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Enumeration	Reference	Cover	Find
1.	Andreou, Charalambos M., et al. (author) Single Event Transients and Pulse Quenching Effects in Bandgap Reference Topologies for Space Applications 2016 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 63:6, s. 2950-2961 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract An architectural performance comparison of bandgap voltage reference variants, designed in a 0.18 mu m CMOS process, is performed with respect to single event transients. These are commonly induced in microelectronics in the space radiation environment. Heavy ion tests (Silicon, Krypton, Xenon) are used to explore the analog single-event transients and have revealed pulse quenching mechanisms in analogue circuits. The different topologies are compared, in terms of cross-section, pulse duration and pulse amplitude. The measured results, and the explanations behind the findings, reveal important guidelines for designing analog integrated circuits, which are intended for space applications. The paper includes an analysis on how pulse quenching occurs within the indispensable current mirror, which is used in every analog circuit.
2.	Anelli, A., et al. (author) Measurement and simulation of the neutron response and detection efficiency of a Pb-scintillating fiber calorimeter 2008 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 55:3, s. 1409-1412 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We have measured the overall detection efficiency to neutrons of a small prototype of the KLOE Pb-scintillating fiber calorimeter in the kinetic energy range [5,175] MeV. using the neutron beam facility of The Svedberg Laboratory, TSL, Uppsala. The measurement of the neutron detection efficiency of a NE110 scintillator provided a reference calibration. At the lowest trigger threshold, the overall calorimeter efficiency ranges from 28% to 33%. This value largely exceeds the estimated similar to 8% expected if the response were proportional only to the scintillator equivalent thickness. A detailed simulation of the calorimeter and of the TSL beamline has been performed with the FLUKA Monte Carlo code. The simulated response of the detector to neutrons is presented together with first data to Monte Carlo comparison. The results show an overall neutron efficiency of about 35%. The reasons for such an efficiency enhancement, in comparison with the typical scintillator-based neutron counters, are explained, opening the road to a novel neutron detector.
3.	Argume, A., et al. (author) NOAA Image Data Acquisition to Determine Soil Moisture in Arequipa - Perú 2021 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : IEEE. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 68:8, s. 1933-1936 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In recent years, irrigations have been built on dry areas in Majes-Arequipa. Over time, the irrigations water forms moist areas in lower areas, which can have positive or negative consequences. Therefore, it is important to know in advance where the water from the new irrigation will appear. The limited availability of real-time satellite image data is still a hindrance to some applications. Data from environmental satellites NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) are available fee and license free. In order to receive data, users must obtain necessary equipment. In this work we present a satellite data acquisition system with an RTL SDR receiver, two 137-138 Mhz designed antennas, Orbitron, SDRSharp, WXTolmag and MatLab software. We have designed two antennas, a Turnstile Crossed dipole antenna with Balun and a quadrifilar helicoidal antenna. The antennas parameter measurements show very good correspondence with those obtained by simulation. The RTL SDR RTL2832U receiver, combined with our antennas and software, forms the system for recording, decoding, editing and displaying Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) signals. The results show that the satellite image receptions are sufficiently clear and descriptive for further analysis.
4.	Aykac, M., et al. (author) Timing performance of Hi-Rez detector for time-of-flight (TOF) PET 2006 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 53:3, s. 1084-1089 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Positron emission tomography (PET)-based on time-of-flight (TOF) is desired to enhance the image quality by improving the noise variance in the reconstruction. This benchtop study evaluates the timing performance of the current Hi-Rez detector which is based on a 13/spl times/13 LSO array of 4 mm/spl times/4 mm/spl times/20 mm crystals and not optimized for TOF PET applications. A Hamamatsu R9779, fast, 51-mm-diameter PMT was used for some experiments in this study as a reference PMT and its time resolution was measured to be 160 ps with a plastic scintillator. The average crystal time resolution of two Hi-Rez detectors, coupled to a 2/spl times/2 array of Hamamatsu 25-mm-diameter R8619 PMTs at +1050 V, in coincidence was measured to be 733 ps. The average crystal energy resolutions for two detectors were measured 13.1% and 13.2%. The average crystal time resolution of two Hi-Rez detectors improved from 733 ps to 642 ps when the PMT voltage was increased to +1300 V. The Hi-Rez detector was originally optimized for good energy resolution to reduce scatter and high packing fraction to obtain high sensitivity and improved spatial resolution for clinical PET.
5.	Badel, Xavier, et al. (author) Metallized and oxidized silicon macropore arrays filled with a scintillator for CCD-based X-ray imaging detectors 2004 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : IEEE. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 51:3, s. 1001-1005, s. 1006-1010 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Silicon charge-coupled devices (CCDs) covered with a scintillating film are now available on the market for use in digital medical imaging. However, these devices could still be improved in terms of sensitivity and especially spatial resolution by coating the CCD with an array of scintillating waveguides. In this paper, such waveguides were fabricated by first etching pores in silicon, then performing metallization or oxidation of the pore walls and finally filling the pores with CsI(TI). The resulting structures were observed using scanning electron microscopy and tested under X-ray exposure. Theoretical efficiencies of macropore arrays filled with CsI(TI) were also calculated, indicating that the optimal pore depth for metallized macropore arrays is about 80 mum while it is around 350 mum for oxidized ones. This result, together with the roughness of the metal coating, explains why lower SNR values were measured with the metallized macropores. Indeed, the macropore arrays had depths in the range of 210-390 mum, which is favorable to oxidized structures.
