and defence and civil protection. The main finding of the thesis, which carries broader implications for the debate on security communities in IR, is that the EU has contributed to broadening the repertoire of cooperative security practices between Spain and Morocco, not necessarily through fostering collective identity but by supporting the development of communities of practitioners whom increasingly share a notion of military and civilian crisis management to counter non-military threats and trans-boundary risks.
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| 4. |
- Fauchez, Thomas J., et al.
(author)
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The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI). III. Simulated Observables-the Return of the Spectrum
- 2022
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In: The Planetary Science Journal. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 2632-3338. ; 3:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI) is a community project that aims to quantify how differences in general circulation models (GCMs) could impact the climate prediction for TRAPPIST-1e and, subsequently, its atmospheric characterization in transit. Four GCMs have participated in THAI: ExoCAM, LMD-Generic, ROCKE-3D, and the UM. This paper, focused on the simulated observations, is the third part of a trilogy, following the analysis of two land planet scenarios (Part I) and two aquaplanet scenarios (Part II). Here we show a robust agreement between the simulated spectra and the number of transits estimated to detect the land planet atmospheres. For the cloudy aquaplanet ones, a 5 sigma detection of CO2 could be achieved in about 10 transits if the atmosphere contains at least 1 bar of CO2. That number can vary by 41%-56% depending on the GCM used to predict the terminator profiles, principally due to differences in the cloud deck altitude, with ExoCAM and LMD-G producing higher clouds than ROCKE-3D and UM. Therefore, for the first time, this work provides "GCM uncertainty error bars" of similar to 50% that need to be considered in future analyses of transmission spectra. We also analyzed the intertransit spectral variability. Its magnitude differs significantly between the GCMs, but its impact on the transmission spectra is within the measurement uncertainties. THAI has demonstrated the importance of model intercomparison for exoplanets and also paved the way for a larger project to develop an intercomparison meta-framework, namely, the Climates Using Interactive Suites of Intercomparisons Nested for Exoplanet Studies.
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| 5. |
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Introduction to 2018 special issue: Ontological (in)security in the European Union
- 2018
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In: European Security. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1746-1545 .- 0966-2839. ; 27:3, s. 249-265
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Other publication (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The European Union (EU) faces many crises and risks to its security and existence. While few of them threaten the lives of EU citizens, they all create a sense of anxiety and insecurity about the future for many ordinary Europeans. Amongst these crises are the more obvious challenges of sovereign debt and fiscal austerity; refugees from conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria; and the rise of populist far-right parties across Europe. But behind these challenges lie less visible insecurities about economic prospects, social wellbeing, and a widespread expectation that the EU is unable to answer the challenges of twenty-first century global politics. In other words, the greatest security challenge facing people across Europe is not physical, despite the threats of Putin and ISIS, but is a sense of fear and anxiety over their daily lives.
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| 6. |
- Manners, Ian
(author)
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Achieving European Communion in the Planetary Organic Crisis : How Dominance and Differentiation affects the sharing of Genuine Democracy
- 2023
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In: SSRN Electronic Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1556-5068.
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- European Union challenges and crises of the past decade, including the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis, refugees, ethno-nationalist/Brexit movements, COVID-19, and Russian invasion of Ukraine are part of a planetary organic crisis (POC) of economy, society, ecology, conflict, and polity. The recognition of the symbiotic relationships between these challenges is crucial for moving from symptoms to causes in order to understand how dominance and differentiation affects the sharing of genuine democracy in the European Union (EU). Instead of terms such as ‘cooperation’ or ‘integration’, the paper uses the concept of ‘European communion’ (the subjective sharing of relationships), understood as the extent to which individuals or groups believe themselves to be sharing relations (or not), and the consequences of these beliefs for European political projects, processes, and products. The paper argues that the POC co-constitutes the democratic decay of European communion which in turn weakens democracy in the EU. Dominance in the EU involves powerful actors structuring social change through differentiation of member states, policy sectors, and social groups. Genuine democracy is social democracy based on equality, rather than hegemonic dominance and social differentiation.
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| 7. |
- Manners, Ian
(author)
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Arrival of Normative Power in Planetary Politics
- 2024
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In: Journal of Common Market Studies. - 1468-5965. ; 62:3, s. 825-844
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This lead article in a JCMS symposium marking 20 years of normative power provides a prospective intervention into thinking through the rest of the century by taking the language of Arrival, the 2016 speculative fiction film based on Ted Chiang's 1998 short ‘Story of Your Life’ and applying it to normative power by double-decolonising the anthropocentrism of capitalist culture and Eurocentrism in order to arrive at planetary politics. The article will first reflect on the 20-year development of the normative power approach to arrive at a language of comprehension. The subsequent sections will then set out a mode of simultaneous awareness, a medium of sharing relationships and a means for action in concert found in the normative power approach before concluding on how planetary symbiosis is the story of our lives.
