| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Adolfsson, Caroline, et al.
(author)
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Collaborative introspection as a methodological tool of reflexivity - from multidisciplinary to transdisciplinary co-production
- 2021
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In: International Transdisciplinarity Conference (ITD21), 13-17 Sept: Creating spaces and cultivating mindsets for learning and experimentation.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper explores reflexivity through "collaborative introspection" as a methodological tool for transcending a multidisciplinary dialogue and achieving transdisciplinary co-production of knowledge. Reflexivity is argued to be applicable for critically addressing assumptions and ideologies of the research team (Popa et al., 2015), joint problem framing (Pearce & Ejderyan, 2019), experimentation (Popa et al., 2015), or more generally as a focal area to be used for addressing challenges in transdisciplinary projects (Jahn, et al., 2012; Polk, 2015). However, discussions on reflexivity rarely place focus on how a reflexive dialogue can be used to gather empirical material in a collaborative manner, making use of the participating researchers’ subjectivity, personal experiences and understandings of a specific topic. The authors of this text are part of a transdisciplinary research team exploring the role of tourism in multicultural societies. The team involves researchers from the fields of design, marketing, tourism studies, human-computer interaction, and migration studies. In the project we collaborate with each other across disciplines in different case studies. However, we have experienced a tendency to fall back into our disciplinary silos, where we explore the same topic from our own disciplinary lenses. As an attempt to bring ourselves together we decided to go personal. Instead of looking at the role of tourism in multicultural societies from our disciplinary viewpoints, we dug into our memories of acting as tourists ourselves in a reflective session. More specifically, inspired by the tool Tell your story by means of an object (td-net, 2021), we shared and reflected upon our own tourism experiences through our core project concepts, which are diversity, inclusivity and integration. The dialogue that emerged forced us to focus on our research topic not as researchers who are expected to maintain objectivity but rather as individuals allowing ourselves to be subjective. This created a feeling of working ‘together’ instead of ‘with’ each other. The reflections created genuine and honest dialogue highlighting our national, cultural, gender and racial differences. The differences and similarities of our personal experiences depend on the social categories and identities that we are part of. Thus, by bringing our personal stories as empirical material, we created an opportunity to listen to each other beyond our disciplinary boundaries. It made us understand the layers of hierarchy, privilege and disadvantages that we face in our lives as individuals, and to understand instances of inclusion and exclusion in tourism at a deeper level. From our experience, we propose what we term "collaborative introspection" as a reflexive methodological tool for transdisciplinary research and practice. Collaborative introspection exercises challenge the commonly held idea of neutrality. It can be used as a tool for a transdisciplinary group to come together, transform thoughts and develop empathy and ethics in research. References: Jahn, T., Bergmann, M. & Keil, F. (2018). Transdisciplinarity: between mainstreaming and marginalization, Ecological Economics 79 Pearce, B. J., & Ejderyan, O. (2020). Joint problem framing as reflexive practice: honing a transdisciplinary skill. Sustainability science, 15(3), 683-698. Polk, M. (2015). Transdisciplinary co-production: Designing and testing a transdisciplinary research framework for societal problem solving. Futures, 65, 110-122. Popa, F., Guillermin, M., & Dedeurwaerdere, T. (2015). A pragmatist approach to transdisciplinarity in sustainability research: From complex systems theory to reflexive science. Futures, 65, 45-56. Td-net (2021, April 7). Tell your Story by Means of an Object. Retrieved from: https://naturalsciences.ch/co-producing-knowledge-explained/methods/td-net_toolbox/_tell_your_story_by_means_of_an_object_
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| 3. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Eye Tracking in Driver Attention Research : How Gaze Data Interpretations Influence What We Learn
- 2021
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In: Frontiers in Neuroergonomics. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2673-6195. ; 2:34
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Eye tracking (ET) has been used extensively in driver attention research. Amongst other findings, ET data have increased our knowledge about what drivers look at in different traffic environments and how they distribute their glances when interacting with non-driving related tasks. Eye tracking is also the go-to method when determining driver distraction via glance target classification. At the same time, eye trackers are limited in the sense that they can only objectively measure the gaze direction. To learn more about why drivers look where they do, what information they acquire foveally and peripherally, how the road environment and traffic situation affect their behavior, and how their own expertise influences their actions, it is necessary to go beyond counting the targets that the driver foveates. In this perspective paper, we suggest a glance analysis approach that classifies glances based on their purpose. The main idea is to consider not only the intention behind each glance, but to also account for what is relevant in the surrounding scene, regardless of whether the driver has looked there or not. In essence, the old approaches, unaware as they are of the larger context or motivation behind eye movements, have taken us as far as they can. We propose this more integrative approach to gain a better understanding of the complexity of drivers' informational needs and how they satisfy them in the moment.