6.	Badel, Xavier, et al. (author) Performance of scintillating waveguides for CCD-based X-ray detectors 2006 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 53:1, s. 3-8 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Scintillating films are usually used to improve the sensitivity of CCD-based X-ray imaging detectors. For an optimal spatial resolution and detection efficiency, a tradeoff has to be made on the film thickness. However, these scintillating layers can also be structured to provide a pixellated screen. In this paper, the study of CsI(TI)-filled pore arrays is reported. The pores are first etched in silicon, then oxidized and finally filled with CsI(TI) to form scintillating waveguides. The dependence of the detector sensitivity on pore depth, varied from 40 to 400 mu m here, follows rather well theoretical predictions. Most of the detectors produced in this work have a detective quantum efficiency of the incoming X-ray photons of about 25%. However, one detector shows that higher efficiency can be achieved approaching almost the theoretical limit set by Poisson statistics of the incoming X-rays. Thus, we conclude that it is possible to fabricate scintillating waveguides with almost ideal performance. Imaging capabilities of the detectors are demonstrated.
7.	Bauer, Florian, et al. (author) Depth of interaction with a 3-dimensional checkerboard arrangement LSO-LSO block 2010 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 57:3, s. 971-975 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In order to improve image quality in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) different routes are being pursued such as fast timing resolution for time-of-flight PET, higher spatial resolution by the use of smaller scintillator pixels and the use of depth-of-interaction information. The detection of the depth-of-interaction (DOI) of a gamma ray within a detector, deploying pulse shape discrimination (PSD), has been used to increase sensitivity and spatial resolution, especially at the edge of the field of view (FOV). The DOI information is used to reduce the parallax error; thus improving spatial resolution. Commonly, different scintillator materials with different decay times and light output and other differentiating factors, such as density, emission spectra, etc. are used for DOI detectors. We present a multi-layer phoswich detector comprised of LSO with different decay times in the range from 30 ns to 47 ns. The difference in decay times is achieved by co-doping LSO:Ce with Ca, resulting in short decay times of ~ 30 ns [1]. The use of a cut light guide allows the use of regular Photomultiplier tubes, giving the opportunity of a potential DOI detector replacement for current detectors. We were able to identify each pixel in the different detector layers
8.	Bauer, F., et al. (author) Dynode-Timing Method for PET Block Detectors 2008 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 55:1, s. 451-456 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The focus of this paper is the investigation of a new dynode-timing technique optimized for PET block detectors. This method allows utilization of dynode signals from single but especially multiple photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs), operated with negative high-voltage. The technique will provide an event-timing trigger without deteriorating the anode signal. A printed circuit board has been developed and built for this investigation. Benchmark measurements have been performed, comparing timing of the anode signal with timing of the inverted last-dynode signal and timing of the dynode signal extracted via a newly developed LVPECL-logic based board. Timing measurements were performed with plastic as well as LSO scintillators. From single PMT measurements we find a 30 ps improvement with the dynode-timing method compared to the standard anode timing with two Photonis XP2020Q PMTs with LSO (10 mmtimes10 mmtimes10 mm). For a quad-PMT block detector, assembled of four Hamamatsu R9800 with a Hi-Rez block, the timing-resolution improves ~10%, by 43 ps compared to the standard anode timing.
9.	Bauer, F., et al. (author) Measurements and Ray-Tracing Simulations of Light Spread in LSO Crystals 2009 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 56:5, s. 2566-2573 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We report on measurements of the absolute light output from LSO crystals for irradiation with 511 keV gamma rays as a function of interaction position, reflector arrangement, detector coupling geometry and optical coupling to an adjacent crystal. The light output for this series of geometrical configurations is simulated with the ZEMAX ray-tracing software. By fine-tuning the optical parameters of the bulk and at the interfaces of the crystal, a model is obtained which yields good agreement with experimental data for all configurations. The resulting parameter set is applied to calculate the light distribution in a 12$,times,$ 12 crystal block detector. A comparison of measured and calculated block position profiles shows good agreement, demonstrating the potential of the simulation model to predict block detector performance data and provide guidelines for future array designs.
10.	Bauer, F., et al. (author) Performance Study of the New Hamamatsu R9779 and Photonis XP20D0 Fast 2" Photomultipliers 2007 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 54:3, s. 422-426 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The focus of this paper is the evaluation of the new fast 51 mm-diameter, 8-stage Hamamatsu R9779 photomultipliers (PMTs) with an acceleration-ring at the front-end and the Photonis XP20D0 PMTs with a screening grid in front of the anode. The following performance characteristics are presented: Timing resolution, anode-scan-uniformity and transit-time spread. The unfolded timing resolution for two R9779 was 192 ps and 210 ps using plastic scintillators. The individual timing resolutions for two XP20D0 using plastic scintillators are 181 ps and 154 ps, respectively. The variation in time resolution across the windows of the two R9779 ranged between 117 ps and 171 ps, and 79 ps and 73 ps for the two XP20D0 PMTs.
11.	Bazan, A., et al. (author) The ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter read-out system 2006 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 53:3, s. 735-740 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Liquid Argon calorimeters play a central role in the ATLAS experiment. The environment at the LHC collider imposes challenging tasks to their read-out system. To achieve measurements of particles and trigger signals at high precision, the detector signals are processed at various stages before reaching the Data Acquisition system (DAQ). Signals from the calorimeter cells are received by front-end boards, which digitize and sample the incoming pulse. Read-out Driver (ROD) boards further process the data at a trigger rate of up to 75 kHz. An optimal filtering procedure is applied to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio. The ROD boards calculate precise energy, time and quality of the detector pulse, which are then sent to the DAQ. In addition, the RODs perform a monitoring of the data. The architecture of the ATLAS Liquid Argon detector read-out is discussed, in particular the design and functionality of the ROD board. Performance results obtained with ROD prototypes as well as experience from complete test setups with final production boards are reported.
