| 1. |
- Walker, Anthony P, et al.
(author)
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Horizon 2020 EuPRAXIA design study
- 2017
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In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 874:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Horizon 2020 Project EuPRAXIA ("European Plasma Research Accelerator with eXcellence In Applications") is preparing a conceptual design report of a highly compact and cost-effective European facility with multi-GeV electron beams using plasma as the acceleration medium. The accelerator facility will be based on a laser and/or a beam driven plasma acceleration approach and will be used for photon science, high-energy physics (HEP) detector tests, and other applications such as compact X-ray sources for medical imaging or material processing. EuPRAXIA started in November 2015 and will deliver the design report in October 2019. EuPRAXIA aims to be included on the ESFRI roadmap in 2020.
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| 2. |
- Giuffrida, L., et al.
(author)
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Manipulation of laser-accelerated proton beam profiles by nanostructured and microstructured targets
- 2017
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In: Physical Review Accelerators and Beams. - 2469-9888. ; 20:8, s. 081301-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nanostructured and microstructured thin foils have been fabricated and used experimentally as targets to manipulate the spatial profile of proton bunches accelerated through the interaction with high intensity laser pulses (6 x 1019 W/cm(2)). Monolayers of polystyrene nanospheres were placed on the rear surfaces of thin plastic targets to improve the spatial homogeneity of the accelerated proton beams. Moreover, thin targets with grating structures of various configurations on their rear sides were used tomodify the proton beam divergence. Experimental results are presented, discussed, and supported by 3D particle-in-cell numerical simulations.
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| 3. |
- Giuffrida, L., et al.
(author)
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Nano and micro structured targets to modulate the spatial profile of laser driven proton beams
- 2017
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In: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 12:3, s. article no C03040 -
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nano and micro structured thin (μ m-scale) foils were designed, fabricated and irradiated with the high intensity laser system operating at LLC (Lund Laser Centre, Sweden) in order to systematically study and improve the main proton beam parameters. Nano-spheres deposited on the front (laser irradiated) surface of a flat Mylar foil enabled a small enhancement of the maximum energy and number of the accelerated protons. Nano-spheres on the rear side allowed to modify the proton beam spatial profile. In particular, with nanospheres deposited on the rear of the target, the proton beam spatial homogeneity was clearly enhanced. Silicon nitride thin foils having micro grating structures (with different step dimensions) on the rear surface were also used as targets to influence the divergence of the proton beam and drastically change its shape through a sort of stretching effect. The target fabrication process used for the different target types is described, and representative experimental results are shown and discussed along with supporting 3D particle-in-cell simulations. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab srl.
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| 4. |
- Mörtzell Henriksson, Monica, et al.
(author)
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Adverse events in apheresis : an update of the WAA registry data
- 2016
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In: Transfusion and apheresis science. - : Elsevier. - 1473-0502 .- 1878-1683. ; 54:1, s. 2-15
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Apheresis with different procedures and devices are used for a variety of indications that may have different adverse events (AEs). The aim of this study was to clarify the extent and possible reasons of various side effects based on data from a multinational registry. The WAA-apheresis registry data focus on adverse events in a total of 50846 procedures in 7142 patients (42% women). AEs were graded as mild, moderate (need for medication), severe (interruption due to the AE) or death (due to AE). More AEs occurred during the first procedures versus subsequent (8.4 and 5.5%, respectively). AEs were mild in 2.4% (due to access 54%, device 7%, hypotension 15%, tingling 8%), moderate in 3% (tingling 58%, urticaria 15%, hypotension 10%, nausea 3%), and severe in 0.4% of procedures (syncope/hypotension 32%, urticaria 17%, chills/fever 8%, arrhythmia/asystole 4.5%, nausea/vomiting 4%). Hypotension was most common if albumin was used as the replacement fluid, and urticaria when plasma was used. Arrhythmia occurred to similar extents when using plasma or albumin as replacement. In 64% of procedures with bronchospasm, plasma was part of the replacement fluid used. Severe AEs are rare. Although most reactions are mild and moderate, several side effects may be critical for the patient. We present side effects in relation to the procedures and suggest that safety is increased by regular vital sign measurements, cardiac monitoring and by having emergency equipment nearby.
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| 5. |
- Ovadia, C., et al.