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| 4. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(author)
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Fit-for-duty test for estimation of drivers sleepiness level: Eye movements improve the sleep/wake predictor
- 2013
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In: Transportation Research Part C. - : Elsevier. - 0968-090X .- 1879-2359. ; 26, s. 20-32
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Driver sleepiness contributes to a considerable proportion of road accidents, and a fit-for-duty test able to measure a drivers sleepiness level might improve traffic safety. The aim of this study was to develop a fit-for-duty test based on eye movement measurements and on the sleep/wake predictor model (SWP, which predicts the sleepiness level) and evaluate the ability to predict severe sleepiness during real road driving. Twenty-four drivers participated in an experimental study which took place partly in the laboratory, where the fit-for-duty data were acquired, and partly on the road, where the drivers sleepiness was assessed. A series of four measurements were conducted over a 24-h period during different stages of sleepiness. Two separate analyses were performed; a variance analysis and a feature selection followed by classification analysis. In the first analysis it was found that the SWP and several eye movement features involving anti-saccades, pro-saccades, smooth pursuit, pupillometry and fixation stability varied significantly with different stages of sleep deprivation. In the second analysis, a feature set was determined based on floating forward selection. The correlation coefficient between a linear combination of the acquired features and subjective sleepiness (Karolinska sleepiness scale, KSS) was found to be R = 0.73 and the correct classification rate of drivers who reached high levels of sleepiness (KSS andgt;= 8) in the subsequent driving session was 82.4% (sensitivity = 80.0%, specificity = 84.2% and AUC = 0.86). Future improvements of a fit-for-duty test should focus on how to account for individual differences and situational/contextual factors in the test, and whether it is possible to maintain high sensitive/specificity with a shorter test that can be used in a real-life environment, e.g. on professional drivers.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Richard, et al.
(author)
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One algorithm to rule them all? : An evaluation and discussion of ten eye movement event-detection algorithms
- 2017
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In: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-3528. ; 49:2, s. 616-637
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Almost all eye-movement researchers use algorithms to parse raw data and detect distinct types of eye movement events, such as fixations, saccades, and pursuit, and then base their results on these. Surprisingly, these algorithms are rarely evaluated. We evaluated the classifications of ten eye-movement event detection algorithms, on data from an SMI HiSpeed 1250 system, and compared them to manual ratings of two human experts. The evaluation focused on fixations, saccades, and post-saccadic oscillations. The evaluation used both event duration parameters, and sample-by-sample comparisons to rank the algorithms. The resulting event durations varied substantially as a function of what algorithm was used. This evaluation differed from previous evaluations by considering a relatively large set of algorithms, multiple events, and data from both static and dynamic stimuli. The main conclusion is that current detectors of only fixations and saccades work reasonably well for static stimuli, but barely better than chance for dynamic stimuli. Differing results across evaluation methods make it difficult to select one winner for fixation detection. For saccade detection, however, the algorithm by Larsson, Nyström and Stridh (IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering, 60(9):2484–2493,2013) outperforms all algorithms in data from both static and dynamic stimuli. The data also show how improperly selected algorithms applied to dynamic data misestimate fixation and saccade properties.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Richard, et al.