12.	Belli, Francesco, et al. (author) Conceptual Design, Development and Preliminary Tests of a Compact Neutron Spectrometer for the JET Experiment 2012 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 59:5, s. 2512-2519 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A Compact Neutron Spectrometer (CNS) has been developed to measure the neutron emission spectra in Joint European Torus (JET) fusion plasma experiments. The spectrometer, based on a liquid scintillation detector (BC501A), is equipped with a Digital Pulse Shape Discrimination (DPSD) acquisition system for neutron (n) and gamma-ray(gamma) separation. The CNS enables recording the n and gamma pulse height spectra (PHS) up to total count rates of similar to 10(6) s(-1). Energy resolution, after PHS unfolding, will be <2% for 14 MeV neutrons and <4% for 2.5 MeV neutrons. The work done by ENEA-Frascati and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) respectively in the assembly and test of DPSD and scintillation detector, along with the first results obtained by the spectrometer in JET plasma experiments are presented. The experience obtained with CNS in JET will contribute to the development of neutron spectrometers suitable for applications in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER).
13.	Bertuccio, Giuseppe, et al. (author) Silicon Carbide Detectors for in vivo Dosimetry 2014 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : IEEE. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 61:2, s. 961-966 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Semiconductor detectors for in vivo dosimetry haveserved in recent years as an important part of quality assurancefor radiotherapy. Silicon carbide (SiC) can represent a bettersemiconductor with respect to the more popular silicon (Si) thanksto its physical characteristics such as wide bandgap, high electronsaturation velocity, lower effective atomic number, and high radiationresistance to X and gamma rays. In this article we present aninvestigation aimed at characterizing 4H-SiC epitaxial Schottkydiodes as in vivo dosimeters. The electrical characterization atroom temperature showed ultra low leakage current densities aslow as 0.1 pA/cm at 100 V bias with negligible dependence ontemperature. The SiC diode was tested as radiotherapy dosimeterusing 6 MV photon beams from a linear accelerator in a typicalclinical setting. Collected charge as a function of exposed radiationdose were measured and compared to three standard commerciallyavailable silicon dosimeters. A sensitivity of 23 nC/Gy withlinearity errors within 0.5% and time stability of 0.6% wereachieved. No negligible effects on the diode I-V characteristicsafter irradiation were observed.
14.	Bertuccio, Giuseppe, et al. (author) X-γ Ray Spectroscopy With Semi-Insulating 4H-Silicon Carbide 2013 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : IEEE. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 60:2, s. 1436-1441 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Radiation detectors on a semi-insulating (SI) 4H siliconcarbide (SiC) wafer have been manufactured and characterizedwith X and photons in the range 8–59 keV. The detectors were 400 μm diameter circular Ni-SiC junctions on an SI 4H-SiC wafer thinned to 70 μm. Dark current densities of 3.5 nA/cm2 at 20 °C and 0.3 μA/cm2 at 104 °C with an internal electric field of 7 kV/cm have been measured. X-γ ray spectra from 241Am have been acquired at room temperature with pulser line width of 756 eV FWHM. The charge collection efficiency (CCE) has been measured under different experimental conditions with a maximum CCE = 75 % at room temperature. Polarization effects have been observed, and the dependence of CCE on time and temperature has been measured and analyzed. The charge trapping has been described by the Hecht model with a maximum totalmean drift length of 107 μm at room temperature.
15.	Betta, Gian-Franco Dalla, et al. (author) Comments by the Senior Editor 2022 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 69:4, s. 647-647 Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract The 7th edition of the International Conference on “Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications” (ANIMMA) was held in Prague, Czech Republic, on June 21–25, 2021, in hybrid mode. The ANIMMA-2021 welcomed 320 attendees from 29 nationalities including 65 graduated students coming from academy, research institutes, and industry to discuss new scientific and technical prospects in all fields where nuclear instrumentation and measurements techniques play a major role. 30% of the attendees participated physically and 70% attended remotely.
16.	Birch, Jens, et al. (author) (B4C)-B-10 Multi-Grid as an Alternative to He-3 for Large Area Neutron Detectors 2013 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 60:2, s. 871-878 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Despite its present shortage, He-3 continues to be the most common neutron converter for detectors in neutron scattering science. However, it is obvious that the development of large area neutron detectors based on alternative neutron converters is rapidly becoming a matter of urgency. In the technique presented here, grids each comprising 28 (B4C)-B-10 layers ( each 1 mu m thick) are used to convert neutrons into ionizing particles which are subsequently detected in proportional gas counters. The total active area of the prototype is 8 cm x 200 cm. To instrument this detector 4.6 m(2) of B-10-enriched boron carbide were coated onto aluminium blades using a DC magnetron sputtering machine. Characterization of the prototype showed neutron efficiency to be epsilon(n) = 46.8% for 2.5 angstrom neutrons, which is in line with expectations from MC simulation. This result demonstrates the potential of this technique as alternative to He-3-based position sensitive detectors.