(author)
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Ursodeoxycholic acid enriches intestinal bile salt hydrolase-expressing Bacteroidetes in cholestatic pregnancy
- 2020
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment can reduce itch and lower endogenous serum bile acids in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). We sought to determine how it could influence the gut environment in ICP to alter enterohepatic signalling. The gut microbiota and bile acid content were determined in faeces from 35 pregnant women (14 with uncomplicated pregnancies and 21 with ICP, 17 receiving UDCA). Faecal bile salt hydrolase activity was measured using a precipitation assay. Serum fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) concentrations were measured following a standardised diet for 21 hours. Women with a high ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes were more likely to be treated with UDCA (Fisher’s exact test p = 0.0178) than those with a lower ratio. Bile salt hydrolase activity was reduced in women with low Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes. Women taking UDCA had higher faecal lithocholic acid (p < 0.0001), with more unconjugated bile acids than women with untreated ICP or uncomplicated pregnancy. UDCA-treatment increased serum FGF19, and reduced C4 (reflecting lower bile acid synthesis). During ICP, UDCA treatment can be associated with enrichment of the gut microbiota with Bacteroidetes. These demonstrate high bile salt hydrolase activity, which deconjugates bile acids enabling secondary modification to FXR agonists, enhancing enterohepatic feedback via FGF19. © 2020, The Author(s).
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| 6. |
- Schneider, K. M., et al.
(author)
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Gut microbiota depletion exacerbates cholestatic liver injury via loss of FXR signalling
- 2021
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In: Nature Metabolism. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2522-5812. ; 3:9, s. 1228-1241
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease of unknown aetiology for which there are no approved therapeutic options. Patients with PSC display changes in gut microbiota and in bile acid (BA) composition; however, the contribution of these alterations to disease pathogenesis remains controversial. Here we identify a role for microbiota-dependent changes in BA synthesis that modulates PSC pathophysiology. In a genetic mouse model of PSC, we show that loss of microbiota-mediated negative feedback control of BA synthesis results in increased hepatic BA concentrations, disruption of bile duct barrier function and, consequently, fatal liver injury. We further show that these changes are dependent on decreased BA signalling to the farnesoid X receptor, which modulates the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme in BA synthesis, CYP7A1. Moreover, patients with advanced stages of PSC show suppressed BA synthesis as measured by serum C4 levels, which is associated with poor disease prognosis. Our preclinical data highlight the microbiota-dependent dynamics of BA metabolism in cholestatic liver disease, which could be important for future therapies targeting BA and gut microbiome interactions, and identify C4 as a potential biomarker to functionally stratify patients with PSC and predict disease outcomes. Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic cholestatic liver disease, display changes in the gut microbiota and in bile acid composition. Schneider, Candels and colleagues identify a role for microbiota-dependent regulation of bile acid synthesis through farnesoid X receptor signalling, which is relevant for PSC disease progression.
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| 7. |
- Audet, T. L., et al.
(author)
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Electron injector for compact staged high energy accelerator
- 2016
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In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002. ; 829, s. 304-308
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An electron injector for multi-stage laser wakefield experiments is presented. It consists of a variable length gas cell of small longitudinal dimension (⩽10mm). The gas filling process in this cell was characterized both experimentally and with fluid simulation. Electron acceleration experiments were performed at two different laser facilities. Results show low divergence and low pointing fluctuation electron bunches suitable for transport to a second stage, and a peaked energy distribution suitable for injection into the second stage wakefield accelerator.
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| 8. |
- Audet, T. L., et al.
(author)
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Investigation of ionization-induced electron injection in a wakefield driven by laser inside a gas cell
- 2016
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In: Physics of Plasmas. - : AIP Publishing. - 1070-664X .- 1089-7674. ; 23:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ionization-induced electron injection was investigated experimentally by focusing a driving laser pulse with a maximum normalized potential of 1.2 at different positions along the plasma density profile inside a gas cell, filled with a gas mixture composed of 99%H2+1%N2. Changing the laser focus position relative to the gas cell entrance controls the accelerated electron bunch properties, such as the spectrum width, maximum energy, and accelerated charge. Simulations performed using the 3D particle-in-cell code WARP with a realistic density profile give results that are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The interest of this regime for optimizing the bunch charge in a selected energy window is discussed.
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| 9. |
- Gahn, C, et al.
(author)
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Generating positrons with femtosecond-laser pulses
- 2000
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In: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 77:17, s. 2662-2664
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Utilizing a femtosecond table-top laser system, we have succeeded in converting via electron acceleration in a plasma channel, low-energy photons into antiparticles, namely positrons. The average intensity of this source of positrons is estimated to be equivalent to 2x10(8) Bq and it exhibits a very favorable scaling for higher laser intensities. The advent of positron production utilizing femtosecond laser pulses may be the forerunner to a table-top positron source appropriate for applications in material science, and fundamental physics research like positronium spectroscopy. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(00)00143-1].