(author)
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Sampling frequency and eye-tracking measures : how speed affects durations, latencies, and more
- 2010
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In: Journal of Eye Movement Research. - : University of Bern. - 1995-8692. ; 3:3:6, s. 1-12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We use simulations to investigate the effect of sampling frequency on common dependent variables in eye-tracking. We identify two large groups of measures that behave differently, but consistently. The effect of sampling frequency on these two groups of measures are explored and simulations are performed to estimate how much data are required to overcome the uncertainty of a limited sampling frequency. Both simulated and real data are used to estimate the temporal uncertainty of data produced by low sampling frequencies. The aim is to provide easy-to-use heuristics for researchers using eye-tracking. For example, we show how to compensate the uncertainty of a low sampling frequency with more data and post-experiment adjustments of measures. These findings have implications primarily for researchers using naturalistic setups where sampling frequencies typically are low.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Arvidsson, Niklas, et al.
(author)
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Cirkulära möbelflöden : Hur nya affärsmodeller kan bidra till hållbar utveckling inom offentliga möbler
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sverige har en stark möbelindustri och en stolt tradition av att tillverka tidlösa och högkvalitativa möbler, ofta av naturmaterial. 2016 producerade Sverige möbler för 22,8 miljarder SEK, varav kontorsmöbler stod för nästan en fjärdedel1. Det saknas idag statistik över vad som händer med dessa möbler när de inte längre används, men det står klart att många av dem slängs i förtid när verksamheter flyttar eller när deras behov ändras. Samtidigt syns en tydlig utveckling mot att kunder mer och mer efterfrågar återbrukade eller renoverade möbler som en del i sitt hållbarhetsarbete. Denna utveckling var startpunkten för projektet ”Affärsmodell-innovation för cirkulära möbelflöden”. Affärsmodellinnovation för cirkulära möbelflöden är ett Vinnovafinansierat projekt som under åren 2015-2017 arbetat med att utveckla och testa koncept för cirkulära affärsmodeller för i första hand offentliga möbler. I projektet har tjugo aktörer från hela värdekedjan, från underleverantörer, möbelproducenter, återförsäljare och användare till forskare och branschorgan, samarbetat kring affärsutveckling, kundincitament, produktdesign, logistik, hållbarhets- och certifieringsfrågor. Den här skriften belyser hur nya affärsmodeller för mer cirkulära möbelflöden kan bidra till en mer hållbar utveckling och ger smakprov på slutsatser från projektet. Skriften riktar sig framför allt till producenter och återförsäljare av möbler för offentliga miljöer, men även kunder och inköpare tror vi kan ha stor nytta av skriften. Vi hoppas att den även kan fungera som inspiration för andra industrier och branscher som funderar på en övergång till mer cirkulära affärsekosystem.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Bergström, Lena, et al.
(author)
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Effekter av havsbaserad vindkraft på marint liv : En syntesrapport om kunskapsläget 2021
- 2022
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Att öka tillgången på förnybar energi är nödvändigt för att motverka klimatförändringarna. Här förväntas havsbaserad vindkraft ha en viktig roll. Samtidigt medför planer på att bygga ut havsbaserad vindkraft viktiga frågeställningar kring hur marint liv och biologisk mångfald kan påverkas. I den här rapporten sammanställs det nuvarande kunskapsläget om hur havsbaserad vindkraft skulle kunna påverka marint liv, med fokus på svenska havsområden. Temamässigt omfattar rapporten bottennära miljöer, fisk, marina däggdjur och sjöfågel. Den strävar även efter att belysa kunskapsläget kring kumulativa effekter, samt frågor om under vilka förutsättningar havsbaserad vindkraft skulle kunna gynna marint liv.Bedömningarna beaktar även hur det tekniska utförandet har utvecklats, till exempel när det gäller vindparkernas utformning och dimensionering. Planeringen