17.	Bläckberg, Lisa, 1982-, et al. (author) Light spread manipulation in scintillators using laser induced optical barriers 2018 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 65:8, s. 2208-2215 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We are using the Laser Induced Optical Barriers (LIOB) technique to fabricate scintillator detectors with combined performance characteristics of the two standard detector types, mechanically pixelated arrays and monolithic crystals. This is done by incorporation of so-called optical barriers that have a refractive index lower than that of the crystal bulk. Such barriers can redirect the scintillation light and allow for control of the light spread in the detector. Previous work has shown that the LIOB technique has the potential to achieve detectors with high transversal and depth of interaction (DOI) resolution simultaneously in a single-side readout configuration, suitable for high resolution PET imaging. However, all designs studied thus far present edge effect issues similarly as in the standard detector categories. In this work we take advantage of the inherent flexibility of the LIOB technique and investigate alternative barrier patterns with the aim to address this problem. Light transport simulations of barrier patterns in LYSO:Ce, with deeper barrier walls moving towards the detector edge show great promise in reducing the edge effect, however there is a trade-off in terms of achievable DOI information. Furthermore, fabrication and characterization of a 20 mm thick LYSO:Ce detector with optical barriers forming a pattern of 1×1×20mm3 pixel like structures show that light channeling in laser-processed detectors in agreement with optical barriers with refractive index between 1.2 and 1.4 is achievable.
18.	Bohm, Christian, et al. (author) ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger : Subsystem Tests of a Jet/Energy-sum Processor Module 2004 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 51:5, s. 2356-2361 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger consists of a Preprocessor, a Cluster Processor (CP), and a Jet/Energy-sum Processor (JEP). The CP and JEP receive digitized trigger-tower data from the Preprocessor and produce trigger multiplicities and total and missing energy for the final trigger decision. The trigger also provides region-of-interest information for the Level-2 trigger and intermediate results of the data acquisition system for monitoring and diagnostics by using Readout Driver modules. The JEP identifies and localizes jets, and sums total and missing transverse energy information from the trigger data. The Jet/Energy Module (JEM) is the main module of the JEP. The JEM prototype is designed to be functionally identical to the final production module for ATLAS and to have the full number of channels. Three JEM prototypes have been built and successfully tested. Various test vector patterns were used to test the energy summation and the jet algorithms. Data communication between adjacent JEMs and all other relevant modules of the JEP has been tested. Recent test results using the JEM prototypes are discussed.
19.	Bohm, Christian, et al. (author) Pre-Production Validation of the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger System 2006 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 53:3, s. 859-863 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger is a major part of the first stage of event selection for the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. It is a digital, pipelined system with several stages of processing, largely based on FPGAs, which perform programmable algorithms in parallel with a fixed latency to process about 300 Gbyte/s of input data. The real-time output consists of counts of different types of trigger objects and energy sums. Prototypes of all module types have been undergoing intensive testing before final production during 2005. Verification of their correct operation has been performed stand-alone and in the ATLAS test-beam at CERN. Results from these investigations will be presented, along with a description of the methodology used to perform the tests.
20.	Bohm, Christian, et al. (author) The ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger Architecture 2004 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 51:3, s. 356-360 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The architecture of the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger system (L1Calo) is presented. Common approaches have been adopted for data distribution, result merging, readout, and slow control across the three different subsystems. A significant amount of common hardware is utilized, yielding substantial savings in cost, spares, and development effort. A custom, high-density backplane has been developed with data paths suitable for both the em/τ cluster processor (CP) and jet/energy-summation processor (JEP) subsystems. Common modules also provide interfaces to VME, CANbus and the LHC timing, trigger and control system (TTC). A common data merger module (CMM) uses field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) with multiple configurations for summing electron/photon and τ/hadron cluster multiplicities, jet multiplicities, or total and missing transverse energy. The CMM performs both crate- and system-level merging. A common, FPGA-based readout driver (ROD) is used by all of the subsystems to send input, intermediate and output data to the data acquisition (DAQ) system, and region-of-interest (RoI) data to the level-2 triggers. Extensive use of FPGAs throughout the system makes the trigger flexible and upgradable, and several architectural choices have been made to reduce the number of intercrate links and make the hardware more robust.
21.	Bongi, M, et al. (author) PAMELA : A satellite experiment for antiparticles measurement in cosmic rays 2004 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 51:3, s. 854-859 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract PAMELA is a satellite-borne experiment that will study the antiproton and positron fluxes in cosmic rays in a wide range of energy (from 80 MeV up to 190 GeV for antiprotons and from 50 MeV up to 270 GeV for positrons) and with high statistics, and that will measure the antihelium/helium ratio with a sensitivity of the order of 10(-8). The detector will fly on-board a polar orbiting Resurs DK1 satellite, which will be launched into space by a Soyuz rocket in 2004 from Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, for a 3-year-long mission. Particle identification and energy measurements are performed in the PAMELA apparatus using the following subdetectors: a magnetic spectrometer made up of a permanent magnet equipped with double-sided microstrip silicon detectors, an electromagnetic imaging calorimeter composed of layers of tungsten absorber and silicon detectors planes, a transition radiation detector made of straw tubes interleaved with carbon fiber radiators, a plastic scintillator time-of-flight and trigger system, a set of anticounter plastic scintillator detectors, and a neutron detector. The features of the detectors and the main results obtained in beam test sessions are presented.
22.	Bornefalk, Hans, et al. (author) Effect of Temperature Variation on the Energy Response of a Photon Counting Silicon CT Detector 2013 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 60:2, s. 1442-1449 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The effect of temperature variation on pulse height determination accuracy is determined for a photon counting multibin silicon detector developed for spectral CT. Theoretical predictions of the temperature coefficient of the gain and offset are similar to values derived from synchrotron radiation measurements in a temperature controlled environment. By means of statistical modeling, we conclude that temperature changes affect all channels equally and with separate effects on gain and threshold offset. The combined effect of a 1 degrees C temperature increase is to decrease the detected energy by 0.1 keV for events depositing 30 keV. For the electronic noise, no statistically significant temperature effect was discernible in the data set, although theory predicts a weak dependence. The method is applicable to all x-ray detectors operating in pulse mode.