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| 8. |
- Manners, Ian, et al.
(author)
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European Communion and Planetary Organic Crisis
- 2021
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In: Theorising the Crises of the European Union. - : Routledge. - 9780367431402 - 9780367431266 - 9781003001423 ; , s. 159-182
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The most common way of theorising the European Union’s crises is to see them as, at best, a run of ‘bad luck’, or at worst as ‘multiple challenges’. This chapter brings two very different perspectives to the study of the European Union (EU) and its crises by theorising European (dis)integration using the Critical Social Theory (CST) of ‘European communion’ (Manners, 2013a) within the context of ‘planetary organic crisis’ (Gill and Benatar, 2020). These perspectives mark a radical break from ‘classical integration theories’ in using CST; from viewing the crises as distinct from each other; and from seeing the crises as particular to the EU. The rest of this section sets out the main arguments for a European communion theory of planetary organic crisis. The following five sections focus on European communion in the context of the neoliberal economic, demographic social, climatic ecological, proxy conflict, and ethno-nationalist political crises of the 21st century. The final section concludes on making sense of European communion and planetary organic crisis.
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| 9. |
- Manners, Ian, et al.
(author)
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Normative Power Approach to European Union External Action
- 2021
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In: The External Action of the European Union : Concepts, Approaches, Theories - Concepts, Approaches, Theories. - 9781352012125 - 9781352012187 - 9781352012132 ; , s. 61-76
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The field of studying EU external relations/actions has embraced and endorsed mainstream International Relations and European Integration theoretical orthodoxy over the past three decades. This ideological orthodoxy is proving catastrophic as the accumulation of economic, social, environmental, conflictual, and political crises are increasingly demonstrating. As Joseph Stiglitz succinctly puts it, ‘neoliberalism will literally bring an end to our civilization’ as the ecological and climate catastrophe accelerates through the 21st century. In contrast, the Normative Power Approach (NPA) to the EU sets out a radically different means of studying and changing planetary politics. The NPA uses normative theory, theories of explanation and understanding, and practical theories, all at the same time. First, the NPA brings normative theory to the field through the critical social theory of agonistic cosmopolitics that challenges the ideological common sense of existing notions of power, the EU, and international affairs. Second, the NPA advocates critical thinking of explanatory concepts and theories of understanding through the idea of European communion. Third, the NPA sets out empirical-practical innovations in EU external actions that have grown from normative political theory since the end of the Cold War. In conclusion, the chapter clarifies how the NPA’s radical re-envisioning of the field of EU external actions provides a theoretical innovation that has not only shaped EU studies, but has a wider spread impact on the study of foreign policy and international relations beyond Europe.
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| 10. |
- Manners, Ian
(author)
-
Normative Power in the Planetary Organic Crisis
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In: Cooperation and Conflict. - 0010-8367. ; 59, s. 1-18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The lead intervention article argues that the new reality of the planetary organic crisis awaits a normative critical social theory of planetary politics, a means of understanding the sharing of relationships within International Relations and an agenda for action in concert found in the normative power approach. The article and subsequent 20th anniversary special issue provide an opportunity to reflect and develop the ideas of the original Journal of Common Market Studies ‘normative power’ article through a prospective on the use of normative power in addressing the planetary organic crisis. The special issue sets out a prospective on theorising normative power in the rapidly shifting context of 21st-century planetary organic crisis involving interacting and deepening structural crises of economic inequality, social injustice, ecological unsustainability, ontological insecurity and political irresilience – as demonstrated by the global financial crisis, COVID-19 pandemic and Russian invasion of Ukraine. It begins by setting out the normative power approach to planetary organic crisis, where 21st-century politics are characterised by truly planetary relations of causality that can only be understood and addressed holistically. In the wider context of climate emergency, food and water insecurity and their socio-economic and political consequences, a planetary political approach to understanding the European Union is an essential starting point.
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| 11. |
- Manners, Ian, et al.
(author)
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Planetary Politics in the Twenty-Second Century
- 2023
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In: The Palgrave Handbook of Global Politics in the 22nd Century. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783031137228 - 9783031137211 ; , s. 271-290
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- After two centuries of immanent planetary politics, by the twenty-second century the politics had become planetary. This means that since the 2020s political analysis encompasses the entire sphere of the planet and cannot be conducted without a holistic approach. The first section remembers the 100-year planetary organic crisis from ecological overshoot in 1970 to population decline in 2070. The rest of the reminiscence covers three presents since the 2022 quantum inflation event, where three parallel universes were pinched off from the larger expanding multiverse. The first status quo present since 2022 was the return of reactionary power politics and the rebirth of Dieselpunk imaginary. The second capitalist present since 2022 was the continued neoliberal globalisation of politics and the acceleration of Cyberpunk imaginary. The third symbiotic present since 2022 was the birth of eco-social politics and the growth of Solarpunk imaginary. By the date of this recollection of how we arrived at planetary politics in 2122, only one of these three presented a future in any meaningful sense for human beings.