idag omfattar större vindparker och kraftverk, och bottenfasta vindkraftverk kan lokaliseras på allt större djup. De har hittills främst etablerats inom djupintervallet 5–40 meter, men kan numera anläggas på omkring 40–60 meters djup. Därtill förväntas flytande fundament, som klarar ännu större djup, bli vanligare. En annan viktig aspekt är hur tillämpningen av skadelindrande åtgärder har utvecklats.Havsbaserad vindkraft förväntas påverka marint liv på olika sätt under anläggnings- och driftsfasen, varför det är relevant att tydligt särskilja dessa i riskbedömningar. Rapporten berör även effekter under avvecklingsfasen.Under anläggningsfasen, som pågår någon dag per kraftverk, kan högintensivt ljud uppstå till exempel i samband med pålning av vindkraftverkens fundament. Åtgärder för att minska skadeverkningar av högintensivt ljud är viktiga, och kan förutsättas vara standard idag. Ofta finns det även behov att förbereda havsbotten, vilket leder till spridning av sedimentpartiklar. Omfattningen av både ljud- och sedimentspridning beror på lokala förhållanden. Därför behöver de lokala förhållandena beaktas för att ta fram en mer detaljerad kännedom om risker för marint liv. I synnerhet tumlare kan påverkas negativt av höga ljudnivåer vid anläggningsfasen, med risk för hörselpåverkan och kraftiga beteendestörningar om inte skadelindrande åtgärder används. Särskilda hänsyn i lokalisering och utförande kan även behövas för sälar, samt för fisk när det gäller områden och årstider som är viktiga för deras reproduktion. Under driftsfasen, som pågår upp emot cirka 40 år, bildar vindkraftverkens fundament och eventuella erosionsskydd fasta strukturer. Detta kan ge upphov till reveffekter då ytorna skapar plats för fastsittande arter. Med tiden kan även fiskar och marina däggdjur lockas dit, om förhållandena medger det. En viktig skillnad jämfört med andra typer av rev är att fundamenten går hela vägen upp till ytan, vilket ökar tillgången på hårda substrat i hela vattenpelaren. En möjlig risk är att de nya substraten skulle kunna gynna oönskade främmande arter, även om det saknas belägg för vindparkernas roll som en sådan spridningsväg.När elen produceras genereras undervattensljud, och överföringen av el i sjökablar kan leda till ett visst mått av elektromagnetiska fält i kablarnas närhet. Effekter av dessa påverkansfaktorer har varit svåra, om inte omöjliga, att notera i fältundersökningar. En generell slutsats skulle kunna vara att, om det förekommer negativa effekter av undervattensljud och elektromagnetiska fält, så är de oftast i styrka underordnade den attraktion som kommer av reveffekten. Aktuella studier tyder sammanfattningsvis på att havsbaserad vindkraft under driftsfasen inte är ett hot mot fiskar, säl eller tumlare. Särskild hänsyn när det gäller lokalisering kan dock behövas för skyddsvärda bottenmiljöer samt sjöfågel. Vissa sjöfågelarter kommer sannolikt att undvika området där vindparken etableras. Även åtgärder för att minska dödlighet kopplad till att fåglar kolliderar med kraftverken kan vara viktiga i vissa områden. Eftersom slutsatserna baseras på studier i andra miljöer än de som kan bli aktuella i Sverige framöver är en uppföljning av miljöeffekter viktig i de parker som etableras, för att ha möjlighet att säkerställa eller vid behov revidera kunskapsläget.Utveckling av kunskapsläget När det gäller vindkraftens effekter på bottennära livsmiljöer har kunskapsläget förbättrats angående mer långsiktig påverkan, liksom hur alg- och djursamhället i vindparken förändras över tid. Med åren blir det mer och mer likt det naturliga samhället på hårda bottnar i den aktuella regionen, även om arter med långlivade larvstadier främjas relativt sett mer. I viss mån saknas kunskap om vilken påverkan som kan förväntas om man bygger på större djup och om vindkraftverken står glesare, som planeras idag. Inga studier tyder dock på att etablering av vindkraftverk är ett hot mot vegetation eller bottenlevande djur i den här typen av miljöer, så länge särskilt skyddsvärda livsmiljöer undviks.Angående fisk och fisksamhällen har förståelsen för reveffekter ökat. Forskningen har övergått till att belysa reveffekter mer ingående, från att tidigare främst bekräfta om det blir en reveffekt eller inte. Sådana studier saknas dock idag för flera svenska havsområden