23.	Bousselham, Abdel Kader, et al. (author) Sampling pulses for optimal timing 2007 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 54:2, s. 320-326 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract When extracting unknown band-limited pulses from sampled data, the Nyquist criterion defines the minimum sampling frequency. With well-defined pulse shapes and a stationary noise environment one can use matched filters to recover time and amplitude, but this is usually not the case with scintillation detectors. If the noise is not stationary other methods must be used. Our study investigates different timing strategies and how the timing precision depends on ADC resolution and sample rate. It also compares the timing precision with data obtained from an analogue setup. Pulses from an LSO crystal with photomultiplier readout are studied experimentally. Our best method gives in this case a 10% improvement in timing compared to a matched filter approach. Some simulation results are also reported
24.	Carturan, S., et al. (author) Polyimide-based scintillators studied by ion beam induced luminescence 2005 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 52:3 II, s. 748-751 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract New organic scintillators for ionizing radiation sensors are synthesized by dispersing dye molecules into chemically imidized polyimide hosts in order to obtain detection systems with improved radiation resistance with respect to the traditional polyvinyltoluene-based materials. Nile red (NR) and rhodamine B (RB) are dispersed at different concentrations in polyimides derived from the following monomers: 6FDA-DAD, 6FDA-DAB, and BPDA-3F. Scintillating thin films are produced by the spin coating technique. Scintillation tests are performed both on pure polyimides and on binary systems by means of ion beam induced luminescence (IBIL), in which the emission spectrum is collected during the irradiation of the films with a 4He+ beam. From the intensity and the degradation rate of the IBIL signal during irradiation, the scintillation efficiency with respect to NE102 and the radiation hardness of the produced films are calculated. © 2005 IEEE.
25.	Casey, ME, et al. (author) Investigation of LSO crystals for high spatial resolution positron emission tomography 1997 In: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 44:3, s. 1109-1113 Journal article (other academic/artistic)
26.	Chilo, José, et al. (author) Hardware implementation of 1D wavelet transform on an FPGA for infrasound signal classification 2008 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 55:1, s. 9-13 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Infrasound is a low frequency acoustic phenomenon that typically ranges from 0.01 to 20 Hz. The data collected from infrasound microphones are presented online by the infrasound monitoring system operating in Northern Europe, i.e., the Swedish-Finnish Infrasound Network (SFIN). Processing the continuous flow of data to extract optimal feature information is important for real-time signal classification. Performing wavelet decomposition on the real-time signals is an alternative. The purpose of this paper is to present the design and FPGA implementation of discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) for real-time infrasound data processing; our approach uses only two FIR filters, a high-pass and a low-pass filter. A compact implementation was realized with pipelining techniques and multiple use of generalized building blocks. The design was described in VHDL and the FPGA implementation and simulation were performed on the QUARTUS II platform.
27.	Chmeissani, M, et al. (author) First experimental tests with a CdTe photon counting pixel detector hybridized with a Medipix2 readout chip 2004 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : IEEE. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 51:5, s. 2379-2385 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We present preliminary tests of hybrid pixel detectors consisting of the Medipix2 readout chip bump-bonded to a 1-mm-thick CdTe pixel detector. This room temperature imaging system for single photon counting has been developed within the Medipix2 European Collaboration for various imaging applications with X-rays and gamma rays, including dental radiography, mammography, synchrotron radiation, nuclear medicine, and radiation monitoring in nuclear facilities. The Medipix2 + CdTe hybrid detector features 256 × 256 square pixels, a pitch of 55 μm, a sensitive area of 14×14 mm2. We analyzed the quality of the detector and bump-bonding and the response to nuclear radiation of the first CdTe hybrids. The CdTe pixel detectors, with Pt ohmic contacts, showed an ohmic response when negatively biased up to less than 60 V (electrons collection mode). Tests were also performed in holes collection mode, where a nonresistive behavior was observed above +15 V. We performed a series of imaging tests at low voltage bias with gamma radioactive sources and with an X-ray tube. Under uniform irradiation, we observed for all detectors the presence of numerous, stable structures in the form of small circles of about 200 μm diameter, with the central pixels showing a reduced counting efficiency with respect to the periphery (in electrons counting regime). Also long filament structures have been observed. Further investigations will reveal whether they are due to an intrinsic detector response (e.g., due to Te inclusions) or to the bump-bonding process.
28.	Cho, ZH, et al. (author) Characterization effort of HgI2 radiation detectors by pulsed laser transient charge injection techniques 1975 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; NS-22:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
29.	Conti, Maurizio, et al. (author) Estimating Image Quality for Future Generations of TOF PET Scanners 2013 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 60:1, s. 87-94 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Images taken with time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography (PET) scanners are of improved quality compared to equivalent non-TOF images. This improvement is dependent on the scanner time resolution. The present generation of commercial TOF scanners has a time resolution in the range of 500-600 ps full width half maximum. In this work we investigate how the image characteristics will improve for future generations of TOF PET. We performed a Geant4 simulation of a 30-cm uniform cylinder containing hot spheres, with time resolution ranging from 600 to 200 ps. Data were reconstructed using TOF filtered back projection (FBP) and TOF ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM), with nonTOF reconstruction as a reference. Images were compared in terms of contrast recovery and variance in the image. The TOF gain was evaluated for both reconstruction methods. The TOF gain was also evaluated vs. counts in the scan, in order to understand the behavior of such gain at very low statistics. Using TOF FBP, it was shown that the TOF gain can be used as a sensitivity amplifier, reducing (according to the expected TOF gain) the number of counts necessary to produce an image of the same characteristics. Some limitations in the TOF gain were observed at very low counts, particularly if using iterative methods.