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| 12. |
- Manners, Ian
(author)
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Political psychology of emotion(al) norms in European Union foreign policy
- 2021
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In: Global Affairs. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2334-0460 .- 2334-0479. ; 7:2, s. 193-205
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The article uses political psychology to understand how emotions such as fear, anger, hate and passion fuel the construction of emotional norms in foreign policy, and why this is important to the contributing articles to this Global Affairs special issue (SI) on emotion(al) norms in EUropean foreign policy. It argues that the SI sets out a significant stage in the political psychology of emotions from IR to the EU over the past 50 years. The value of the SI’s theoretical contribution to the field is demonstrated by using the political psychologies of individual cognitive psychology, social psychology, social construction, psychoanalysisand critical political psychology to allow for engagement with the broader inter-discipline. The article concludes that the SI has made an original and interesting contribution in terms of empirically multileveled, theoretically emotional, andmethodologically discursive approaches to the understanding of the political psychologies of emotional norms in EU foreign policy.
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| 13. |
- Manners, Ian
(author)
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Political psychology of emotions in European Union foreign policy in times of ontological (in)security and crisis
- 2024
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In: Journal of European Integration. - 0703-6337. ; 46:5, s. 817-837
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The article argues that understanding when and how emotions matter in times of crisis requires simultaneous contextualisation through setting out three different approaches to the political psychology of emotions in EU foreign policy in times of ontological (in)security and crisis. Firstly, through a longitudinal survey of emotional anxieties and fears in the EU from the 1990s to the 2020s drawing on the introduction of ontological security studies by Kinnvall, Manners, and Mitzen. Secondly the article analyses the SI contributions empirically in terms of the way in which the EU’s discrete crises are part of a wider planetary organic crisis. Thirdly, using the contributions as examples of theoretical contributions to the field of political psychology of EU, ranging from individual cognitive psychology to social psychology, social construction, psychoanalysis, and critical political psychology.
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| 14. |
- Manners, Ian, et al.
(author)
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The External Dimensions of the European Union's Autocracy Crisis
- 2023
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In: The Rule of Law in the EU : Crisis and Solutions - Crisis and Solutions. - 9789189498068 ; , s. 49-53
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This contribution analyses the external dimensions of the EU’s autocracy crisis. It argues that the internal and external dimensions of the crisis, and those relating to accession, are interlinked, and that more genuine social democracy, human rights, and rule of law would help address the crisis. It concludes that a paradigm shift to a holistic approach is needed to understand and address the causes, not just the symptoms, of the EU’s autocracy crisis.
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| 15. |
- Manners, Ian, et al.
(author)
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The International Active Learning Space
- 2015
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In: Reflections and Teaching Experiences from the International Classroom. ; , s. 6-7
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Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- For me, internationalisation is a learning outcome, not just about international mobility. It is about ensuring that students actively participate in a learning experience that prepares them for a world that is more and more internationally and interculturally connected - that both Danish and non-Danish students receive the basic international and intercultural skills and knowledge they need in current society.The English-language masters’ seminars I teach at the Department of Political Science are international in terms of students and teacher, but they are also Active Learning seminars. The participants are a mixture of Danish and international exchange students. Active Learning (AL) is a student-centred learning pedagogy where students are encouraged to both learn through activities and to reflect on those learning activities.All of the seminars I teach address international topics, ranging from European Union foreign policy, through glocal environmental governance, to global public governance. Thus the participation of international students is an important factor in the design and success of an internationalised AL approach. Here the difference between international mobility and internationalised learning become crucial – in traditional teacher-centred lectures and seminars students tend to cluster into language groups.AL uses the diversity of international students as a learning resource, so I insist on breaking the language clusters up into multinational activity groups. Danish and non-Danish students (and sometimes teachers) rarely speak to each other or learn each other’s names. In the international AL spaces I create, students must work together on joint tasks which require interaction to address tasks and integration in order to benefit from the multinational activity groups.Planning AL tasks is time consuming, but also a joy. I take care and attention over how students will learn by doing the tasks, and how the mixed-nationality groups can benefit from their diverse experiences. The joy is to be found in thinking through the material and activities which students will find both challenging and interesting. With an internationalised seminar I am pushed even further to use material that reflects the diversity of the group, whether it is Danish, European, or non-European.I achieve active participation and engagement in my seminars through the assignment of learning activities which require preparation and participation of all students in multinational groups. Examples of learning activities include jigsaw learning, documentary and film analyses, theme-based learning, and experiential activities. In all of these activities Danish and international students work in mixed groups and engage with each other while I guide their participation.For all the pleasures of witnessing students grow from passive consumers to active learners, there are a number of challenges, most notably the initial reluctance of students and staff to realise the benefits of AL. However, those students that complete the seminar soon become vocal advocates of international AL.Ultimately, enriching student learning through immersing Danish and international students in an international AL space is, for me, the best way of ensuring an internationalised learning outcome, rather than just international mobility.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
-
Ontological Insecurity in the European Union
- 2019
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Editorial collection (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The European Union (EU) faces many crises and risks to its security and existence. While few of them threaten the lives of EU citizens, they all create a sense of anxiety and insecurity about the future for many ordinary Europeans. This comprehensive volume explores the concept of ‘ontological security’ which was introduced into international relations over a decade ago to better understand the ‘security of being’ found in feelings of fear, anxiety, crisis, and threat to wellbeing. The authors make use of this concept to explore how narratives of European integration have been part of public discourses in the post-war period and how reconciliation dynamics, national biographical narratives and memory politics have been enacted to create ontological security. Within this context, they also discuss the anxiety of the ‘remainers’ in the Brexit referendum and the consequences of its failure to address the ontological anxieties and insecurities of remain voters. The book also explores: how European security firms market ontological security and provide an ontological security-inspired reading of the EU’s relations with post-communist states; the EU and NATO’s engagement with hybrid threats; and the EU as an anxious community.