eftersom det inte finns vindparker där.För marina däggdjur har kunskapsläget förbättrats framför allt när det gäller förståelsen av hur sälar och tumlare uppfattar och använder sig av ljud, samt hur ljud av olika frekvens och intensitet påverkar djuren.Kunskapen som hur havsbaserad vindkraft kan påverka sjöfågel har förbättrats framför allt för kustnära områden, men bedömningar begränsas fortfarande av otillräcklig kunskap om olika sjöfågelarters utbredning och dynamik i förekomst mellan år. Det här gäller speciellt områden längre ut till havs och med större djup än 30 meter. Den internationella forskningen har varit fokuserad på att bedöma kollisionsrisk, och ny teknik har gett ökad kunskap om fåglars flyghöjder och beteenden i förhållande till vindkraftverk.Kumulativa effekterFör att göra en sammanvägd bedömning av vindkraftens miljöeffekter är det relevant att sätta de enskilda bedömningarna i ett vidare sammanhang, där även till exempel aktuell miljöstatus och effekter av annan verksamhet ingår, så som omfattningen av fiske och sjöfart. I ett sådant perspektiv skulle införandet av en vindpark kunna leda till att den totala omfattningen av påverkan antingen ökar eller minskar i ett visst område. Etableringen kan också påverka samspelet mellan arter, med efterföljande indirekta effekter i ekosystemet. Att förstå sådana sammanvägda effekter är ett fortsatt viktigt forskningsområde. Det finns även ett behov av att utveckla metoder för att skatta kumulativa effekter i samband med havsbaserad vindkraft på olika rumsliga och tidsmässiga skalor. Utgående från det befintliga kunskapsläget kan risken för att havsbaserade vindparker bidrar med negativa kumulativa effekter på havsmiljön förväntas vara låg, under förutsättning att skadelindrande åtgärder tillämpas och bästa möjliga hänsyn tas. Under anläggningsfasen innebär sådana förutsättningar att skadliga nivåer av påverkansfaktorn minimeras, och att anläggningen sker under sådana rumsliga och tidsmässiga förhållanden att risken för ansamling av känsliga populationer av fisk och marina däggdjur minimeras. Bedömningen beror på att påverkan under anläggningsfasen är tidsmässigt övergående och inte förväntas upprepas vid mer än ett tillfälle per plats. Det baseras därför också på förutsättningen att annan motsvarande verksamhet inte sker samtidigt i området. För driftsfasen innebär förutsättningarna att driften sker med sådan teknik att nivån av elektromagnetiska fält är låg och att undervattensljud inte leder till negativa effekter på fisk eller marina däggdjur, och med undantag av att det fortsatt finns oklarheter kring hur sjöfågel kan påverkas.Vid en omfattande utbyggnad kommer gradvis högre hänsyn och anpassningar för att undvika kumulativa effekter att vara motiverade. Det ställer även ökade krav på nationell och internationell samordning för att undvika risker för kumulativ påverkan i samband med anläggningsfasen, till exempel om flera vindparker anläggs parallellt. Eftersom vindkraftens långsiktiga bidrag till kumulativ påverkan är svårbedömda i dagsläget, och förväntas variera både lokalt och mellan olika havsområden, vore det mycket viktigt att följa utvecklingen över tid i sådana parker som etableras, för att öka kunskapen och skapa möjlighet att vid behov införa åtgärder för att minska risker för specifika arter.Kan vindkraften ha positiva effekter på marint liv?Forskningen innehåller även exempel på när införandet av havsbaserad vindkraft kan ha gynnat arter, eller aspekter av biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster. Det finns dock en svårighet med att generalisera kring om havsbaserad vindkraft kan gynna marint liv, eftersom utfallet i hög grad beror på vindparkens lokalisering, ekologiska förutsättningar, samt vilka andra aktiviteter som förekommer i närområdet. En viktig aspekt är även att mänskliga preferenser påverkar definitionen av om viss förändring i artsammansättning är ”positiv” eller ”negativ”, eftersom det här beror på hur olika arter och ekosystemstjänster värdesätts, det vill säga vilken typ av biologisk mångfald som är önskvärd i ett visst område. Rapporten redogör för olika typer av anpassningar som har förslagits för att gynna särskilda arter i samband med havsbaserad vindkraft, även om utvecklingen av sådana naturanpassade lösningar fortfarande är i sin linda.