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Yuan, X. H., et al.
(author)
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Effects of target pre-heating and expansion on terahertz radiation production from intense laser-solid interactions
- 2014
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In: High Power Laser Science and Engineering. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2095-4719 .- 2052-3289. ; 2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The first experimental measurements of intense laser-driven terahertz (THz) radiation from a solid target which is preheated by an intense pulse of laser-accelerated protons is reported. The total energy of the THz radiation is found to decrease by approximately a factor of 2 compared to a cold target reference. This is attributed to an increase in the scale length of the preformed plasma, driven by proton heating, at the front surface of the target, where the THz radiation is generated. The results show the importance of controlling the preplasma scale length for THz production.
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| 13. |
- Baghdasaryan, A., et al.
(author)
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Inhibition of intestinal bile acid absorption improves cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in a mouse model of sclerosing cholangitis
- 2016
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In: Journal of Hepatology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-8278. ; 64:3, s. 674-681
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and Aims: Approximately 95% of bile acids (BAs) excreted into bile are reabsorbed in the gut and circulate back to the liver for further biliary secretion. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of the ileal apical sodium-dependent BA transporter (ASBT/SLC10A2) may protect against BA-mediated cholestatic liver and bile duct injury. Methods: Eight week old Mdr2(-/-) (Abcb4(-/-)) mice (model of cholestatic liver injury and sclerosing cholangitis) received either a diet supplemented with A4250 (0.01% w/w) - a highly potent and selective ASBT inhibitor - or a chow diet. Liver injury was assessed biochemically and histologically after 4 weeks of A4250 treatment. Expression profiles of genes involved in BA homeostasis, inflammation and fibrosis were assessed via RT-PCR from liver and ileum homogenates. Intestinal inflammation was assessed by RNA expression profiling and immunohistochemistry. Bile flow and composition, as well as biliary and fecal BA profiles were analyzed after 1 week of ASBT inhibitor feeding. Results: A4250 improved sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2(-/-) mice and significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and BAs levels, hepatic expression of proinflammatory (Tnf-alpha, Vcam1, Mcp-1) and pro-fibrogenic (Col1a1, Col1a2) genes and bile duct proliferation (mRNA and immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 19 (CK19)). Furthermore, A4250 significantly reduced bile flow and biliary BA output, which correlated with reduced Bsep transcription, while Ntcp and Cyp7a1 were induced. Importantly A4250 significantly reduced biliary BA secretion but preserved HCO3- and biliary phospholipid secretion resulting in an increased HCO3-/BA and PL/BA ratio. In addition, A4250 profoundly increased fecal BA excretion without causing diarrhea and altered BA pool composition, resulting in diminished concentrations of primary BAs tauro-beta-muricholic acid and taurocholic acid. Conclusions: Pharmacological ASBT inhibition attenuates cholestatic liver and bile duct injury by reducing biliary BA concentrations in mice. (C) 2015 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Clifford, B. L., et al.
(author)
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FXR activation protects against NAFLD via bile-acid-dependent reductions in lipid absorption
- 2021
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In: Cell Metabolism. - : Elsevier BV. - 1550-4131 .- 1932-7420. ; 33:8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- FXR agonists are used to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in part because they reduce hepatic lipids. Here, we show that FXR activation with the FXR agonist GSK2324 controls hepatic lipids via reduced absorption and selective decreases in fatty acid synthesis. Using comprehensive lipidomic analyses, we show that FXR activation in mice or humans specifically reduces hepatic levels of mono-and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA). Decreases in MUFA are due to FXR-dependent repression of Scd1, Dgat2, and Lpin1 expression, which is independent of SHP and SREBP1c. FXR-dependent decreases in PUFAs are mediated by decreases in lipid absorption. Replenishing bile acids in the diet prevented decreased lipid absorption in GSK2324-treated mice, suggesting that FXR reduces absorption via decreased bile acids. We used tissue-specific FXR KO mice to show that hepatic FXR controls lipogenic genes, whereas intestinal FXR controls lipid absorption. Together, our studies establish two distinct pathways by which FXR regulates hepatic lipids.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Gahn, C, et al.