30.	Dale, S, et al. (author) A mobile tomographic gamma camera system for acute studies 1997 In: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 44:2, s. 199-203 Journal article (other academic/artistic)
31.	Dalla Betta, Gian-Franco, et al. (author) Comments by the Senior Editor 2020 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 67:4, s. 543-543 Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract The sixth edition of the International Conference on “Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications” (ANIMMA) was held in Portorož, Slovenia, from June 17–21, 2019. The conference attracted almost 300 participants from 32 different countries, coming from academy, research institutes, and industry to discuss new scientific and technical prospects in all fields where nuclear instrumentation and measurements techniques play a major role. The scientific program included 25 invited talks, 125 oral presentations, and 77 poster presentations on the following topics: fundamental physics; fusion diagnostics and technology; nuclear power reactors monitoring and control; research reactors; nuclear fuel cycle; decommissioning, dismantling, and remote handling; safeguards and homeland security; severe accident monitoring; environmental and medical sciences; and education, training, and outreach.
32.	Duan, M., et al. (author) Deposition of Scintillating Layers of Bismuth Germanate (BGO) Films for X-ray detector applications 1998 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 45:3, s. 525-527 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Bi4Ge3O12 films were deposited by pulsed laser ablation on glass and SiO2/Si substrates. The crystal structures of the films depend on the deposition temperature. XRD patterns indicate that the films deposited at substrate temperature less than 400°C are amorphous. The as deposited amorphous films can be crystallized by post rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in the temperature window from 750°C to 800°C for 2 minutes in a oxygen ambient environment. RBS measurements confirm that the films have the same chemical composition as that of the target. The surface morphology of the films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM)
33.	Egea Canet, F. J., et al. (author) A New Front-End High-Resolution Sampling Board for the New-Generation Electronics of EXOGAM2 and NEDA Detectors 2015 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 62:3, s. 1056-1062 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper presents the final design and results of the FADC Mezzanine for the EXOGAM (EXOtic GAMma array spectrometer) and NEDA (Neutron Detector Array) detectors. The measurements performed include those of studying the effective number of bits, the energy resolution using HP-Ge detectors, as well as timing histograms and discrimination performance. Finally, the conclusion shows how a common digitizing device has been integrated in the experimental environment of two very different detectors which combine both low-noise acquisition and fast sampling rates. Not only the integration fulfilled the expected specifications on both systems, but it also showed how a study of synergy between detectors could lead to the reduction of resources and time by applying a common strategy.
34.	Egea Canet, F. J., et al. (author) Digital Front-End Electronics for the Neutron Detector NEDA 2015 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 62:3, s. 1063-1069 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper presents the design of the NEDA (Neutron Detector Array) electronics, a first attempt to involve the use of digital electronics in large neutron detector arrays. Starting from the front-end modules attached to the PMTs (PhotoMultiplier Tubes) and ending up with the data processing workstations, a comprehensive electronic system capable of dealing with the acquisition and pre-processing of the neutron array is detailed. Among the electronic modules required, we emphasize the front-end analog processing, the digitalization, digital pre-processing and communications firmware, as well as the integration of the GTS (Global Trigger and Synchronization) system, already used successfully in AGATA (Advanced Gamma Tracking Array). The NEDA array will be available for measurements in 2016.
35.	ERIKSSON, L, et al. (author) CHARACTERISTICS OF A NEW AUTOMATED BLOOD-SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY 1995 In: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 42:4, s. 1007-1011 Journal article (other academic/artistic)
36.	Eriksson, Lars, et al. (author) Design Considerations of Phoswich Detectors for High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography 2009 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 56:1, s. 182-188 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A way to improve the spatial resolution in positron emission tomography (PET) is to determine the depth-of-interaction (DOI) in the detector. A way to achieve this is to use the phoswich approach, a detector with two or more layers of different scintitlators. The layer identification is done by using differences in scintillation decay time and pulse shape discrimination techniques. The advantages of the concept have been demonstrated in the HRRT high resolution PET system using a LSO/LYSO combination giving a high spatial resolution uniformity of around 2.5 mm within a larger part of the imaged volume. A phoswich combination that lately has received attention is LuAP/LSO or LuYAP/LSO. The suggestions come from the Crystal Clear Collaboration and there is a patent application for its use in PET. This particular combination of phoswich may, however, have a complication since both LuAP and LuYAP emit in the excitation band of LSO, thus making the functionality more complex. In the present paper we have looked into this and suggested different ways to overcome potential drawbacks.
37.	Eriksson, Lars, et al. (author) LuYAP/LSO Phoswich Detectors for High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography 2013 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 60:1, s. 194-196 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The spatial resolution in positron emission tomography (PET) can be improved by the addition of depth-of-interaction (DOI) information. This can be achieved by using the phoswich approach in which depth identification relies on differences in scintillation decay time and pulse shape discrimination techniques. In this paper we have looked at a special phoswich combination LuAP/LSO or LuYAP/LSO. This combination of scintillators is especially interesting since LuAP and LuYAP have emission in the excitation band of LSO, which may have an impact on the timing resolution of the detector. As will be shown in this paper, the phoswich concept based on these two scintillators can be utilized, however, with some limitations. This paper is an extension of our previous phoswich investigation [3].