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| 15. |
- Bertilsson, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Stress Levels Escalate When Repeatedly Performing Tasks Involving Threats
- 2019
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10, s. 1562-1562
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Police work may include performing repeated tasks under the influence of psychological stress, which can affect perceptual, cognitive and motor performance. However, it is largely unknown how repeatedly performing stressful tasks physically affect police officers in terms of heart rate and pupil diameter properties. Psychological stress is commonly assessed by monitoring the changes in these biomarkers. Heart rate and pupil diameter was measured in 12 male police officers when performing a sequence of four stressful tasks, each lasting between 20 and 130 s. The participants were first placed in a dimly illuminated anteroom before allowed to enter a brightly lit room where a scenario was played out. After each task was performed, the participants returned to the anteroom for about 30 s before performing the next sequential task. Performing a repeated sequence of stressful tasks caused a significant increase in heart rate (p = 0.005). The heart rate started to increase already before entering the scenario room and was significantly larger just after starting the task than just before starting the task (p < 0.001). This pattern was more marked during the first tasks (p < 0.001). Issuance of a verbal "abort" command which terminated the tasks led to a significant increase of heart rate (p = 0.002), especially when performing the first tasks (p = 0.002). The pupil diameter changed significantly during the repeated tasks during all phases but in a complex pattern where the pupil diameter reached a minimum during task 2 followed by an increase during tasks 3 and 4 (p ≤ 0.020). During the initial tasks, the pupil size (p = 0.014) increased significantly. The results suggest that being repeatedly exposed to stressful tasks can produce in itself an escalation of psychological stress, this even prior to being exposed to the task. However, the characteristics of both the heart rate and pupil diameter were complex, thus, the findings highlight the importance of studying the effects and dynamics of different stress-generating factors. Monitoring heart rate was found useful to screen for stress responses, and thus, to be a vehicle for indication if and when rotation of deployed personnel is necessary to avoid sustained high stress exposures.
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| 16. |
- Bertilsson, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Towards systematic and objective evaluation of police officer performance in stressful situations
- 2020
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In: Police Practice and Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1561-4263 .- 1477-271X. ; 21:6, s. 655-669
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To ensure a continuous high standard of police units, it is critical to recruit people who perform well in stressful situations. Today, this selection process includes performing a large series of tests, which still may not objectively reveal a person’s capacity to handle a life-threatening situation when subjected to high levels of stress. To obtain more systematic and objective data, 12 police officers were exposed to six scenarios with varying levels of threat while their heart rate and pupil size were monitored. The scenarios were filmed and six expert evaluators assessed the performance of the police officers according to seven predefined criteria. Four of the scenarios included addressing a moderate threat level task and the scenarios were executed in a rapid sequence. Two further scenarios included a familiar firearm drill performed during high and low threat situations. The results showed that there was a large agreement between the experts in how they judged the performance of the police officers (p < 0.001). Performance increased significantly over tasks in four of the seven evaluation criteria (p ≤ 0.037). There was also a significant effect of pupil size (p = 0.004), but not heart rate, when comparing the different sequential scenarios. Moreover, a high level of threat considerably impaired the motor performance of the police officers during the firearms drill (p = 0.002). Finally, the pupil seemed to systematically dilate more when a threat appeared immediately than with a delay in the scenarios (p = 0.007). We conclude that systematic and quantitative judgments from experts provide valuable and reliable information about the performance of participants in realistic and stressful policing scenarios. Furthermore, objective physiological measures of heart rate and pupil size may help to explain and understand why performance sometimes deteriorates.
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| 17. |
- Bianchi, Ivana, et al.
(author)
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Identification of opposites and intermediates by eye and by hand
- 2017
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In: Acta Psychologica. - 1873-6297. ; 180, s. 175-189
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this eye-tracking and drawing study, we investigate the perceptual grounding of different types of spatial dimensions such as DENSE–SPARSE and TOP–BOTTOM, focusing both on the participants’ experiences of the opposite regions, e.g., O1: DENSE; O2: SPARSE, and the region that is experienced as intermediate, e.g., INT: NEITHER DENSE NOR SPARSE. Six spatial dimensions expected to have three different perceptual structures in terms of the point and range nature of O1, INT and O2 were analysed. Presented with images, the participants were instructed to identify each region (O1, INT, O2), first by looking at the region, and then circumscribing it using the computer mouse. We measured the eye movements, identification times and various characteristics of the drawings such as the relative size of the three regions, overlaps and gaps. Three main results emerged. Firstly, generally speaking, intermediate regions were not different from the poles on any of the indicators: overall identification times, number of fixations, and locations. Some differences emerged with regard to the duration of fixations for point INTs and the number of fixations for range INTs between two range poles (O1, O2). Secondly, the analyses of the fixation locations showed that the poles support the identification of the intermediate region as much as the intermediate region supports the identification of the poles. Finally, the relative size of the three areas selected in the marking task were consistent with the classification of the regions as points or ranges. The analyses of the gaps and the overlaps between the three areas showed that the intermediate is neither O1 nor O2, but an entity in its own right.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Birkeland, Kare I., et al.