(author)
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Generation of MeV electrons and positrons with femtosecond pulses from a table-top laser system
- 2002
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In: Physics of Plasmas. - : AIP Publishing. - 1070-664X .- 1089-7674. ; 9:3, s. 987-999
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In experiments, the feasibility was demonstrated of generating multi-MeV electrons in a form of a collimated beam utilizing a table-top laser system delivering 200 fs pulses with P-L=1.2 TW and 10 Hz capability. The method uses the process of relativistic self-channeling in a high-density gas jet producing electron densities in the range of 3x10(19)-6x10(20) cm(-3). In a thorough investigation, angularly resolved and absolutely calibrated electron spectra were measured and their dependence on the plasma density, laser intensity, and gas medium was studied. For the optimum electron density of n(e)=2x10(20) cm(-3) the effective temperature of the electron energy distribution and the channel length exhibit a maximum of 5 MeV and 400 mum respectively. The laser-energy to-MeV-electron efficiency is estimated to be 5%. In a second step, utilizing the multi-MeV electron beam anti-particles, namely positrons, were successfully generated in a 2 mm Pb converter. The average intensity of this new source of positrons is estimated to be equivalent to a radioactivity of 2x10(8) Bq and it exhibits a very favorable scaling for higher laser intensities. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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| 17. |
- Gallardo González, I., et al.
(author)
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Effects of the dopant concentration in laser wakefield and direct laser acceleration of electrons
- 2018
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In: New Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1367-2630. ; 20:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work, we experimentally study the effects of the nitrogen concentration in laser wakefield acceleration of electrons in a gas mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen. A 15 TW peak power laser pulse is focused to ionize the gas, excite a plasma wave and accelerate electrons up to 230 MeV. We find that at dopant concentrations above 2% the total divergence of the electrons is increased and the high energy electrons are emitted preferentially with an angle of ±6 mrad, leading to a forked spatio-spectral distribution associated to direct laser acceleration (DLA). However, electrons can gain more energy and have a divergence lower than 4 mrad for concentrations below 0.5% and the same laser and plasma conditions. Particle-in-cell simulations show that for dopant concentrations above 2%, the amount of trapped charge is large enough to significantly perturb the plasma wave, reducing the amplitude of the longitudinal wakefield and suppressing other trapping mechanisms. At high concentrations the number of trapped electrons overlapping with the laser fields is increased, which rises the amount of charge affected by DLA. We conclude that the dopant concentration affects the quantity of electrons that experience significant DLA and the beam loading of the plasma wave driven by the laser pulse. These two mechanisms influence the electrons final energy, and thus the dopant concentration should be considered as a factor for the optimization of the electron beam parameters.
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| 18. |
- Hansson, M., et al.
(author)
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Localization of ionization-induced trapping in a laser wakefield accelerator using a density down-ramp
- 2016
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In: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 58:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on a study on controlled trapping of electrons, by field ionization of nitrogen ions, in laser wakefield accelerators in variable length gas cells. In addition to ionization-induced trapping in the density plateau inside the cells, which results in wide, but stable, electron energy spectra, a regime of ionization-induced trapping localized in the density down-ramp at the exit of the gas cells, is found. The resulting electron energy spectra are peaked, with 10% shot-to-shot fluctuations in peak energy. Ionization-induced trapping of electrons in the density down-ramp is a way to trap and accelerate a large number of electrons, thus improving the efficiency of the laser-driven wakefield acceleration.
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| 19. |
- Herrlin, K, et al.
(author)
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Contrast-enhanced radiography by differential absorption, using a laser-produced X-ray source
- 1997
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In: Investigative Radiology. - 0020-9996. ; 32:5, s. 306-310
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES. The authors evaluate the feasibility of differential imaging of contrast media, with division of individual pixel values obtained from digital images generated by characteristic radiation from a laser-produced plasma, bridging the K-absorption edge of the contrast agent. METHODS. Laser pulses from an ultrashort-pulse terawatt laser system were focused onto gadolinium and tantalum targets, creating a plasma from which characteristic radiation and Bremsstrahlung was emitted. The elements of the target were selected so the characteristic emission lines of one of the elements were below the K edge of the contrast agent and the emission lines of the other element above. A phantom with gadolinium and other elements in various concentrations was examined. One radiographic exposure was made using a gadolinium target source and a subsequent exposure using a tantalum source. Both images were recorded digitally and the transmission ratios calculated by division of the individual pixel values. RESULTS. When viewed separately, the two images of the test phantom appeared similar. In the differential image, only the gadolinium solutions were bright, reflecting a difference in attenuation between the two exposures. CONCLUSIONS. Element-specific radiographs can be obtained by differential imaging. When fully explored, the technique may allow for contrast-enhanced radiography with increased sensitivity and decreased contrast dose.