38.	Eriksson, Lars, et al. (author) Towards Sub-Minute PET Examination Times 2011 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 58:1, s. 76-81 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The main performance parameters in positron camera system design are sensitivity and spatial resolution. This paper concerns sensitivity, which is a function of the scintillation material, the solid angle subtended by the detector array, and the scintillator packing fraction. The solid angle can be increased by extending the axial extent of cylindrical detector systems. Most commercial positron camera systems are based on rings of detector blocks with lutetium oxyorthosilicate, LSO:Ce or LYSO:Ce, as the scintillator of choice. By adding more rings, the solid angle and thus the absolute sensitivity increases while the singles detection efficiency remains fairly constant assuming the same crystal thickness. It has been shown that Ca co-doping of LSO:Ce reduces the scintillation decay time to similar to 30 ns with a light output over 30000 ph/MeV. This improvement may give a time-of-flight (TOF) advantage with time resolution of 500 ps or less. If the count rate sensitivity of a large axial field-of-view (AFOV) system is combined with the TOF sensitivity increase, we have the means to create examination times in the sub-minute range with no compromise in image quality. In the present study we have compared the existing Siemens molecular CT (mCT) systems to future 6, 8, 12, 20 and higher block ring systems with and without TOF. The mCT 4 block ring system has been used as a reference. The time for acceptable image quality with this system is then extrapolated to other systems based on planar sensitivity. However, the planar sensitivity is related to the solid angle, and reaches saturation for large AFOVs. This implies that there is an upper count rate sensitivity limit. A 20 block ring system may cover a 70 cm examination range at a certain planar count rate and could provide acceptable quality images in approximately 10 seconds by combining the high planar sensitivity count rate provided by the multi-ring feature, the high stopping power of LSO and the TOF gain due to the improved timing resolution. The increased sensitivity may be used to reduce patient dose.
39.	Ersmark, Tore, et al. (author) Geant4 Monte Carlo Simulations of the belt proton radiation environment on board the international space Station/Columbus 2007 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 54:No 4, s. 1444-1453 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A detailed characterization of the trapped-proton-induced radiation environment on board Columbus and the International Space Station (ISS) has been carried out using the Geant4 Monte Carlo particle transport toolkit. Dose and dose equivalent rates, as well as penetrating particle spectra are presented. These results are based on detailed Geant4 geometry models of Columbus and ISS, comprising a total of about 1000 geometry volumes. Simulated trapped-proton dose rates are found to be strongly dependent on ISS altitude. Dose rates for different locations inside the Columbus cabin are presented, as well as for different models of the incident trapped-proton flux. Dose rates resulting from incident anisotropic trapped protons are found to be lower than, or equal to, those of omnidirectional models. The anisotropy induced by the asymmetric shielding distribution of Columbus/ISS is also studied. The simulated trapped-proton dose (equivalent) rates, averaged over different locations inside Columbus, are 120 mu Gy/d (154 mu Sv/d) and 79 mu Gy/d (102 mu Sv/d) for solar minimum and maximum conditions according to AP8 incident proton spectra and an ISS orbit of 380 km. The solar maximum dose rates are found to be of the same order as measurements in other modules in the present ISS.
40.	Ersmark, Tore, et al. (author) Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations of the galactic cosmic ray radiation environment on-board the international space station/columbus 2007 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 54:No 5, s. 1854-1862 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A characterization of the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) induced radiation environment on-board Columbus and the Inter-national Space Station (ISS) has been carried out using the Geant4 Monte Carlo particle transport toolkit and detailed geometry models of Columbus and ISS. Dose and dose equivalent rates, as well as penetrating particle spectra are presented. Simulation results indicate that the major part of the dose rates due to GCR protons are associated with secondary particles produced in the hull of ISS. Neutrons contribute about 15% of the GCR proton dose equivalent rate and mesons about 10%. More than 40% of the simulated GCR proton dose and dose equivalent rates are due to protons in the energy range above 10 GeV. Protons in the energy range above 50 GeV contribute only 5% to the dose rates. The total simulated dose and dose equivalent rates at solar maximum are 63 mu Gy/d and 123 mu Sv/d, respectively. The dose equivalent rate underestimates measurements made during the 2001 solar maximum. The discrepancy can be attributed to deficiencies in hadronic ion-nuclei interaction models for heavy ions and to the lack of such models above 10 GeV/N in Geant4.
41.	Ersmark, Tore, et al. (author) Status of the DESIRE project : Geant4 physics validation studies and first results from columbus/ISS radiation simulations 2004 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 51:4, s. 1378-1384 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Dose Estimation by Simulation of the ISS Radiation Environment (DESIRE) project aims to accurately calculate radiation fluxes and doses to astronauts inside the European Columbus module of the International Space Station using Geant4. Since Geant4 has not been previously used for this type of application it needs to be validated. This will be followed by a detailed evaluation of the incident radiation fields on ISS and culminate with the geometry modeling and full-scale flux and dose simulations for Columbus. Geant4 validation studies and comparisons to other tools are presented. These concern the angle and energy distributions of particles leaving irradiated targets and of energy depositions in the targets. Comparisons are made between simulations using different Geant4 physics models, experimental data, and other particle transport programs. Geant4 using the Binary Cascade model for inelastic nucleon reactions performs very well in these comparisons, but some issues with other models remain to be resolved if they are to be used for space radiation shielding applications. Results of Geant4 simulations of the transport of some relevant radiation field components through the hull of a simplified model of Columbus are also presented.