(author)
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Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes following initiation of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering drugs (CVD-REAL Nordic) : A Multinational Observational Analysis
- 2017
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In: The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. - New York : Elsevier. - 2213-8587 .- 2213-8595. ; 5:9, s. 709-717
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background In patients with type 2 diabetes and a high cardiovascular risk profile, the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors empagliflozin and canagliflozin have been shown to lower cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Using real-world data from clinical practice, we aimed to compare cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in new users of SGLT2 inhibitors versus new users of other glucose-lowering drugs, in a population with a broad cardiovascular risk profile. Methods CVD-REAL Nordic was an observational analysis of individual patient-level data from the Prescribed Drug Registers, Cause of Death Registers, and National Patient Registers in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. All patients who filled a prescription for glucose-lowering drugs between 2012 and 2015 were included and followed up until Dec 31, 2015. Patients were divided into new users of SGLT2 inhibitors and new users of other glucose-lowering drugs. Each SGLT2 inhibitor user was matched with three users of other glucose-lowering drugs by use of propensity scores. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by country (Cox survival model) and weighted averages were calculated. Cardiovascular outcomes investigated were cardiovascular mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke), hospital events for heart failure (inpatient or outpatient visit with a primary diagnosis of heart failure), non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and atrial fibrillation. We also assessed incidence of severe hypoglycaemia. Findings Matched SGLT2 inhibitor (n=22 830) and other glucose-lowering drug (n=68 490) groups were well balanced at baseline, with a mean follow-up of 0.9 (SD 4.1) years (80 669 patient-years) and mean age of 61 (12.0) years; 40% (36 362 of 91 320) were women and prevalence of cardiovascular disease was 25% (22 686 of 91 320). 94% of the total SGLT2 inhibitor exposure time was for use of dapagliflozin, with 5% for empagliflozin, and 1% for canagliflozin. Compared with other glucose-lowering drugs, use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.53 [95% CI 0.40-0.71]), major adverse cardiovascular events (0.78 [0.69-0.87]), and hospital events for heart failure (0.70 [0.61-0.81]; p<0.0001 for all). We did not identify significant differences between use of SGLT2 inhibitors and use of other glucose-lowering drugs for non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or atrial fibrillation. Compared with other glucose-lowering drugs, use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with a decreased risk of severe hypoglycaemia (HR 0.76 [0.65-0.90]; p=0.001). For cardiovascular mortality, the differences were similar for the 25% of individuals with cardiovascular disease at baseline and those without (HR 0.60 [0.42-0.85] vs 0.55 [0.34-0.90]), while for major adverse cardiovascular events the HR in the group with cardiovascular disease at baseline was 0.70 (0.59-0.83) versus 0.90 (0.76-1.07) in the group without. Interpretation In a population of patients with type 2 diabetes and a broad cardiovascular risk profile, SGLT2 inhibitor use was associated with reduced cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular mortality compared with use of other glucose-lowering drugs-a finding consistent with the results of clinical trials in patients at high cardiovascular risk.
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- Boi, Roberto, et al.