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| 20. |
- Herrlin, K, et al.
(author)
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Generation of X-rays For Medical Imaging By High-power Lasers - Preliminary-results
- 1993
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In: Radiology. - 1527-1315. ; 189:1, s. 65-68
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of x-ray imaging performed with a high-power laser system in biologic and medical studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A compact terawatt laser system based on chirped pulse amplification in titanium-doped sapphire was used. X rays were generated by irradiating a high-atomic-number target (tantalum). RESULTS: When photons with an energy below 10 keV were removed with use of 3 mm of aluminum, the half-value layer in aluminum for the remaining x rays was approximately 10 mm. The x-ray source allowed performance of biologic magnification radiography. Star-pattern tests indicated an equivalent focal spot size of less than 60 mum. Exposures of a single pulse could be obtained. The duration of a single x-ray pulse was estimated to be of the order of picoseconds. CONCLUSION. With use of subpicosecond laser pulses, x-ray generation can occur with a smaller equivalent focal spot size than with conventional x-ray sources.
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| 21. |
- Hewett, D., et al.
(author)
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Identification of a psoriasis susceptibility candidate gene by linkage disequilibrium mapping with a localized single nucleotide polymorphism map
- 2002
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In: Genomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0888-7543 .- 0888-7543. ; 79:3, s. 305-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with both genetic and environmental risk factors. Here we describe the creation of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) map spanning 900-1200 kb of chromosome 3q21, which had been previously recognized as containing a psoriasis susceptibility locus, PSORS5. We genotyped 644 individuals, from 195 Swedish psoriatic families, for 19 polymorphisms. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between marker and disease was assessed using the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT). In the TDT analysis, alleles of three of these SNPs showed significant association with disease (P<0.05). A 160-kb interval encompassing these three SNPs was sequenced, and a coding sequence consisting of 13 exons was identified. The predicted protein shares 30-40% homology with the family of cation/chloride cotransporters. A five-marker haplotype spanning the 3' half of this gene is associated with psoriasis to a P value of 3.8<10(-5). We have called this gene SLC12A8, coding for a member of the solute carrier family 12 proteins. It belongs to a class of genes that were previously unrecognized as playing a role in psoriasis pathogenesis.
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| 22. |
- Isasi, R., et al.
(author)
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Disclosure and management of research findings in stem cell research and banking: policy statement
- 2012
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In: Regenerative Medicine. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0751 .- 1746-076X. ; 7:3, s. 439-448
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Prompted by an increased interest of both research participants and the patient advocacy community in obtaining information about research outcomes and on the use of their biological samples; the international community has begun to debate the emergence of an ethical 'duty' to return research results to participants. Furthermore, the use of new technologies (e.g., whole-genome and -exome sequencing) has revealed both genetic data and incidental findings with possible clinical significance. These technologies together with the proliferation of biorepositories, provide a compelling rationale for governments and scientific institutions to adopt prospective policies. Given the scarcity of policies in the context of stem cell research, a discussion on the scientific, ethical and legal implications of disclosing research results for research participants is needed. We present the International Stem Forum Ethics Working Party's Policy Statement and trust that it will stimulate debate and meet the concerns of researchers and research participants alike.
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| 23. |
- Knoppers, B.M., et al.
(author)
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Ethic's issues in stem cell research
- 2006
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 312:5772, s. 366-367
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
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| 24. |
- MacLellan, D. A., et al.
(author)
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Annular Fast Electron Transport in Silicon Arising from Low-Temperature Resistivity
- 2013
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 111:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fast electron transport in Si, driven by ultraintense laser pulses, is investigated experimentally and via 3D hybrid particle-in-cell simulations. A transition from a Gaussian-like to an annular fast electron beam profile is demonstrated and explained by resistively generated magnetic fields. The results highlight the potential to completely transform the beam transport pattern by tailoring the resistivity-temperature profile at temperatures as low as a few eV.
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| 25. |
- MacLellan, D A, et al.
(author)
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Tunable mega-ampere electron current propagation in solids by dynamic control of lattice melt.
- 2014
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 113:18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The influence of lattice-melt-induced resistivity gradients on the transport of mega-ampere currents of fast electrons in solids is investigated numerically and experimentally using laser-accelerated protons to induce isochoric heating. Tailoring the heating profile enables the resistive magnetic fields which strongly influence the current propagation to be manipulated. This tunable laser-driven process enables important fast electron beam properties, including the beam divergence, profile, and symmetry to be actively tailored, and without recourse to complex target manufacture.
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