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- Zhang, X., et al.
(författare)
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Human total, basal and activity energy expenditures are independent of ambient environmental temperature
- 2022
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Ingår i: iScience. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 2589-0042. ; 25:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lower ambient temperature (Ta) requires greater energy expenditure to sustain body temperature. However, effects of Ta on human energetics may be buffered by environmental modification and behavioral compensation. We used the IAEA DLW database for adults in the USA (n = 3213) to determine the effect of Ta (−10 to +30°C) on TEE, basal (BEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) and physical activity level (PAL). There were no significant relationships (p > 0.05) between maximum, minimum and average Ta and TEE, BEE, AEE and PAL. After adjustment for fat-free mass, fat mass and age, statistically significant (p < 0.01) relationships between TEE, BEE and Ta emerged in females but the effect sizes were not biologically meaningful. Temperatures inside buildings are regulated at 18–25°C independent of latitude. Hence, adults in the US modify their environments to keep TEE constant across a wide range of external ambient temperatures.
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| 2. |
- Galluzzi, L, et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Cell death and differentiation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5403 .- 1350-9047. ; 16:8, s. 1093-107
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell death is essential for a plethora of physiological processes, and its deregulation characterizes numerous human diseases. Thus, the in-depth investigation of cell death and its mechanisms constitutes a formidable challenge for fundamental and applied biomedical research, and has tremendous implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to standardize the experimental procedures that identify dying and dead cells in cell cultures and/or in tissues, from model organisms and/or humans, in healthy and/or pathological scenarios. Thus far, dozens of methods have been proposed to quantify cell death-related parameters. However, no guidelines exist regarding their use and interpretation, and nobody has thoroughly annotated the experimental settings for which each of these techniques is most appropriate. Here, we provide a nonexhaustive comparison of methods to detect cell death with apoptotic or nonapoptotic morphologies, their advantages and pitfalls. These guidelines are intended for investigators who study cell death, as well as for reviewers who need to constructively critique scientific reports that deal with cellular demise. Given the difficulties in determining the exact number of cells that have passed the point-of-no-return of the signaling cascades leading to cell death, we emphasize the importance of performing multiple, methodologically unrelated assays to quantify dying and dead cells.
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| 7. |
- Nowak-Sliwinska, Patrycja, et al.
(författare)
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Consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of angiogenesis assays
- 2018
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Ingår i: Angiogenesis. - : Springer. - 0969-6970 .- 1573-7209. ; 21:3, s. 425-532
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is a complex process that plays important roles in growth and development, tissue and organ regeneration, as well as numerous pathological conditions. Angiogenesis undergoes multiple discrete steps that can be individually evaluated and quantified by a large number of bioassays. These independent assessments hold advantages but also have limitations. This article describes in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro bioassays that are available for the evaluation of angiogenesis and highlights critical aspects that are relevant for their execution and proper interpretation. As such, this collaborative work is the first edition of consensus guidelines on angiogenesis bioassays to serve for current and future reference.
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| 10. |
- Endrino, J L, et al.
(författare)
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Spectral evidence of spinodal decomposition, phase transformation and molecular nitrogen formation in supersaturated TiAlN films upon annealing
- 2011
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Ingår i: Acta Materialia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-6454 .- 1873-2453. ; 59:16, s. 6287-6296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal treatment of supersaturated Ti(1-x)Al(x)N films (x approximate to 0.67) with a dominant ternary cubic-phase were performed in the 700-1000 degrees C range. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) shows that, for annealing temperatures up to 800 degrees C, the film structure undergoes the formation of coherent cubic AlN (c-AlN) and TiN (c-TiN) nanocrystallites via spinodal decomposition and, at higher temperatures (>= 900 degrees C), GIXRD shows that the c-AlN phase transforms into the thermodynamically more stable hexagonal AIN (h-AlN). X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) at the Ti K-edge is consistent with spinodal decomposition taking place at 800 degrees C, while Al K-edge and N K-edge XANES and X-ray emission data show the nucleation of the h-AlN phase at temperatures >800 degrees C, in agreement with the two-step decomposition process for rock-salt structured TiAlN, which was also supported by X-ray diffraction patterns and first-principle calculations. Further, the resonant inelastic X-ray scattering technique near the N K-edge revealed that N(2) is formed as a consequence of the phase transformation process.
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| 11. |
- Endrino, L, et al.
(författare)
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Oxidation post-treatment of hard AlTiN coating for machining of hardened steels
- 2009
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 204:3, s. 256-262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, cemented carbide ball nose end mills with nano-crystalline Al0.67Ti0.33N hard PVD coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation were annealed at 700 degrees C during 2 h in a controlled atmosphere environment (argon+oxygen mixture) and in vacuum. The changes of structure and properties of the treated coating surfaces have been analyzed using both cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of the N-K and O-K edges. Cutting tools have been run through ball nose end milling of hardened H13 steel (HRC 50) where temperature or stress dominating phenomena control tool life. The data obtained indicate that an AlTiN coated cutting tool can be modified upon annealing at low temperature conditions and should be considered as a composite surface engineered material. It is shown that increased tool life could be achieved if annealing of AlTiN is performed in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. A variety of different characteristics should be optimized to achieve better wear resistance of the cutting tools with annealed Al0.67Ti0.33N coating under high temperature and stress cutting conditions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Rabinovich, M., et al.
(författare)
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Computer simulations of stimulus dependent state switching in basic circuits of bursting neurons
- 1998
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Ingår i: Physical Review E. Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics. - 1539-3755 .- 1550-2376. ; 58:5, s. 6418-6430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the ability of oscillating neural circuits to switch between different states of oscillation in two basic neural circuits. We model two quite distinct small neural circuits. The first circuit is based on invertebrate central pattern generator (CPG) studies [A. I. Selverston and M. Moulins, The Crustacean Stomatogastric System (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987)] and is composed of two neurons coupled via both gap junction and inhibitory synapses. The second consists of coupled pairs of interconnected thalamocortical relay and thalamic reticular neurons with both inhibitory and excitatory synaptic coupling. The latter is an elementary unit of the thalamic networks passing sensory information to the cerebral cortex [M. Steriade, D. A. McCormick, and T. J. Sejnowski, Science 262, 679 (1993)]. Both circuits have contradictory coupling between symmetric parts. The thalamocortical model has excitatory and inhibitory connections and the CPG has reciprocal inhibitory and electrical coupling. We describe the dynamics of the individual neurons in these circuits by conductance based ordinary differential equations of Hodgkin-Huxley type [J. Physiol. (London) 117, 500 (1952)]. Both model circuits exhibit bistability and hysteresis in a wide region of coupling strengths. The two main modes of behavior are in-phase and out-of-phase oscillations of the symmetric parts of the network. We investigate the response of these circuits, while they are operating in bistable regimes, to externally imposed excitatory spike trains with varying interspike timing and small amplitude pulses. These are meant to represent spike trains received by the basic circuits from sensory neurons. Circuits operating in a bistable region are sensitive to the frequency of these excitatory inputs, Frequency variations lead to changes from in-phase to out-of-phase coordination or vice versa, The signaling information contained in a spike train driving the network can place the circuit into one or another state depending on the interspike interval and this happens within a few spikes. These states are maintained by the basic circuit after the input signal is ended. When a new signal of the correct frequency enters the circuit, it can be switched to another state with the same case. [S1063-651X(98)13011-8].
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