(author)
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Modified lipid metabolism and cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation in mesangial cells under pro-inflammatory conditions
- 2022
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Diabetic kidney disease is a consequence of hyperglycemia and other complex events driven by early glomerular hemodynamic changes and a progressive expansion of the mesangium. The molecular mechanisms behind the pathophysiological alterations of the mesangium are yet to be elucidated. This study aimed at investigating whether lipid signaling might be the missing link. Stimulation of human mesangial cells with high glucose primed the inflammasome-driven interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) secretion, which in turn stimulated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) release. Finally, PDGF-BB increased IL-1 beta secretion synergistically. Both IL-1 beta and PDGF-BB stimulation triggered the formation of phosphorylated sphingoid bases, as shown by lipidomics, and activated cytosolic phospholipase cPLA2, sphingosine kinase 1, cyclooxygenase 2, and autotaxin. This led to the release of arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine, activating the secretion of vasodilatory prostaglandins and proliferative lysophosphatidic acids. Blocking cPLA2 release of arachidonic acid reduced mesangial cells proliferation and prostaglandin secretion. Validation was performed in silico using the Nephroseq database and a glomerular transcriptomic database. In conclusion, hyperglycemia primes glomerular inflammatory and proliferative stimuli triggering lipid metabolism modifications in human mesangial cells. The upregulation of cPLA2 was critical in this setting. Its inhibition reduced mesangial secretion of prostaglandins and proliferation, making it a potential therapeutical target.
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| 23. |
- Boyer, Robert, et al.
(author)
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Three-dimensional product circularity
- 2021
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In: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 25:4, s. 824-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract Understanding product circularity as ?three-dimensional? could anchor the Circular Economy to common principles while affording its followers flexibility about how to measure it in their specific sectors and disciplines and within their organization's means. Inspired by a heuristic developed for the urban planning profession to cope with the inherent conflicts of Sustainable Development, this article argues that measuring product-level circularity should consider ways to achieve (1) high material recirculation, (2) high utilization, and (3) high endurance in products and service offerings. Achieving all three dimensions ensures that material flowing through the economy is recovered from prior use phases, that it is used intensely, and that it retains its value in spite of exogenous changes. The article argues further that these three dimensions ought to be measured and reported separately rather than as a composite metric and that certain applications will have opportunities to improve circularity through certain dimensions better than others. The article also explains how researchers at RISE (Research Institutes of Sweden AB) are working with industry and government partners to measure the three dimensions and how diverse actors interested in the Circular Economy can use the three dimensions to take the first steps in their transition to circularity.
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- Brante, Eva Wennås, 1961, et al.
(author)
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Exploring the Impact of Contrasting Cases in Text and Picture Processing
- 2013
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In: Journal of Visual Literacy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1051-144X .- 2379-6529. ; 32:2, s. 15-38
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract Multimodal learning materials are frequently met in education assuming enhanced learning outcomes. This study examined whether contrasts in such materials are likely to support reading comprehension for all readers. Young adults (n=46) met either text-only or text+picture material. Participants (19 with low phonological awareness [PA] and 27 controls with high PA) thereafter answered open interview questions to check for reading comprehension. Learning materials were designed to focus readers on aspects critical to understanding the content by the use of contrasts; eye-tracking was used as method. Well-known pictures aided information recall, but contrasts described in the text were most effective for learning.
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- Byrne, Sean Anthony, et al.
(author)
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Precise localization of corneal reflections in eye images using deep learning trained on synthetic data
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In: Behavior Research Methods. - 1554-3528.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present a deep learning method for accurately localizing the center of a single corneal reflection (CR) in an eye image. Unlike previous approaches, we use a convolutional neural network (CNN) that was trained solely using synthetic data. Using only synthetic data has the benefit of completely sidestepping the time-consuming process of manual annotation that is required for supervised training on real eye images. To systematically evaluate the accuracy of our method, we first tested it on images with synthetic CRs placed on different backgrounds and embedded in varying levels of noise. Second, we tested the method on two datasets consisting of high-quality videos captured from real eyes. Our method outperformed state-of-the-art algorithmic methods on real eye images with a 3-41.5% reduction in terms of spatial precision across data sets, and performed on par with state-of-the-art on synthetic images in terms of spatial accuracy. We conclude that our method provides a precise method for CR center localization and provides a solution to the data availability problem, which is one of the important common roadblocks in the development of deep learning models for gaze estimation. Due to the superior CR center localization and ease of application, our method has the potential to improve the accuracy and precision of CR-based eye trackers.
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