42.	Fernandez, A. F., et al. (author) Chemical composition fiber gratings in a high mixed gamma neutron radiation field 2006 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 53:3, s. 1607-1613 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Fiber Bragg gratings are all-fiber wavelength-selective refractive index structures manufactured through UV exposure of optical fibers. Their applications range from WDM all-fiber filters, dispersion compensators and fiber laser resonators for optical telecommunication applications to different types of point or distributed optical fiber sensors for a large variety of applications. The nuclear industry is considering the use of photonic technology for data communication in the next generation of nuclear power plants. In addition, fiber Bragg grating sensors are being evaluated by the nuclear industry for structural integrity and temperature monitoring. This work aims to study, in harsh radiation environments, a new type of FBG referred to as chemical composition grating. These gratings differ from other types of FBG in that their refractive index structure is attributed to a change in the chemical composition. Chemical composition gratings have shown to be extremely temperature stable surviving temperatures in excess of 1000 degrees C. We have experimentally studied the effect of very harsh gammaneutron radiation on the properties of chemical composition gratings fabricated in a Ge-F doped silica optical fiber.
43.	Fröjdh, Christer, et al. (author) Simulation of the X-ray Response of Scintillator Coated Silicon CCDs 1998 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 45:3, Pt 1, s. 374-378 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
44.	Fröjdh, Erik, et al. (author) Probing Defects in a Small Pixellated CdTe Sensor Using an Inclined Mono Energetic X-Ray Micro Beam 2013 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 60:4, s. 2864-2869 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract High quantum efficiency is important in X-ray imaging applications. This means using high-Z sensor materials. Unfortunately many of these materials suffer from defects that cause non-ideal charge transport. In order to increase the understanding of these defects, we have mapped the 3D response of a number of defects in two 1 mm thick CdTe sensors with different pixel sizes (55 mu m and 110 mu m) using a monoenergetic microbeam at 79 keV. The sensors were bump bonded to Timepix read out chips. Data was collected in photon counting as well as time-over-thresholdmode. The time-over-thresholdmode is a very powerful tool to investigate charge transport properties and fluorescence in pixellated detectors since the signal from the charge that each photon deposits in each pixel can be analyzed. Results show distorted electrical field around the defects, indications of excess leakage current and large differences in behavior between electron collection and hole collection mode. The experiments were carried out on the Extreme Conditions Beamline I15 at Diamond Light Source.
45.	Gerardin, Simone, et al. (author) Heavy-Ion Induced Threshold Voltage Tails in Floating Gate Arrays 2010 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 57:6, s. 3199-3205 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
46.	Gerardin, Simone, et al. (author) Heavy-Ion Induced Threshold Voltage Tails in Floating Gate Arrays 2010 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 57:6, s. 3199-3205 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We studied heavy-ion effects on floating gate memories, focusing on the generation of tails in the threshold voltage distributions after irradiation. Using both experiments and simulations based on the Geant4 toolkit, we provide new insight, distinguishing two types of events, large events and small events, which are responsible for the secondary peak and the intermediate region in the post-rad threshold distribution, respectively. Both are well correlated with the energy deposited in the FG. Implications for error rate predictions are discussed.
47.	Gierlik, M., et al. (author) Comparative study of large NaI(Tl) and BGO scintillators for the EURopean Illicit TRAfficking Countermeasures Kit project 2006 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 53:3, s. 1737-1743 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Tagged Neutron Inspection System, which is the principle of the EURITRACK project, requires efficient and inexpensive gamma-ray detectors. For this purpose, properties of 3 x 3 and 5 x 5 cylindrical BGO and NaI(TI) scintillators and of a 5 x 5 x 10 rectangular NaI(TI) scintillator were determined. 14 Light yield, energy and time resolution of the investigated crystals at the energy of few MeVs of gamma-rays are emphasized. Additionally, the crystals efficiencies calculated with Monte Carlo simulations are compared to peak-to-total ratios obtained experimentally for various combinations of PMTs and the scintillators.
48.	Granlund, T., et al. (author) Soft Error Rate Increase for New Generations of SRAMs 2003 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 50:6 I, s. 2065-2068 Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract We report on enhanced susceptibility for neutron-induced soft errors from accelerated testing of static random access memories (SRAMs), performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This enhancement is per bit of memory.
49.	Gustafsson, L., et al. (author) A data acquisition system for the wide angle shower apparatus (WASA) 1994 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 41:4, s. 1155-1158 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A new data acquisition system based on concepts such as data switches and multiple-processors is described. The main topic is how data coming from a multicrate front-end in CAMAC, VME and FASTBUS are transported over different links to a buffer-matrix data switch and further into a farm of microprocessors. Modularity, scalability and multilevel data monitoring are important parts of the design goals that are presented. The system is intended for use in an experiment searching for rare events where high interaction rates are necessary and where a fast and selective trigger is difficult to define. Other experimental constraints, the trigger logical structure and the performance of the data acquisition are also described.
50.	Gustavsson, Mikael, et al. (author) A High-Rate Energy-Resolving Photon-Counting ASIC for Spectral Computed Tomography 2012 In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 59:1, s. 30-39 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We describe a high-rate energy-resolving photon-counting ASIC aimed for spectral computed tomography. The chip has 160 channels and 8 energy bins per channel. It demonstrates a noise level of ENC= electrons at 5 pF input load at a power consumption of andlt;5mW/channel. Maximum count rate is 17 Mcps at a peak time of 40 ns, made possible through a new filter reset scheme, and maximum read-out frame rate is 37 kframe/s.

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