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| 18. |
- Sergeev, Denis E., et al.
(author)
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The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI). II. Moist Cases-The Two Waterworlds
- 2022
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In: The Planetary Science Journal. - : IOP Publishing Ltd. - 2632-3338. ; 3:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To identify promising exoplanets for atmospheric characterization and to make the best use of observational data, a thorough understanding of their atmospheres is needed. Three-dimensional general circulation models (GCMs) are one of the most comprehensive tools available for this task and will be used to interpret observations of temperate rocky exoplanets. Due to parameterization choices made in GCMs, they can produce different results, even for the same planet. Employing four widely used exoplanetary GCMs-ExoCAM, LMD-G, ROCKE-3D, and the UM-we continue the TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison by modeling aquaplanet climates of TRAPPIST-1e with a moist atmosphere dominated by either nitrogen or carbon dioxide. Although the GCMs disagree on the details of the simulated regimes, they all predict a temperate climate with neither of the two cases pushed out of the habitable state. Nevertheless, the intermodel spread in the global mean surface temperature is nonnegligible: 14 K and 24 K in the nitrogen- and carbon dioxide-dominated case, respectively. We find substantial intermodel differences in moist variables, with the smallest amount of clouds in LMD-Generic and the largest in ROCKE-3D. ExoCAM predicts the warmest climate for both cases and thus has the highest water vapor content and the largest amount and variability of cloud condensate. The UM tends to produce colder conditions, especially in the nitrogen-dominated case due to a strong negative cloud radiative effect on the day side of TRAPPIST-1e. Our study highlights various biases of GCMs and emphasizes the importance of not relying solely on one model to understand exoplanet climates.
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| 19. |
- Turbet, Martin, et al.
(author)
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The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI). I. Dry Cases-The Fellowship of the GCMs
- 2022
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In: The Planetary Science Journal. - : IOP Publishing Ltd. - 2632-3338. ; 3:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With the commissioning of powerful, new-generation telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the ground-based Extremely Large Telescopes, the first characterization of a high molecular weight atmosphere around a temperate rocky exoplanet is imminent. Atmospheric simulations and synthetic observables of target exoplanets are essential to prepare and interpret these observations. Here we report the results of the first part of the TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI) project, which compares 3D numerical simulations performed with four state-of-the-art global climate models (ExoCAM, LMD-Generic, ROCKE-3D, Unified Model) for the potentially habitable target TRAPPIST-1e. In this first part, we present the results of dry atmospheric simulations. These simulations serve as a benchmark to test how radiative transfer, subgrid-scale mixing (dry turbulence and convection), and large-scale dynamics impact the climate of TRAPPIST-1e and consequently the transit spectroscopy signature as seen by JWST. To first order, the four models give results in good agreement. The intermodel spread in the global mean surface temperature amounts to 7 K (6 K) for the N-2-dominated (CO2-dominated) atmosphere. The radiative fluxes are also remarkably similar (intermodel variations less than 5%), from the surface (1 bar) up to atmospheric pressures similar to 5 mbar. Moderate differences between the models appear in the atmospheric circulation pattern (winds) and the (stratospheric) thermal structure. These differences arise between the models from (1) large-scale dynamics, because TRAPPIST-1e lies at the tipping point between two different circulation regimes (fast and Rhines rotators) in which the models can be alternatively trapped, and (2) parameterizations used in the upper atmosphere such as numerical damping.
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